Chapter 43 The Second Collapse of the Vienna System
The sudden outbreak of the Prussian-Danish War instantly made the situation in Europe grim.
The Danish government demanded that the states intervene in the war in accordance with the Prussian-Danish Armistice Treaty, an agreement reached with the countries of the Vienna system, and sanction the rule-breaking kingdom of Prussia.
Theoretically, the Danish government's demands were supported, and the Kingdom of Prussia was suppressed by a coalition of European countries, and even had to pay huge war reparations, or be punished by land cession.
There is no doubt that the complex relations between Britain, France, Russia and Austria made it difficult for the Danes to meet their demands.
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After the lessons of the Near Eastern War, isolationism prevailed within the British government, which advocated avoiding involvement in European disputes as much as possible.
The Prime Minister's residence in Downing Street is discussing how the London government should deal with itself in the changing situation in Europe.
Foreign Minister Reslin analyzed: "The Prussians suddenly provoked this Prussian-Danish war, mainly because Russia, France and Austria put too much pressure on them.
At the same time, it borders three large countries, and the mainland is separated from each other, and the Berlin government has always had a strong sense of distress, for fear that it will be divided by the three countries if it is not careful.
As early as the Paris Conference of 1853, when it came to the division of Germany, we proposed a land exchange between the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Federal Reich, but it was not possible to succeed because of the great differences between the two sides.
The Kingdom of Prussia lost an opportunity to integrate with its homeland and had to maintain a large armament to ensure the security of its territory.
Now the French are peeking at their Rhineland, the Austrians want to take back Silesia and Prussian Saxony, and the Russians have great ambitions for Prussian Poland.
The three countries did not take action, mainly because they contained each other and could not agree on their interests.
Austria and France have not been able to reach a compromise over the ownership of the Rhineland, and Russia and Austria have also disputed the ownership of Silesia.
Taking advantage of the contradictions of various countries, coupled with its own strength, the Kingdom of Prussia was temporarily preserved, but the crisis was still not resolved.
In fact, as early as 1853, some people in China proposed to support Prussia, merge the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Prussia, and let the European continent be four-legged.
The project died before it could begin, and the cost of supporting the Kingdom of Prussia was too great and the effect we could have had was very limited.
Even as soon as the country is founded, it will be destroyed. In order to ensure their leadership in the German region, the Viennese government was likely to compromise with France and Russia in exchange for an incomplete reunification of the German region.
Both: the French gained German territories west of the Rhine, Austria gave up the Italian regions; The Russians gained East Prussia, West Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Silesia and parts of Austrian Poland; Austria unifies the remaining German regions.
In order to avoid the worst-case scenario, we chose the division of the German region into three plans, and promoted the establishment of the second Vienna system, which created a peaceful and stable situation on the European continent for more than ten years.
After the French annexed the Kingdom of Sardinia, everyone realized that the Vienna system was coming to an end, and the Kingdom of Prussia had the deepest sense of crisis.
They also had to choose to take a military adventure at a time when the Russians were at their weakest. Whenever there is turmoil on the European continent, they will be involved.
Now the government in Berlin wants to take advantage of the fact that the countries of Europe, including us, do not want to see the Russians complete their reforms, and act as a weapon against the Russians. ”
"It is impossible to support the Kingdom of Prussia, now that it is the industrial age, where can we find a market for them?
However, it still seems feasible to support them in fighting the Russians. It would be best if we could take this opportunity to unite with the countries of Europe to interrupt the Russians' path of reform, or even to divide Russia. Chancellor of the Exchequer Agarwal said
This is a real problem, and if you open the history books, you will know that the British have supported many countries. But in fact, this support is very limited, and it has always been generous to others.
Now there is no such injustice on the European continent, and there is not a single neighbor around Prussia to mess with, and it will be divided before they can grow up.
To put it bluntly, now that the cake has been carved up, the rise of a new country can only snatch food from the old empire, and Russia, France and Austria will not give them this opportunity. The greater the British support, the faster Prussia will die.
Admiral Edward objected: "It is not so easy, and if the Russians collapse so easily, they do not deserve to be our worst enemies."
Whether it was the Polish independence movement or the Kingdom of Prussia, they could only cause a little trouble for the Russians, and they could only crush the great empire unless France and Austria themselves went into battle. I don't think it's time to convince France and Austria to join forces to suppress the Russians.
The Austrians have always maintained the Russian-Austrian alliance, fearing that they will become the target of Russian invasion, and even do not hesitate to put the Russians into the Balkans.
