Chapter 171: Metering of Electricity

Li Di saw that Zhang Zhimu had finally finished preparing the electrolyte, let out a sigh of relief, and asked, "Mr. Zhang, can we make batteries this time?" ”

Zhang Zhimu shook his head and said, "There is one last important thing, the battery separator has not been done." ”

Yang Chang sighed and said, "Oh, Mr. Zhang, can you tell me all the things you need at once, we have a number." ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said, "If you say it all at once, it will scare you all." How good it is slowly, the battery separator is left, and the battery separator is really finished. ”

Zhang Zhimu began to direct these people again and began to make battery separators:

First of all, test the performance of asbestos to see if the asbestos in your hand is suitable for separators. Zhang Zhimu took out some asbestos, put it in concentrated sulfuric acid, pressed all the asbestos in the concentrated sulfuric acid with a glass rod, waited for a while, and then took it out and washed it with water. Zhang Zhimu saw that the pickled asbestos had not changed except that it was cleaner. He said to Li Di: "Our asbestos is suitable for making battery separators, because they do not react with sulfuric acid." Keep in mind that not all asbestos is suitable for battery separators. ”

Zhang Zhimu made of asbestos woven cloth cut to be about the size of the battery plates, slightly larger than the battery plates, and the same size as the length and width of the battery cell slots, and then pickled and washed with water. It is also mixed into a turbid liquid in the water with crushed asbestos washed with water after pickling, and a thick layer is copied on the asbestos cloth over and over again by using the method of making paper.

Li Di asked Zhang Zhimu: "Why does this asbestos have to be washed with sulfuric acid?" ”

Zhang Zhimu likes to ask questions the most, and he replied: "Because there are a lot of impurities in asbestos, use pickling to dissolve those impurities with sulfuric acid." We wash it with water, and the asbestos is much cleaner. ”

After the demonstration, Zhang Zhimu asked Li Di to follow suit. Before leaving, Zhang Zhimu told Li Di to let them make a thousand pieces of such asbestos cloth, and put them in a cool place to dry after they were done. Wait for our battery case to burn, and then we can make the battery.

After dinner, Zhang Zhimu was drawing pictures in the study, and Xiaohu came over to pester Zhang Zhimu again, asking: "Uncle, you always draw pictures, what are you painting today?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said patiently: "Uncle is drawing an electric bell, this electric bell, as long as it is turned on, it will ring immediately." ”

Zhang Zhimu considered that in the past few days, Li Di and Yang Chang have been following a few people who are engaged in electricity, and they are a little unable to lift their spirits, because they feel that it is too boring to engage in electricity, so Zhang Zhimu feels that it is necessary to get something simple first, so that they can see something, so as to improve their interest. This electric bell is a very simple thing that makes a sound. The electric bell is a toy that Zhang Zhimu made when he was a child, and he used it this time.

In fact, the principle of the electric bell is very simple, with a battery iron, the battery iron can be made with copper wire wrapped around a stack of silicon steel sheets, when energized, the electromagnet has an electric current through, resulting in magnetism, the elastic sheet under a small hammer is sucked over, so that the small hammer strikes the bell to make a sound, and at the same time the circuit is disconnected, the electromagnet loses its magnetism, the small hammer is bounced back, the circuit is closed, and it is repeated, and the electric bell makes a continuous hitting sound.

Xiaohu asked, "Can I play with the electric bell you made?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Of course you can play, after I do a good job, I will be the first to let you have enough." ”

The second thing designed by Zhang Zhimu is not for fun, he wants to design the simplest telegraph, he knows the meaning of this thing. He also used this little bell as a signal to respond to the tick-tock of the telegram, but the bell did not ring continuously, but once on and off.

In order to do the test, Zhang Zhimu also had to make some standard resistors and capacitors.

Since the resistivity of copper is 0.0175Ω.mm2/m

Then to make a 1Ω resistor with a diameter of 0.5mm copper wire, the length of the copper wire is (1x0.25x0.25x3.1415926)/0.0175=11.22 meters

The 10Ω copper wire is 112.2 meters long

100Ω is 1122 meters.

