Debate

The Great Song Dynasty was an era of academic prosperity, as early as the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, there were Zhou Dunyi's science, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi's brothers' Luoxue, Wang Anshi's Xinxue, Su Shi's Shu Xue, and so on. Around the same period, there were a series of well-known scholars such as Li Jing, Shao Yong, and Zhang Zai.

After Nandu, with the development of production in the south of the Yangtze River, the society gradually stabilized, and a number of well-known scholars such as Lu Zuqian, Zhang Yan, Zhu Xi, Chen Liang, Lu Jiuyuan, Lu Jiuling, and Chen Boliang were also produced. Some of them inherited the ancients, some of them collected their predecessors in Dacheng, and some avoided the new realm, each holding what they said, and they opened museums one after another to teach apprentices and pass on their own academic thoughts. For a while, the academic flourished, and there was quite a bit of the momentum of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period.

However, because each school of thought insisted on its own opinions, and among them, such as Zhu Xi, Er Lu, Chen Liang and others, were all conceited people and could not accept the views of others, so there was not much communication between the various theories. Among the families, only Lu Zuqian is modest, and has the capacity to accommodate hundreds of rivers, and also maintains a good relationship with various scholars, and it is under his introduction to Lalong that Zhu Xi, Erlu, Chen Liang and others have some exchanges and communication, such as Zhu Xi and Erlu's meeting in Goose Lake, Chen Liang and Zhu Xi in the form of letters, a debate about Wang Bali and righteousness. Although no one was able to convince anyone, it still played a very positive role in disseminating and exchanging ideas and enlivening the academic atmosphere.

It's just that everyone lives in their own place, and it's not easy to see each other, and it's easy to be reluctant to fall into their own identities and visit other people, so there is not much such communication.

The establishment of Zhongshan Academy just solves this problem, bringing together well-known scholars from all over the world to Jiankang to teach, gathering together, and communicating at any time, and for every scholar, there is no question of who visits whom. For the imperial court, this is also a form of promoting cultural governance and highlighting the peaceful and prosperous times.

Therefore, as soon as this idea came out, it was immediately responded to by Lu Zuqian, Zhang Yan, Chen Liang and others, who ran for many parties, and under their accumulation and persuasion, coupled with the convenience of gathering the capital, Zhu Xi, Erlu, Chen Boliang, Liu Zicheng, Zhao Jingming, Pan Shudu and other well-known contemporary scholars also responded to the call of the imperial court and stayed in Zhongshan Academy, teaching and teaching apprentices, and spreading their own ideas.

And young students from all over the country have also rushed to Jiankang to study in Zhongshan Academy. In particular, Lu Zuqian, Zhang Yan, Zhu Xi, Erlu, and Chen Liang are the most apprentices, and Zhang Yan, Zhu Xi, and Chen Liang all have official positions, so the daily routine lectures are replaced by disciples, and I only hold regular lectures.

After more than four years of construction and development, Zhongyu Academy has a considerable scale, which can accommodate three or four thousand disciples at the same time, and there are more than 60 classrooms for general teaching, eight large lecture classrooms and three large auditoriums. All other facilities are also available. Every year, the imperial court would set aside a sum of money to pay for the expenses of the academy. He also recommended Lu Zuqian and Zhang Yan to preside over the administrative affairs of the college, and Zhu Xi, Erlu, and Chen Liang supervised and assisted.

However, scholars from all over the world gather together, and in addition to opening the museum to teach apprentices, they naturally inevitably argue with each other, and sometimes they will fight for each other. Fortunately, Lu Zuqian and Zhang Yan are both honest and respectful people, so they simply hold public debates in the auditorium on a regular basis, and allow students to listen to them, and set the rules, all debates are limited to academics, no personal attacks are allowed, and after the debate is over, they can't hold grudges and bring emotions into the usual teaching.

Thanks to the efforts of Lu Zuqian and Zhang Yan, everyone involved in the debate was basically able to abide by these rules, so this kind of debate could also develop in a good direction. Naturally, the influence is also growing. Every time there was a debate, not only the students of the college listened, but even the scribes who were not from the college were attracted to watch. The auditorium, which can accommodate more than 1,000 people, is not full, and even the backdrop outside the room is also occupied. And even Emperor Zhao Chen was quite interested in this kind of debate, and before the rebellion occurred, he personally went to the academy to listen to it three times.

