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The Ma Wei Revolution was a major upheaval in the central political situation during the reign of Xuanzong Tianbao, and was the result of a long-term struggle between different political groups within the central politics of the Tang Dynasty. It is indeed not accidental, let alone a grudge between individuals. Due to the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion, the Son of Heaven spread the Yue, which caused a sudden gap in this struggle, so that the long-stored contradictory struggle evolved into a bloody incident outside the Jingshi. That is to say, the people who were most willing to execute Prime Minister Yang Guozhong and Yang Guifei at that time must be people who have sharp contradictions with them, so who is this person?

In my opinion, in the Tianbao Central Political Group, it is probably the crown prince Li Heng and his clique.

Li Heng was canonized as the crown prince in June of the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan after Li Ying was deposed. Since the day he was in the East Palace, the power of the court, the Zhongshu ordered Li Linfu to oppose him everywhere, according to the "Old Tang Book" volume 10 "Su Zongji": "And the establishment of the crown prince, Lin Fu is afraid of not being good for himself, but the prison of Wei Jian and Liu Tao, the number of those in danger is four." The prisons of Wei Jian and Liu Tao were constructed in the first month and November of the fifth year of Tianbao respectively, and the local military generals Huangfu Weiming and Wang Zhonghei were all woven into it. On the surface, Li Linfu framed Li Heng in several prisons because he had attached Shun Wuwu to Concubine Hui and persuaded Concubine Hui's son Shou Wang Mao. In fact, this is also determined by the special status of the crown prince of the Tang Dynasty, Mr. Chen Yinke said: "All the princes of the Tang Dynasty are actually designated but not firm successors to the throne", so it is not difficult to understand that Li Linfu's tilt in the East Palace, that is, the contradiction between the prime minister and the crown prince. In order to exonerate and protect himself, he divorced Wei Jian's sister, the crown princess Wei and Liu Tao's wife, and the prince Liangdi Du. The brutal political struggle has made Li Hengwei old and decrepit, and the sharp contradictions between him and the prime minister's clique can be seen. Yang Guozhong, the prime minister who succeeded Li Linfu, did not change his attitude towards Li Heng in the slightest. In fact, during Li Linfu's reign, he actively participated in the construction of the crown prince, according to the 106th volume of the "Old Tang Book":

When Li Linfu will not be in favor of the crown prince. Dig into the yin to pour it out,...... Dare to speak out with national loyalty, and help it for the party,...... It's been a big prison for years. Hunted down and trapped, hundreds of people were punished, all of them were loyal to the country, Lin Fufang was deeply obstructed to protect the position, and the country was loyal to the impeachment. Those who are suspected of being involved in the prince, although Lin Fu did not say anything to guide him, they were all made by Lin Fu, and the country took advantage of the evil and was able to be wanton.

It can be seen that the contradiction between the prime minister's group and the prince's group during the Tianbao period was not an overnight thing. As for why there were powerful ministers like Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong during the Tianbao period, it is actually one of the major problems of the central political situation of Tianbao, because it has nothing to do with the purpose of this article, so I will not repeat it.

In November of the 14th year of Tianbao, the Three Towns Festival made An Lushan raise troops to rebel. It has had a strong impact on the central political structure of Tianbao. The struggle between the prime minister and the prince's clique was not only not extinguished by the An Lushan rebellion, but on the contrary, the political turmoil added new content to this struggle. In other words, this central political struggle revolved around the Anshi Rebellion. An Lushan's banner of "punishing Yang" has mixed this political dispute into muddy waters.

After the rebels moved south, they came fiercely. On December 13 of that year, the eastern capital of Luoyang was captured, and the situation in the whole country deteriorated sharply. In December, Xuanzong promulgated a pro-levy system, ordering the prince to stay in Beijing and take on the important task of supervising the country. This incident caused Yang Guozhong to be greatly frightened. It is reported: "Xuanzong heard that Heshuo had changed and wanted to use the crown prince to supervise the country. I wanted to conquer myself, sought national loyalty, and the national loyalty was terrified, and the sister said: 'I will die on the eve of death.' Now the East Palace is in charge of the country. When the fate of the lady and so on. The sister cried to the concubine, and the concubine asked for her life, and the matter stopped." Yang Guozhong was worried that the fact that the crown prince was in charge of the country would consolidate the prince's position and endanger the Yang family, so he tried his best to prevent Xuanzong from conquering the country. As a result, because of his obstruction, the prince's promising appointment as a prisoner of the country came to naught. Of course, this pro-conscription turmoil reflects the content of the struggle between the two sides. The crown prince did not give up because of this, and the secret contest was still tense and fierce.