They bordered the Russians in such an area that the Viennese government could not have taken any risk unless the Austrians could be convinced that they could cripple the Russians.
I suggest a limited investment and just add chaos to the Russians. It is very unrealistic to solve the Russian problem at once, and there is no need for us to take risks. ”
Foreign Secretary Reslin said: "I also support a limited investment, which can provide loans and weapons and ammunition to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Polish Independence Organization, and there is no need to play in person."
The Russian government looked like something was wrong, but the tsarist army was not in disarray. The annihilated armies in Poland were all newly recruited Polish natives, and they did not represent the true strength of the tsarist army at all.
This time, it would have been a success if it was able to drain part of the Russians' strength and interrupt or delay their reform process. ”
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In Paris, the French government almost made a decision similar to that of the British, giving money, weapons, and volunteers, except that it would not send troops in person.
Even Napoleon III was ready to take advantage of the fire to rob, but not against the Russians, but against Prussia, which was barely an ally.
The successful annexation of the Kingdom of Sardinia had already induced the ambitions of the French. The capitalists could not stand the lack of coal supply and had to import it at a high price, and constantly agitated the government to take action against the Rhineland.
The power of capital is powerful, and the French government is inevitably affected by the money offensive. No action was taken, that was Napoleon III's brain online, knowing the bottom line of the countries.
Don't think that the joint defense treaty of the countries is a joke, if they really cross the line, it will be another anti-French alliance.
With an eighty percent chance of this happening, Napoleon III naturally could not have taken the risk. Even if you want to do it, you have to pull people into the water and share the international pressure together.
Now supporting the Kingdom of Prussia is nothing more than to cheer up the Berlin government. Win or lose, the French can profit from it.
In the unlikely event that the Prussians had managed to pull the Russians out of their position as hegemon on the European continent, they would have made a fortune.
As for whether the Kingdom of Prussia will become bigger, it is completely out of the mind of Napoleon III. Even if you want to expand, you have to have a place.
If the Prussians dared to annex the Russians' lands, it was estimated that all European countries would support their righteous actions, which was simply very happy.
The prerequisite is to survive the retaliation of the tsarist government, otherwise all the benefits are only temporary and doomed to be lost.
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There is no doubt that the decision of Britain and France directly announced the collapse of the Second Vienna System, and how could it be maintained if the two major powers as the dominant ones took the lead in breaking the rules?
After Britain and France made their positions clear, Franz naturally did not choose to stick to it thanklessly, and anyway, the historical role of this system has already been played.
After more than a decade of development, Austria's strength has changed dramatically and can withstand the impact of European chaos.
The only great power that adhered to this system was the Russian Empire, which they wanted to maintain and maintain, and that was the terms of the Vienna system that were now in their favor.
For example, in the case of the Prussian-Danish War, the Tsarist government could use the agreement reached in the Second Vienna System as a legal basis to attack the Kingdom of Prussia.
With a legal basis in hand, the immediate consequence was that European public opinion was largely in favor of the Kingdom of Denmark, and the war was perceived by the public as Prussia's invasion of Denmark.
Under the pressure of public opinion, British and French support for Prussia was confined to the covert, and all countries condemned the Prussian government except for the German Confederation and Austria on the surface.
Not condemning the Prussian government did not mean supporting them, and after the last Prussian-Danish war, the population in Germany had no confidence in the Prussian government.
The Munich Zeitung attacked the Prussian government as a robber, accusing the Prussian government of sending troops to Denmark to loot in order to get out of its financial predicament, not to defend German sovereignty at all.
This is the information left over from the last Prussian-Danish war, and there are pictures and truths, which can prove that the Prussian army organized looting.
There is no need to explain that the armies of European countries in this era were like this. As long as there is no army robbing in the homeland, it can be regarded as strict military discipline.
The Vienna Zeitung directly commented: The Prussian government has no money and is ready to use the Prussian-Danish war to cheat donations.
The people who have been deceived have the most right to speak, and many people remember it vividly. Even after more than ten years, the Prussian government is often pulled out and whipped by everyone.
In response to public opinion, the Vienna Foreign Ministry immediately issued a declaration of neutrality. Support is non-existent, not even verbal.
The Prussian government did not even dare to shout the slogan of preserving German sovereignty, and the German nationalists were very dissatisfied.
Those who had originally intended to support the Kingdom of Prussia in recovering the two principalities also retreated at this time. Many people feared that Prussia's approach was to completely cut off Germany and learn from Switzerland and the Netherlands.