In order to meet the needs of the future, Zhang Zhimu led a few people to make more than a dozen of each resistor, and there were a bunch of resistor components in the room.

Capacitors can only be made of copper foil using existing conditions. Two wires are soldered on two copper foils, and a layer of insulating paper is placed between the copper foils, and another layer of insulating paper is placed on the outside. Then roll tightly together and tie it tightly with a cord. For ease of use, the capacitor is put into a bamboo cylinder. A total of ten such capacitors were made.

After waiting patiently for a few days, the kiln sent the warm battery shell over. Zhang Zhimu also knew that this kiln could not be rushed, and it could be fired so quickly, it was completely because the cylinder kiln knew that it was something that Zhang Zhimu wanted, and they didn't dare to delay it for a moment.

Li Di and Yang Chang were more anxious than Zhang Zhimu, and when they saw that the battery case had finally arrived, they couldn't wait to make the battery.

Zhang Zhimu didn't worry about others, so he assembled the first battery himself.

First, put the battery plates into the battery slot, then compact a stack of asbestos sheets with a lot of fine asbestos fibers, put them between the battery plates, squeeze the two plates tightly, and connect the plates in series. Check that everything is correct, and pour the configured electrolyte into the battery slot.

Li Di looked at it and asked, "Is this all right?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "No, it hasn't been charged yet." ”

Li Di, Yang Chang and others all sighed, Li Di said: "Mr. Zhang, hurry up, there is nothing else to do, we really can't wait." ”

Zhang Zhimu said with a smile: "The last thing is charging, and it is useless without an electric battery." ”

Zhang Zhimu put the output end of the generator and connected it to a few capacitors, because he knew that the so-called DC motor was actually some continuous positive pulses. If the capacitor is not connected, the battery voltage is higher than the input during the bottom amplitude of the pulse, and the battery will be discharged. It is said that the DC voltage must be smoothed with capacitors.

After connecting the capacitor, connect the positive pole of the battery to two 100Ω resistors in series through a switch, and connect it to the positive pole of the generator, and connect the negative pole of the battery to the negative pole of the generator.

Judging from the ignition of the hand-cranked generator last time, Zhang Zhimu estimated that the voltage of this motor should not be too high, that is, about 100 volts, because he had seen too many 220-volt ignitions. Therefore, the string of two resistors is used for current limiting.

Zhang Zhimu went out and asked Li Yunhe to find a few more strong men and ask them to come over and help drive the generator with a hand-cranked wheel to generate electricity.

After the generator was shaken up for a while, Zhang Zhimu closed the switch and began to charge the battery.

A few strong men who just came here have always felt that their strength is very great, saying that such a small thing doesn't need so many people, and it is enough to have two people to change it. Zhang Zhimu smiled and said, "Wait a while, you guys will see how it goes." ”

Several strong men took turns to shake the generator, so that the generator kept rotating at a high speed, Zhang Zhimu observed it, and found that the positive electrode of the battery turned brown, and the negative electrode appeared sponge-like lead-gray. Zhang Zhimu knew that this was the result of charging, and lead oxide had appeared at the positive electrode, and metallic lead had appeared at the negative electrode.

A few strong men shook for a while, and they no longer had the confidence they had at the beginning, and everyone who finished shaking began to wipe their sweat. When it was almost noon, Zhang Zhimu disconnected the switch and took out a 100Ω resistor to continue to generate electricity and charge. The charging process took a day.

After the end of charging, Zhang Zhimu knew that the open-circuit voltage of this battery would be much higher than 12 volts, and it would be slightly higher than 12 volts after the load was immediately loaded.

Zhang Zhimu put the input terminal of a made ammeter, stringed ten 100 ohm resistors, adjusted the pointer of the meter to the zero position, and then, with the meter six groups of cell batteries, the position of the pointer was marked, Zhang Zhimu corrected it, thinking that this position is 12.5 volts. Then measure the voltages of one cell, two, three, four, and five cells, and mark the position of the pointer. With reference to these positions, the marked positions of 12 volts, 2 volts, 4 volts, 6 volts, and 8 volts were determined.

After calibrating the voltmeter, connect the resistors with different resistance values in series and mark another ammeter.

