After all, for thousands of years, China has been based on the tributary system of foreign exchanges, which is mainly characterized by the relationship between the courtesy and the courtier, which is different from the modern Western diplomacy based on the treaty system. The emergence of "diplomacy" is based on the direct product of communication with the West, and is closely related to the transformation of the Ming Dynasty's attitude towards foreign countries.

And this kind of diplomacy draws on the experience of Europe to some extent, especially in the presence of foreign envoys. Beginning with the Duke of Milan's permanent envoy to Genoa in 1455, the Italian republics also sent envoys to their capitals. By the end of the 15th century, permanent envoys had become customary. The 1614 treaty between Sweden and the Netherlands provided for the exchange of envoys between the two countries.

It was on the basis of learning from Europe and according to Zhu Mingzhong's understanding of modern diplomacy that the Ming Dynasty began to try to set up embassies and consulates abroad outside the vassal states.

What are the duties of an envoy abroad?

In addition to studying the political life of the host country and collecting intelligence, the task of the permanent envoy is to safeguard the interests of the Ming Dynasty and protect the Ming nationals, which is the fundamental reason for the Ming Dynasty to create modern diplomacy.

And what is the core?

Naturally, it is to safeguard the interests of the Ming Dynasty.

It is precisely for this reason that as soon as the minister in Delhi, Yan Wes, saw Aurangzeb, he immediately protested.

"Your Majesty the Emperor, the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and Delhi is now being damaged, as the Minister of the Ming Dynasty to Delhi, I must remind His Majesty the Emperor to pay attention to the fact that Wu Sangui is a rebel of my Ming Dynasty, and your country's direct official exchanges with him will undoubtedly affect the relations between our two countries, for the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and Delhi, I hope that His Majesty the Emperor can refuse to receive them!"

Yan spoke Persian, although the Mughal royal family originated from the Turkicized Mongols of Central Asia, who claimed to be descendants of Timur and Genghis Khan. and the Chagatai Khan royal family are relatives. And the word "Mughal" means Mongolian. However, the Mughal royal family, although its ancestors were Mongols or Turkic, was deeply Persianized, and the official language of the empire was neither Mongolian, Turkic, nor a language native to the subcontinent, but Persian. Persian was also the language of the Mughal court, public affairs, diplomacy, literature, and high society. He was even sent to Delhi because he was fluent in Persian.

Aurangzeb looked at the Ming minister in front of him who protested in Persian, without the slightest expression on his face, of course he would not despise him because of the other party's skin color, maybe there are snow-capped mountains and rainforests between Delhi and Daming, but Aurangzeb also knows the strength of Daming.

The Mughal is Mongolia, and perhaps his appearance is no different from that of the Persians, but Aurangzeb still claims to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, and of course knows how the Mongols were defeated by the Ming Dynasty, and knows that great power in the East.

It was precisely because of this understanding that Aurangzeb agreed to sign the treaty, and the two countries sent envoys to each other, of course, this kind of faction was one-way - no nobles or officials from Delhi were willing to go to Daming to serve as diplomats without oil and water, and Ming diplomats were already stationed in Delhi.

For Aurangzeb, the reason why he agreed to the presence of Ming diplomats in Delhi was to show Persia and the Ottomans the strength of the Mughals, and to show that Delhi was different. It's like ...... Well, the court drama is general, and because of this, of course, when the other party solemnly protested to him, his first reaction was - surprised!

How so?

As the emperor, it was difficult for Aurangzeb to understand why this Ming man would protest to him so violently, and before he could react, he immediately had a favorite minister of the court reprimand loudly on the side,

"Bold, you are just an envoy, how dare you be so arrogant, don't you know who you are faced? It's "Alambir"! ”

The refutation of the court's favored ministers was so ridiculous and stupid in the eyes of Yan Weisi. However, for the Mughal aristocracy, it was a matter of course. Just as the Ming Dynasty called itself the "Celestial Empire", the Europeans regarded themselves as the "center of civilization". The Mughals also have their own worldview. And the influence of this worldview depends on the strength of the civilization.

In the 17th century, the Mughal and the heavenly world did have the power to dominate the world. Because the Christian world in Europe has just experienced the Renaissance and has just come out of the dark Middle Ages less than two hundred years, even in this era of great geographical discoveries, when they faced the aborigines who regarded themselves as "civilized worlds", they did not have this confidence in the world of Celestial Christianity, compared to the newly awakened Christian world, Celestial Religion ruled half of the world.

