Several grandmasters were interested, and they continued to argue for several days before they stopped because of their physical exhaustion. At this time, www.biquge.info I remembered Liu Bei, the lord of Qingzhou, and came to Liu Bei together. Ask him what kind of medicine is sold in the gourd.

Liu Bei personally received everyone in the mansion. smiled and told Zheng Xuan and others that he intended to gather great Confucian scholars and set up a school in Qingzhou to promote the development of education in Qingzhou.

Encourage education and persuasion? Everyone was refreshed when they heard this, and in the Han Dynasty, from the imperial court to the scholar class, they all attached great importance to learning and politics. From the imperial court to the local level, there are special officials responsible for education. Tai Changqing has a doctor sacrificing wine, leading more than a dozen doctors, and when there is a doubt about the disciples in the country, he admits to asking the right questions. There is also Taixue, which has a doctor of the Five Classics, who is responsible for lecturing the scriptures. Localities, from states to counties, are engaged in classical education, persuading scholars to hold secondary positions, and specialize in education.

One of the highlights of the achievements of scholars and doctors in the local government is largely due to the number of talents produced under the rule, and the number of talents in various regular and special specialties such as filial piety and Maocai recommended every year.

And the Confucian scholars, who are far away from the temples and rivers and lakes, are even more enthusiastic about academic inheritance. Why? Because this involves the battle for the inheritance of the Taoist system. It's a terrible thing.

Due to the Qin Rebellion, the inheritance of Confucianism was incomplete in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it has developed into two major schools: ancient and modern literature. What is the modern text and what is the ancient text. To put it simply, the scriptures written in the Han Li book are the present text. Before the Han Dynasty, the scriptures written by seal scripts, stone drum scripts and other books were ancient texts. Xu Shen said in the "Word Order of Saying Texts": and Xuan Wang Taishi wrote fifteen chapters of the Great Seal, which may be different from the ancient text. To the Six Classics of Confucius, Zuoqiu clearly stated the "Spring and Autumn Biography", all of which are said in ancient texts and can be obtained. Just like in later generations, everyone recognized the regular script, and many people did not recognize the oracle bone inscription and seal script when you wrote it. When the ancient texts were in the Han Dynasty, there were also many readers who couldn't figure it out.

In the Han Dynasty, people continued to find the inheritance of ancient scriptures from the sandwich walls of the walls and the unearthed utensils. There are even quite a few people who fake it. When Confucian scholars were studying and interpreting the scriptures, because of the different levels of the scriptures, there were many false theories, which led to confusion about the scriptures. From the perspective of politics and education, today's literary school has changed from the prominent to the noble, from the noble to the noble, and from the noble to the multiplying; The school of ancient literature is from the Tibetan to the present, from the present to the Ming, and from the Ming to the contention. As a result, the two schools began to fight, from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, which lasted for hundreds of years, and they were still quarreling until later generations.

The biggest difference between modern and ancient literature is that the modern literary school worships Confucius, thinks that Confucius is a philosopher and educator, and Confucius "reformed the ancient system" and wrote the Six Classics. The ancient literature school worships the Duke of Zhou and thinks that Confucius is a historian, Confucius "believes in the ancients, and does not do it", and the Six Classics are ancient historical materials...... The two major schools are controversial in various aspects such as etiquette, history, and bureaucracy, and have been quarreling endlessly.

The Western Han Dynasty prevailed in modern learning, and the Eastern Han Dynasty prevailed in ancient learning. On the occasion of the Two Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin played a great role in the correction of ancient texts and scriptures. At that time, the ancient scriptures were not included in the official school inheritance system. In order to list "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period", "Mao's Poems", and the ancient text "Shangshu" among scholars, Liu Xin asked the Son of Heaven in the first year of Emperor Jianping of the Han Dynasty, which triggered the first great controversy in history.