After the voltmeter and ammeter were calibrated, Zhang Zhimu connected the output end of the generator to a 100 ohm resistor to let people shake it to the limit of the generator, measuring the voltage of 120 volts and the current of about 1.2 amperes. It seems that the calibration of his own voltmeter and ammeter is still basically accurate. Because these three numbers are in line with Ohm's law. The power of this generator is about 150W, which is a little smaller, but it can be made larger in the future.

Li Di, Yang Chang and others are very serious people at first glance, and they carefully record every step Zhang Zhimu does with a pen. This made Zhang Zhimu very pleased, with such an attitude, there is nothing bad to learn.

Zhang Zhimu said: "Let me show you the usefulness of electricity." Zhang Zhimu connected an electric bell he had made to the battery. Before closing the switch, Zhang Zhimu said, "Be careful, everyone, don't be afraid." Then he quickly closed the switch, and the electric bell rang "ding".

Everyone gathered around the electric bell at once, and kept saying, "Mr. Zhang, tell us the truth here." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Okay, I'll tell you why the electric bell rings." ”

After listening to Zhang Zhimu's explanation, everyone knew that this mysterious electric bell was not mysterious at all. Zhang Zhimu adjusted the angle of the small hammer to hit the bell, and when he closed the switch, the sound of the electric bell was much better. Zhang Zhimu said: "The angle and strength of the bell are different when we use our hands, and the sound of the bell is also different. The same is true for electric bells. ”

The mysterious electricity finally gave these "pioneers" of electricity in the Ming Dynasty a little sweetness.

Zhang Zhimu has repeatedly told everyone that they must pay attention to the safety of electricity, otherwise they will be easily injured by electricity. Fortunately, the current voltage is not too high, so remind everyone early so that they should be safety conscious from the beginning.

Zhang Zhimu said: "This thing can only give us a little intuitive understanding of electricity. We're doing a telegraph experiment now, and this thing will have a very big impact on our future work life. ”

A few people who just felt mysterious about the absence of the electric bell were whetted by Zhang Zhimu's words.

Zhang Zhimu took out another electric bell, but when the electric bell was energized, the current would not be disconnected after the small hammer was sucked by the electromagnet and hit the bell, that is, it would not be continuously turned on and off. Instead, the small hammer is hit on the bell when the electricity is turned on, and the small hammer leaves the bell when the electricity is off. Zhang Zhimu used an elastic copper sheet and a connecting contact point instead of the switch. This is a thing made by Zhang Zhimu and the kind of reporting button he saw on TV. However, when Zhang Zhimu pressed the button, the little hammer really hit the little bell. Zhang Zhimu learned the rhythm of sending reports in the past, the long and short continuous buttons, and the small hammer also kept tinkling to make two different sounds.

Zhang Zhimu knew that the telegram had succeeded.

Waiting for Li Di and the others, each of them has pressed the send button a few times, and they are no longer interested. Zhang Zhimu said: "Come here, everyone, let me tell you how to use this thing to send a telegram." If you want to send a telegram, the other party will understand it when you receive it. Then we're going to make the following rules. Zhang Zhimu remembered the simplest and most commonly used Morse code.

Zhang Zhimu told them the rules of Morse code, which consists of two symbols, dot (.) and cross (-), according to the following principles:

1. One point is a basic signal unit, and the duration of each stroke is equivalent to the duration of 3 points.

2. Within a letter or number, the interval between each point and each stroke should be the length of two points.

3. The interval between letters (numbers) and letters (numbers) is 7 points in length.

0 is used for the dot (.), and 1 is used for the stroke (-).

Zhang Zhimu also encoded the Arabic numerals from 0 to 9 with four dots or crosses.

0---0000

1---0001

2---0010

3---0011

4---0100

5---0101

6---0110

7---0111

8---1000

9---1001

Zhang Zhimu told Li Di that in the future, they would use four Arabic numerals to represent a Chinese character.