Since the fall of Constantinople and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, the pressure of the heavenly world on Europe has been a nightmare for the whole of Europe. Through hundreds of years of expansion, they have long since developed into one of the most extensive civilizations in the world. And since then, it has continued to expand aggressively.

While Christendom was expanding into the sea, the Ottoman Turks had already invaded Central Europe, and Vienna was besieged again and again. At the same time, in India, the Mughal Empire was steadily expanding southward, and they were the masters of almost the entire peninsula.

Compared to the newly awakened Europe, the Celestial Sect has the "three great empires" that they are most proud of—the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and the Mughal Empire. At this time, these three empires were all in their heyday, and their strength also meant the strength of the Heavenly Fang Sect.

Economically, militarily, and territorially, they were proud to dominate the Christian world of Europe, and even China, which had just regained its strength from the brink of extinction, was not worth mentioning in their eyes.

Christianity is heretical, and so is China.

In the eyes of many Mughal nobles, Aurangzeb's agreement to the Ming Dynasty to set up an embassy was already a "gift" to the Ming Dynasty.

Yan looked at Aurangzeb, at the indignant Mughal nobles and favored retainers, and at this time, he naturally thought of the meaning of "Alambir".

Conqueror of the World......

How ridiculous is this. And what arrogance!

Although he felt a little ridiculous about their arrogance, Yan Wusi knew very well that this kind of arrogance and conceit also came from national strength. Wearing millions of armor and having a vast territory is not inferior to the Ming Dynasty, this is their confidence.

"Your Majesty the Emperor, this official is a minister sent by the Ming Emperor, and what he represents in Hindustan is the Ming Empire!"

Raising his chin slightly, Yan Wusi replied calmly, not even looking at those palace favorites.

Perhaps, Aurangzeb was a fanatical believer, and even he protested to the Ming because of the "persecution" of the believers in the Gui and Qin states, but he was limited to this, he would not arrogantly compare the Ming with those countries in Europe trembling under the Ottoman flag, which was a very powerful country and very close to the Mughals.

"Perhaps, Wu Sangui was your rebel, but you failed to prevent him from fleeing from the Ming Kingdom, and now that he has come to India and established his own country here, I don't think there is anything wrong with the officials who receive them, if they are your enemies, let me refuse to receive them, then, should the Ming Kingdom also withdraw your envoys from the south of India? They are also enemies of Hindustani! ”

Aurangzeb's tone was calm, and by the south, he was referring to the countries of the south, both Hindu and sultanate, who had aspired to unify the Indian continent since he succeeded to the throne. But now there are not only Europeans there, but also Ming people. And these are all obstacles to his unification.

"Your Majesty, those countries are all sovereign and independent countries, and Wu Sangui ......"

Originally, I wanted to say that Wu Sangui was Yan Wusi who flowed from the Ming Dynasty to India, but when the words came to his lips, he naturally thought of the origin of the Mughal royal family, they were also outsiders, and even their conquest of the south relied on mercenaries recruited from Afghanistan.

Now, of course, because of their invasion of Afghanistan, they can no longer hire Afghans to fight as they did in the past. But they are always outsiders. In this regard, they are extremely similar to Wu Sangui.

"They are infidels, Your Majesty, and I think that this is undoubtedly a very inappropriate thing for your country."

Well, perhaps, that's the only reason for that.

"Minister Yan, maybe, tomorrow morning, you can go to the temple to watch the ceremony, and my Da Zhou Gongzi will be honored in the temple and believe in the Tianfang Sect......"

What the?

Although he still thought that the people of the Wu family were not so shameless before, when he heard from Xie Sixin's mouth about the Heavenly Fang Sect, Yan Wusi was still stunned, he didn't expect that people could be shameless to the point of the Lord.

"He, how can they be so shameless!"

Again, on the way back to the legation, Yan Wesi's tone was still a little indignant, and even now, he couldn't believe what he had heard.

The people of the Wu family actually believed in the Heavenly Fang Sect directly.

"Shameless!"

Although Yan Wusi knew very well that even if they converted to the Heavenly Fang Sect, it would also be a heresy for Delhi, and sooner or later there would still be a conflict between them, but the reason why he was so worried in his heart was entirely because of the performance of the Wu family.

If they believe in Hinduism, then for the Indians, they are not outsiders, if they use this to get close to the indigenous Indians, through marriage with Brahmins, etc., to consolidate their rule in India, when the time comes, how should the Ming stop all this?