Seeing that the emperor was like this, the ministers naturally followed suit, and almost all of them had some friendship with some scholars, such as Han Yanzhi's fourth brother Han Yangu was a well-known scholar himself, and he was also teaching at Zhongshan Academy, and Chen Junqing's grandson worshiped under Zhu Xi, so when it came to debates in the future, in addition to students and scribes, there would be many ministers listening. It also forms a fashion with scriptures.

Seeing this, Zhao Chen ordered that neither he nor an official should interject when listening to the debate, and after the debate, he was not allowed to comment on the content of the debate, and like ordinary students, he would leave after listening, so as not to have any scruples and affect their performance in the debate. Tsuji has people take notes of each debate and then assemble and distribute it. As soon as these debate collections are released, they are often sold out immediately, and many of them are even shipped to other places for sale.

Zhang Hu also knew a little about this, because a considerable part of the debate collection was sold in the Jin Kingdom, although it was at least two months later than the Song Dynasty, but it was also very popular. Zhang Hu was also a scholar, so he was naturally very interested in these debate collections, and he bought almost all of them that were issued in Jinguo, and read them carefully. Among them, there are also insightful and unique remarks.

Among them, there are more debates between Zhu Xi and Erlu, Zhu Xi and Chen Liang, accounting for more than seventy percent of the total debate.

Although Lu Jiuling and Lu Jiuyuan are two people, they are brothers and have the same opinion, so they are also brothers when debating, and they are only one faction.

The elder brother Lu Jiuling is modest, has a peaceful personality, and has the generosity of Lu and Zhang, while Lu Jiuyuan is the younger brother Lu Jiuyuan is talented and heroic, and when he was thirteen or fourteen years old, he realized the main point of view that "the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe". At the age of sixteen or seventeen, knowing the history of the fall of the Great Song Dynasty during the Jingkang period, he was sad and indignant, so he did not study the imperial examination Shiwen, but cut off his nails, learned to bow horses, and vowed to avenge the Great Song Dynasty. And the character is conceited, and often insists on his own views to the extreme. Therefore, although the two brothers are generally regarded as one by others, they are basically dominated by Lu Jiuyuan in the debate, and Lu Jiuling only makes some additions and stops some of his brother's overly heated words.

The academic disagreement between their brothers and Zhu Xi lies in "teaching people the law and becoming virtuous".

Zhu Xi's proposition focuses on "Taoism", which should be learned first and then agreed, that is, to understand "Tianli" through a general view and extensive reading, which the Lu brothers regarded as "fragmentation"; Lu Jiuyuan, on the other hand, advocated that "the original intention of the inventor should be explanatory", and pointed directly to the people's hearts in order to seek enlightenment, while Zhu Xi regarded it as "Great Jane" and "Near Zen". Therefore, the two sides have launched a very heated debate on this issue.

The most brilliant one begins with a poem by Lu Jiuyuan: The rise and fall of the ruins and the temple of the temple, the people of Si have not been grinding their hearts for thousands of years. The trickle drops to the water, and the fist stone is chongcheng Taihuacen. Yi Jian's work has endured for a long time, and his career has been up and down. If you want to know the elevation from the bottom, you must first debate the authenticity.

In the poem, Lu Jiuyuan believes that his "easy and simple work" is better than Zhu Xi's "fragmented career".

Zhu Xi naturally couldn't accept it, so he launched a counterattack against Erlu's "original intention of the inventor, and then make it expo", his theory is: "Gewu Zhizhi", Gewu is to exhaust the reason of things, and Zhizhi is to push his knowledge to the extreme. He also believes that "the knowledge of things is only one thing", which are two aspects of understanding. Therefore, it advocates reading more, observing things more, absorbing experience from the books of ancient sages, understanding the original meaning of the sages, analyzing, synthesizing and inducting, and then drawing conclusions. This is the effective way to reach the realm of sainthood.

Lu Jiuyuan insisted on his own opinion, believing that all people have an innate moral heart, emphasizing that it is only this kind of heart that has been passed down from sages to ancient times. People should firmly grasp the innate conscience and conscience, which is the foundation of becoming a saint and a sage, so why spend energy on interpreting the classics of the ancients and exploring what subtle meaning? As long as everyone can discover and uphold their conscience, they can also reach the realm of sainthood.