At that time, Emperor Han Ai, the son of heaven, saw the chapter and asked Liu Xin to talk to the doctor of the Five Classics about its meaning, but Liu Xin was famous, and the doctors refused to say it. Liu Xin was helpless, and asked to see the prime minister at the time, Kong Guang, but the prime minister did not help. So Liu Xin wrote an eloquent essay "Let Dr. Taichang Book" for the doctors to read. This article comprehensively expounds the origin and changes of the scriptures, the prosperity of modern texts and the discovery of ancient texts, the academic defects of modern scholars, and the rationality of ancient texts. The full text is based on historical facts and academic theories, and the rhetoric is sharp and reasonable, and it is sharp and domineering. As a result, as soon as this article came out, all Confucians complained. The major Confucians could not suppress Liu Xin academically, so they began to suppress it politically. The Confucians either begged for the bones, or accused Liu Xin of changing the old chapters and not destroying the ...... So Liu Xin left Beijing gloomily.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Guangwu, a larger-scale controversy broke out between the present and the ancient. First of all, in the second year of Jianwu, Shangshu ordered Han Xin to write a book, please set up a doctor for "Fei Shi Yi" and "Zuo Shi Chunqiu". As a result, there was no sound after the edict was issued, and then in the fourth year of Jianwu, the minister, the doctor, and the doctor met in Yuntai, and as a result, Emperor Guangwu somehow remembered the old things two years ago, so he asked Dr. Fan Sheng to say his opinion.

Fan Sheng said: ""Zuo's " is not the ancestor of Confucius, but from Qiu Ming, passed down from master to apprentice, and there is no one else, and it is not the existence of the first emperor, and there is no reason to stand. ”

Okay, it provoked the anger of the public, so Han Xin and Taizhong Doctor Xu Shu and others argued with them, and the Jinwen faction on Fan Sheng's side was not to be outdone, and they rose up to distinguish it. Until "the middle of the day". Probably because there was no result in the court discernment this time, Fan Sheng went home and thought about it, sorted out his thoughts, and then wrote a letter to continue to discern the difficulties, anyway, he would never stop if he didn't defeat the ancient literature school.

Fan Sheng's article probably has a few meanings, one is that those who have been established as scholars and officials are orthodox, and Fei, Zuo and others are heretics. Second, from the source, the origin of Fei and Zuo's learning is unknown, and there is no teacher in the inheritance, are these two valuable? Very doubtful; Third, from a practical point of view, we should revitalize the program and discipline with the established learning, educate the people, and establish a new school is not a political emergency, which may cause chaos in the world if it is not done well. Fourth, from the perspective of academic theory, both Confucianism and Taoism advocate the simplicity of learning, and should abandon the heresy of the last school.

Fan Sheng's first, third, and fourth points are actually trivial, and the most powerful point is the second point. The ancient literary school probably also understood the power of this knife, so they responded to Fan Sheng with "Taishi Gong quotes "Zuo's more"; Fan Sheng also stubbornly grasped "Taishi Gong's violation of the Five Classics, the absurd words of Confucius, and the 31 things that cannot be recorded in the Spring and Autumn Period of Zuo". Fan Sheng's knowledge was high, and he came prepared, but he was defeated by the Confucian doctors in the court. The result annoyed a person.

At that time, Chen Yuan, a secluded priest, was proficient in "Zuo Chuan" and was a scholar. At that time, he heard that Fan Sheng was embarrassed, and he was furious, so he wrote a book. Refuting Fan Sheng's out-of-context and fuss, "Zuo Chuan" was personally taught by Confucius to Zuo Qiu Ming, which is more unified than "Ram" and "Gu Liang" based on rumors, and cannot be regarded as a heresy because "Zuo Chuan" is a lonely and less learned, otherwise how to explain that the historical "to" and "sacred" are both high and low? And academic change with the times, each emperor has its own stand, and there is no need for its own cause. Whether it is Confucianism or Taoism, its scholarship is not always static, and it is necessary to learn to change with the times. This is in line with the concept of development of historiography. In the end, Chen Yuan confidently said that he "tasted the words of the master", please discern with the doctors, and if he could not explain the problem of the unity of scripture and transmission, he would be willing to die. It's going to be desperate. It can be seen that the battle for Taoism is fierce.

In this controversy, although Emperor Guangwu privately felt that Chen Yuan was more reasonable, because of the superiority of Confucianism today, he just showed a little bit of a desire to establish the "Zuo" study, and countless ministers began to fight in the court, and the court became a pot of porridge. For the sake of balance, the matter is over.

Although the controversy was fruitless, it opened up a well-founded atmosphere of academic debate. Basically, there are very few people who use political means to suppress Confucians of different schools of thought. This is a very good phenomenon.