Zhang Zhimu referred to the Chinese character code that he had written with Li Zhi before. After writing a large string of Arabic numerals, he said to Li Dong and Yang Chang: "Let's do an experiment, you send this electric bell to another room, I'm here, use the button to send you zeros and ones, you write them down in lead, every four numbers in a group, and then send it to Director Li of the Intelligence Department." ”

Wait for Li Di and the others to pull the electric bell and pull it to another room. Zhang Zhimu sent a telegram for the first time in the Ming Dynasty. ”

Although Zhang Zhimu's methods were still very clumsy, Li Di and the others received this telegram in the end. They really sent someone to send this telegram to Li Zhi.

After a while, Li Zhi came over.

When Li Zhi entered the room, he asked: "Mr. Zhang, you have something to do with me." ”

Li Di asked in surprise: "Director Li, how did you know that Mr. Zhang was looking for you?" ”

Li Zhi smiled very uncomfortably and said, "Few people know the code of this letter. I saw the code of the letter and translated it according to the code book. The letter reads, 'Richie, come to my office. Zhang Zhimu. ’”

Li Dong and Yang Chang felt that what they had been busy with was definitely not a toy.

Zhang Zhimu said to Li Zhi: "To let you come over is to let you see how our telegram communicates." ”

Li Di carefully introduced Fang Cai to Li Zhi in the past.

After listening to this, Li Zhi asked, "How far can Mr. Zhang's telegram go?" Can you get to kill Hukou and Zhangjiakou? ”

Zhang Zhimu knew that Li Zhi was already thinking about the practical use of the telegram.

Zhang Zhimu said: "In the future, our telegrams will not only reach to Kill Hukou and Zhangjiakou, but also to all places that we consider important. For example, Tongguan, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, etc., all information in the future must be communicated in real time. ”

Li Zhi said: "Mr. Zhang, the most important thing for us now is to be able to communicate with Lingshui Wharf and the smelting plant first, so that we can know immediately what kind of letters are in these places." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "We still have to prepare for some things, long-distance communication, and the receiving equipment and response signals of both sides must be well regulated. It just so happens that Li Di and Yang Chang's task now is to establish telegraph communication between Yaogang and Lingshui Wharf, which is your current task. If there is any difficulty, come to me directly, but you must think through all the details, and at the same time start training the talents who will send and receive telegrams. ”

Hearing that Zhang Zhimu assigned them such an important task, Li Dong and Yang Chang were excited and felt pressured.

Zhang Zhimu said: "The general responsibility of the few of you is Li Di, and Yang Chang is the deputy. Your department is called the Electronics Department. This department was to build larger generators and telegraph communications. From now on, you will have to recruit a large number of useful people, and I can tell you right now that it will not be long before many of you will feel that they are not enough. ”

Yang Chang's mind was still very clear, and he said, "Mr. Zhang, let's give us a good course as soon as possible." With the current foundation, it is easy to understand the theory when we go back and learn it. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Okay, I will take time to teach you as soon as possible." Now you have to find a way to use iron wire instead of copper wire to make some resistance, because the conductivity of iron wire is much smaller than that of copper wire, which means that the resistivity is much higher. In this way, there is no need for such a long copper wire. These copper wire resistors are used as standards, and they will be used for comparison in the future. In the future, we will also use some special alloys to make resistors. Such a copper resistor can only be used for testing now. ”

The success of the trial production of the telegraph and the generator was definitely the beginning of a revolution, so Zhang Zhimu once again gathered the leaders of the kiln gang together and held a meeting to inform everyone of these achievements and introduce the significance of these things after they were completed.

The first person who was interested in telegraphy was Ouyang He, "Mr. Zhang, can this thing be pulled by a car and used on the battlefield for wiring." ”

Ouyang He's words reminded Zhang Zhimu of the telephone soldiers in the movie who braved the rain of bullets and wires on the battlefield in his previous life, Zhang Zhimu replied: "Of course you can, but Li Yunhe has to work hard, and the copper wire will be drawn very thin in the future, and the communication line without roots will not be a strand but a multi-strand thin wire in the future, so that the line is easy to bend, and it can be rolled on a wire reel, and the soldier will carry the wire on the battlefield at any time, so that the line will be laid there, and the telegraph can be transmitted there." ”