Zhu Xi believes that it is impossible for Lu Xue to truly gain an understanding of reason by encompassing all things in the world by seeking his own heart, and the simple method proposed to sweep away all things that are poor in reason. Therefore, he criticized Lu Xue's method of talking about empty words, advocating mental understanding, and "refusing to be practical", and pointed out that Lu did not have time to study the essence of the sages and sages, but was only willing to be simple, and confused people with the word "enlightenment", and finally could not enter the way of Yao Shun.

Lu Jiuyuan thinks that his method is simple and easy to implement, while Zhu Xi's method is not good, because the sage's classic statement itself is fragmented, the truth and falsehood are difficult to argue, and many classics themselves contradict each other, plus the learners have different understandings, so it is difficult to guarantee that there is no villain who borrows the words and deeds of the saint, and how can he rely on classic books to achieve the present. Therefore, I oppose the work of reading more and thinking that reading is not the only way to become a virtuous.

So the two sides quoted scriptures and classics around this topic, and the atmosphere became more and more intense. In the end, Lu Jiuyuan even half-jokingly criticized Zhu Xi's views: "Before Yao Shun, what book can be read?" However, as soon as he said this, he was immediately stopped by Lu Jiuling, and this heated debate did not continue to intensify.

However, after this debate, both sides also partially accepted the other's views and ideas. In particular, Lu Jiuling, who was in the middle of the Second Continent, made great changes in his thinking, and made a certain agreement with Zhu Xi, and gradually changed his concept and turned to the way of seeking Taoism by writing books and lecturing. And Zhu Xi also admitted in some aspects that Lu Jiuyuan was definitely reasonable, and believed that the first effort to reach the realm of a saint was to really have admiration in his heart, and it was also very important, and reading to the end was second. This is not much different from Lu Jiuyuan's proposition.

And only Lu Jiuyuan still insisted on his own point of view, no need to be accurate, and later he made a solo speech in the academy entitled "The Gentleman is Righteous and the Villain is Profitable", which was listened to by more than 1,000 people, many of whom were moved to tears. Zhu Xi also deeply admired this, and even instructed the people to record it and engrave it as an inscription.

When Zhang Hu read, "Before Yao Shun, what book can be read?" At this time, I couldn't help but laugh at Lu Jiuyuan's sharp question with a little strong argument, and at the same time, I had to admire that the academic and cultural atmosphere of the Song Dynasty was indeed not comparable to that of the Jin Kingdom.

This is also an insurmountable problem for any alien race who has entered the Central Plains, wealth can be created and plundered, land can be conquered and expanded, exquisite tools can be imitated, and advanced production technology can be learned, but a nation's culture must be slowly accumulated little by little, and it cannot be forced at all. It is through thousands of years of sedimentation that the Han nationality has formed this broad and profound culture.

And this kind of broad and profound culture may not make the Han people stronger and more stoic than the other races, but it makes the Han people form a strong centripetal force, so that the foreign races that invade the Central Plains, no matter how powerful their martial arts, no matter how strong they are at the beginning, will either be assimilated by the Han culture, abandon their own habits at the bottom, and become a part of the Han people, or refuse to assimilate, and be expelled from the Central Plains by the re-excavated Han dynasty. Therefore, it also left a sentence "The Hu people have only been established for a hundred years".

Before Taizu established the country, the Jurchen people were just a people who had little culture and lived by fishing, hunting and herding. Although the life of fishing, hunting and grazing has forged the Jurchen people's strong and stoic character and strong force, but after entering the Central Plains, although it is less than 50 years, due to the cultural distance, the Jurchen people, who easily occupied half of the Song Dynasty, have no resistance to the culture of the Han people.

Although Emperor Sejong was wary of this, and during his reign he continued to impose decrees to keep the Jurchens a considerable part of their national identity, but with little success. The overall trend of sinicization of the Jurchen people is almost irreversible.

In addition to maintaining a certain national identity among the Jurchen commoners, the living habits of the Jurchen aristocracy are almost not much different from those of the Han people, they regard themselves as orthodox etiquette, regard the Mongols in the north as barbarians, and make it fashionable to write poems and lyrics, and also respect the way of Confucius and Mencius, and accept various Confucianism. The books on the Song Dynasty on the science of life were regarded as classics in the Jin Kingdom.

Thinking of this, Zhang Hu couldn't help but smile bitterly, isn't he a good example? The Zhang family is a prominent family whose ancestral home is Bohai, but they are deeply influenced by Han Yi, and when it comes to Zhang Hao's generation, there is actually no difference between them and a Han people.