After Gao Xianzhi and Feng Changqing were defeated and executed, Yuan He and Longjiedu made Ge Shuhan to be appointed as the deputy marshal of the Eastern Expeditionary Army out of Tongguan. At this time, Li Wan, the king of Rong, who was "known for his elegant name and neat style" and who was named to recruit the marshal, "suddenly died". Later, Ge Shuhan's identity became the "marshal of the crown prince's vanguard soldiers and horses", which seems to mean that Xuanzong's personal expedition failed, but he wanted to make "the crown prince lead the army to the east", but the prince is "the heir of the king, not a handsome teacher", so Ge Shuhan is the vanguard and horse marshal. The fact that the crown of soldiers and horses was in the name of the crown prince's soldiers and horses indicates that the prince had nominally controlled the army guarding Tongguan, which may reflect that the crown prince Li Heng had control over the army as a result of the rebellion, and later facts can indeed prove this. Because of this, the contest between the two groups revolved around the Tongguan War.

In the Tongguan garrison, a force led by Wang Sili attempted to kill Yang Guozhong through Ge Shuhan's return army: "Sili Baihan murdered An Sishun's father (?) and) Yuan Zhen, on the paper on the secret words Han, please resist Yang Guozhong, Han should not, please rob him with 30 horses, and come to Tongguan to kill him", which caused Prime Minister Yang Guozhong's vigilance and uneasiness. Yang Guozhong then asked the selection of 3,000 supervisors and children to train in the Forbidden Garden, and ordered the Jiannan Army generals Li Fude and Liu Guangting to be responsible, and the new recruits of 10,000 troops were led by his cronies Du Qianyun and stationed in the Bashang. "It is not difficult to understand that the person Yang Guozhong is guarding against is the Tongguan defender who has been the vanguard of the prince; What's more, Wang Sili and Ge Shuhan were both subordinates of Wang Zhonghe, the envoy of Hexi Jiedu, who had a close relationship with the crown prince Li Heng. In my opinion, the movement of punishing Yang in the army and Yang Guozhong's precautions actually reflect the content of the struggle between the two groups.

Since the crown prince Li Heng was already able to control the conquest army, Ge Shuhan's new conscription under the command of Du Qianyun was able to fulfill his requirements for Tongguan. At the beginning of June of the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Du Qianyun was executed by Ge Shuhan under the pretext of being executed in the army, and Yang Guozhong's defense force ceased to exist, which caused him great fear, and he once said to his son Yang Xuan: "I will die without a day." Intriguingly, "Han is not at ease." It seems that the killing of Du Qianyun has a very deep political background, and the crown prince Li Heng is probably starting to counterattack Yang Guozhong with the conquest army under his control. According to records: Before the fall of the governor, Chen Xuanli, the general of Longwu, also "wanted to punish Yang Guozhong in the city", but because the time was not ripe, he did not take action. But this message cannot be ignored, and it may be a sign that the struggle between the two sides has become white-hot.

In the face of this threat. Yang Guozhong did not sit still. To remove the threat. There was an urgent need to remove control of the Tongguan garrison of the crown prince Li Heng. In this way, the top priority at the moment is to resolve the decisive battle of An Lushan as soon as possible. Therefore, Yang Guozhong strongly advocated that he wanted Geshu to fight a decisive battle towards Shanguan. History said: "Guozhong Yihan is undecided with his troops, and he is thinking about himself." If you want it to fight quickly, you should urge it from the middle. This motion is exactly what Xuanzong wants. Moreover, the Anshi turmoil, the Tang court lacked due attention to the incident, and even thought that Shuohu had committed a crime. It is self-defeating, and the day must be determined. Xuanzong then ignored the opinions of the generals in front of him to insist on sticking, and sent several envoys to urge the army to go out of the pass to fight. Due to the miscalculation of the situation on the front line, Ge Shuhan was defeated after leaving the customs, and the door of Chang'an was opened.

Subsequently, Xuanzong secretly fled Jiannan with a few members of the royal family and some ministers. The contest between Yang Guozhong and Li Heng is still going on secretly and nervously. Before leaving, Xuanzong ordered Chen Xuanli to choose 900 horses and forbidden soldiers to give money and silk, and also sent the eunuch Wang Luoqing to tell along the way to take over the drive. Therefore, it is not true to say that Xuanzong was unprepared to flee. However, the flight of Wang Luoqing and local officials along the way caused many troubles to the food supply of the thousands of fleeing troops. History said: "Officials are scattered." There is no restocking", therefore, there is no need to completely suspect that Xuanzong and his party had food difficulties and soldiers were hungry and tired after arriving in Xianyang. I think this is the perfect opportunity for those who are secretly manipulating and plotting mutiny. The fact that the incident occurred at the arrival of Ma Weiyi and not elsewhere should not be unrelated to this actual situation during the flight.