Then came the time of Emperor Zhang, and there was a third controversy. After Emperor Zhang ascended the throne, he descended to Confucianism, and he was particularly good at the ancient texts "Shangshu" and "Zuo's Biography". Therefore, in the first year of the founding of the first year, Emperor Zhang summoned the weak crown to the great Confucian Jia Kui, who could recite the "Zuo's Biography" and the Five Classics, into the palace to give lectures on the White Tiger View and Yuntai.

Jia Kui character Jingbo, a native of Fufeng Pingling, a famous scholar and astronomer in history, has written all his life, and his exegesis is difficult to write more than a million words. His ninth ancestor is the famous Jia Yi Jia Changsha. Jia Kui's father, Jia Hui, was educated by Liu Xin, Tu Yi, Xie Manqing and other Confucians.

Jia Kui learned through the ancient and modern learning, and as soon as he began to speak, he preached the modern and ancient scriptures in an orderly manner, and the head was the Tao, which was greatly appreciated by Emperor Zhang. Jia Kui was ordered to make "Zuo's Biography" is better than other setters, Emperor Zhang looked at the music, and thoroughly recognized Jia Kui's quality, so he gave 500 pieces of cloth and a pair of clothes, so that he chose "Ram" Yan and Yan Zhusheng 20 people with high talents, and taught "Zuo".

In the first four years of its establishment, the White Tiger View, the Confucianism was righteous and righteous, and the great Confucian Li Yu, who was valued by Bangu, was difficult to distinguish with Jia Kui, and the results were justified back and forth, and Jia Kui won the reputation of Confucianism in one fell swoop. Ancient literature has received more attention.

Then in the first eight years of the establishment, Emperor Zhang issued an edict: "The Five Classics are dissected, go to the Holy Miyuan, the last words of the chapters and sentences, obedient and difficult, I am afraid that the first teacher's words will be abolished. He ordered the group of Confucians to select high-talent students, and learned "Zuo's", "Gu Liang", ancient texts "Shangshu", "Mao's Poems", in order to support micro-learning, and broaden the meaning of the difference. ”

Although this edict does not clearly state whether the doctor of ancient scriptures was established in Taixue, since then, the ancient scriptures have officially entered the Taixue inheritance system. So far, the goal that Liu Xin wanted to achieve back then can be regarded as basically achieved. But then again, if there is no emperor who loves ancient literature and Confucianism, and Jia Kui, a great master of Confucianism who knows ancient and modern studies, this matter is really hard to say.

However, this matter is not over, the last Confucian He Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who is a great scholar of the modern literary school, spent more than ten years to write the book "Spring and Autumn Ram Interpretation", the book was completed, and then together with his teacher made "Ram Observance", boasting that "Ram" learned like Mozi guarding the city, unbreakable, and then wrote "Zuo's Anointing" and "Guliang Waste Disease", saying that these two scriptures are said to be sick and sick, and they are terminally ill and can not rise again. As a result, it triggered a counterattack from Zheng Xuan, the most powerful scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty and a master of modern and ancient literature.

Zheng Xuan then became conformist, acupuncture, and became ill, and began to refute one by one. As a result, He Xiu was successfully refuted, so that He Xiu sighed: "Kang Cheng entered my room, my spear, and killed me!" ”

Thus, after Liu Xin, Xu Shen, Ban Gu, Ma Rong, and then Zheng Xuan, ancient literature finally fully matured, and for the first time, it comprehensively overwhelmed modern literature. However, it is common for Confucian scholars to have different theories, have their own opinions, and have constant disputes.

Therefore, Liu Bei said that he set up a school in Qingzhou, called Confucianism, and taught the sons inside and outside Qingzhou. The great Confucians were as if they had been beaten with chicken blood, and they were excited.

No matter how famous you are, no matter how prosperous your private education is, how can you compare with the conditions of the government? The reason for the decline of official education in the past was that there were no great Confucian lectures, and the reason why great Confucians were reluctant to enter the official school to give lectures was not only the dispute between the present and the ancient, but also traced back to the disaster of the party.

Now, although the disaster of the party has been solved, it was the best time to develop official learning, but because of the death of the first emperor, the world is in chaos until now. So the study was too much to speak, and the state officials were decadent. Liu Bei wanted to educate and educate, but he seized the good opportunity.