Chen Yufeng also understood what Ouyang He meant, and said: "After that, it will be much more convenient to command on the battlefield. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "The telegram is still not very convenient, and we will have to make a telephone call in the future, and at that time, if we speak directly into the microphone, the other party will hear it directly, and just give an order directly." But it's going to take its time. So far, there are only four of us in the electric army. ”

Chen Yufeng took over and said: "Then hurry up and give them more personnel, don't delay this matter at all." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Uncle Chen's opinion is very correct. This department should increase its support, ask people to give people, and ask for silver to give money. But what I want to tell you today is that I want to set up a telegraph line between Yaogang and Lingshui Wharf, so that we can keep in touch with Lingshui Wharf in real time. ”

Lu Chengxiang said: "This is a good thing, but Zhang finally didn't calculate how much copper wire to use." How much copper is used for these copper wires. ”

Zhang Zhimu admired Lu Chengxiang's economic acumen very much, and said: "I have calculated that with a diameter of two millimeters of copper wire, 3,740 kilograms of copper will be needed to go from the kiln to the Lingshui wharf. Because there are about 80 miles from here to Lingshui Wharf, one mile is equal to 576 meters (the ancient li is different from the current one), we calculate it according to 90 miles and 600 meters per mile, and the double line needs a total of 0.44 cubic meters of copper, and we calculate it according to the specific gravity of copper of 8500 kilograms per cubic meter, which is 3740 kilograms. What we got back from General Jiang in Datong is enough. ”

Lu Chengxiang calculated for a moment and said, "This is a lot of silver." However, we made an appointment to go to Sun Renyun's copper mine in two days, and when it was settled, we could let go of the copper. ”

Chen Yufeng said: "If this telegram can reach the Lingshui Wharf, I think it will be worth the amount of silver." ”

At the meeting, it was decided on the spot that the telegraph line would be built immediately, and Li Yunhe would be responsible for pulling out all the copper wires.

Zhang Zhimu said to Li Yunhe: "It is not enough to use the copper wire light used outdoors to pull it out, and the surface of the copper wire must be wrapped with lacquer and rope." I'll tell you how to do it then. ”

Li Yunhe didn't speak, and when he saw Zhang Zhimu talking to him, he asked: "Mr. Zhang, you said that electricity can be used as an electric motor, isn't it?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I was about to talk about this, the DC motor motor we are using now. The reverse is also an electric motor. If we turn the rotor with power, then the motor will output current, and in turn we will put current on both ends of the motor, and the rotor of the motor will rotate. Now I want to make a steam engine to drive the Duda generator, and then make some small motors to make the motor, so that your lathe can be driven by electricity, and such a lathe can be controlled by a switch to start and stop. The main thing is that the speed can be easily controlled. ”

Li Yunhe is the one who understands the benefits of electricity that Zhang Zhimu talked about the most, and Li Yunhe couldn't help but say: "Mr. Zhang, then hurry up and get the motor." This is much more convenient than using a steam engine to make a machine tool. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "The marine steam engine you are building can be used for power generation in the future, so that the electricity generated by him can drive multiple machine tools." In the future, all places that need power can be driven by electric motors. ”

Li Yunhe said: "The smelter should also build generators, and there are more places to use power. ”

Seeing that everyone has understood that electricity has the role of power and communication, Zhang Zhimu wanted to work harder, and said: "Everyone knows that we need a lot of things, all of which are limited by the production of alkali, and what I want to tell you is that after having electricity, our production capacity of alkali production will be greatly increased." With a large amount of alkali, the white ** we use for priming will be produced in large quantities. ”

Li Yunhe said: "Right now, we don't have enough ash from plants and trees. ”

Zhang Zhimu looked at Huang Yukun and said, "Go outside first and buy some plant ash, and after the electrochemistry starts, you won't need plant ash." ”

Huang Yukun said: "We should tell the people in the surrounding townships as soon as possible, so that they can keep the ashes of the plants and trees that have been burned, and we will go to collect them together."

As soon as such a thing was handed over to Huang Yukun, Zhang Zhimu didn't have to worry about it.

When everyone walked out of the meeting, Lu Chengxiang came over and said to Zhang Zhimu: "You asked me to mobilize everyone to look for apatite, and I will do it." Not to mention, there are clues now. ”

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