The circumstances of the conspiracy to plot the incident, according to the Tongjian, volume 218, recorded in the sixth article of the first year of the first year of Suzong:

Chen Xuanli blamed Yang Guozhong for the disaster and wanted to punish him, because Li Fuguo, the eunuch of the East Palace, sued the prince, and the prince was undecided. Yunyun. I'm afraid it's not true. According to the "Old Tang Book" volume 108 "The Biography of Wei Jiansu": Chen Xuanli, the general of Longwu, "is conspiring with the crown prince of the Feilong Ma family Li Huguo (that is, Li Fuguo), please punish Guozhong to comfort the hearts of the soldiers." It was the month, Xuanli and other forbidden troops surrounded the palace. Punish Yang"; According to the "New Tang Book" volume 208 "The Biography of Li Fuguo", "Chen Xuanli and others punished Yang Guozhong, and Fuguo Yu conspired" and other records, it should be the specific planning of Li Fuguo and Chen Xuanli, the eunuchs of the East Palace. Look at the "Auxiliary State Serving the Prince, Hu Cong to Ma Wei, Punishing Yang Guozhong, and Auxiliary Country Offering the Prince." Please divide the troops under the command of Xuanzong" and "The eunuch Li Jingzhong (that is, Li Fuguo) Qi Prince Qi asked to stay, and (Zhang) Liangjie agreed" and other texts, Zhang Liangjie also actively participated in this matter together with Li Fuguo. Since it is "seeking from the crown prince", he should have adhered to the instructions of the prince and worked for it. The purpose of Li Fuguo, Zhang Liangjie and others is undoubtedly the merit of greed. From the arrogance and arrogance of Li and Zhang after Li Heng ascended the throne, it can be seen that he must have a great merit to fight, and this great merit is to help Li Heng successfully deal with his political opponent Yang Guozhong and establish a separate imperial court. In other words, the reason why the crown prince wanted to take advantage of the escape to clean up Yang Guozhong was precisely to consolidate his political position and seize power among the enemies.

It can be seen from this that Ma Wei's change was the result of many years of contradictions and conflicts between the two major political blocs. For Li Heng, this contradictory struggle is unforgettable. In the amnesty decree issued by Lingwu's enthronement, he was very fond of Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong: "Its traitors Li Linfu and Wang Jie, and Yang Guozhong's close relatives are not exempt." Soon after ascending the throne, Li Heng even wanted to destroy Li Linfu's tomb, because of the persuasion of his adviser Li Yu.

Why did Yang Guifei also suffer in the coup? "Old Tang Book" volume 51 "The Biography of Yang Guifei" cloud:

From luck to Ma Wei, the general of the forbidden army, Chen Xuanli, secretly enlightened the prince, punished Guozhong's father and son, and the four armies were not dispersed, Xuanzong sent a wrestler to ask, and said: "The thief book (according to the "New Tang Book" as the "curse book") is still there. 'Gai refers to the concubine also. Lux repeated, the emperor was not obtained, and the concubine Jue, then hanged in the Buddha Hall.

It seems that after Yang Guozhong was killed, the coup d'état took him together out of consideration for the relationship between the feudal states. This factor certainly exists. If it is this relationship with Yang Guozhong, do the coups have a reason to force Xuanzong to give her death? I think there is.

The queen of the Tang Dynasty has great power, so since the eldest grandson, Wu Zetian, Empress Wei and other dynasties have repeatedly changed, Xuanzong has abolished the queen of the king, and the middle palace has been vacant. Originally, Yang Guifei had been in the palace for many years and had not interfered in the government, but the aforementioned matter of "asking for life" to dissuade Xuanzong from conquest was causing her to fall into the whirlpool of contradictions and struggles between the prince and the prime minister's group. The fact that the crown prince was not imprisoned for some reason was bound to arouse his jealousy. With the coup d'état, Yang Guifei is of course in a catastrophe. That is to say, it is reasonable that the coup d'état affected Yang Guifei. It was also an important step in the coup. Looking at Xuanzong's claim that "the concubine often lives in the deep palace, and An Zhiguo is loyal to the counterplot", but has to "cut the grace and correct the law", you can feel the death of Yang Guifei, which really shows that Xuanzong's divine power and dignity of the Son of Heaven have been damaged. This is exactly what Li Heng wants to achieve for his seizure of power in the chaos.

It is precisely because Ma Wei's change is due to the contradictions and struggles of the Tianbao central political group, and the planners are headed by Li Heng, so it is easier to understand that the deceased are the prime minister Yang Guozhong and Yang Guifei and "do not hurt Wei Xiang (see Su)". Similarly, why is it that "the prince does not dare to go west?" "Why did Li Heng ascend the throne soon, even though he established the imperial court, it is also very understandable. To put it bluntly, the core of this struggle is the struggle for power.

Why was the crown prince Li Heng able to win this struggle? I think the key is that he has mastered some of the forbidden troops in the fleeing ranks, especially the Wyvern Stables.

According to the "Old Tang Book" volume 116 "The Biography of the Chengtian Emperor": "The Lushan Rebellion, Xuanzong was fortunate in Shu, and the brothers were close to Hu Bian. It is inferred from this that in Xuanzong and his entourage, the members of the prince's family are all in the rear army. And the rear army of 2,000 people and the dragon stables are already under the control of the prince. Volume 10 of the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty and the "Su Zongji" contain that "the horses in the military stables after leaving behind" seem to reflect the real situation better than "points". The Prince's control of this armed force, especially the Wyvern stables, was crucial to the success of his coup d'état. (To be continued.) )