There is a post on the forum about the salt and iron of the Eastern Han Dynasty, you can take a look.

The following is excerpted from Mr. Luo Qingkang: It shows that after Emperor He, salt and iron have been non-official monopolies.

Z. Eastern Han Dynasty

(1) In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, salt and iron were still official camps

In the 59 years before the first year of Emperor Wuhe of the Eastern Han Dynasty (Gongben 84), the salt and iron system was

(8) or "government-run and private-run parallel" (4)7 I think it is government-run.

Although the official camp of the salt and iron industry in the early Eastern Han Dynasty is clearly recorded, there are many sporadic historical materials that show that this period is the official camp. For example, "Hou Hanshu Du Shi Lie Biography" cloud, in the seventh year of Nirvana (31 years of Gongwu), Du Shi was Nanyang Taishou, "good at strategy, the province loves the people, makes water drains, casts agricultural tools, uses less force, sees more work, and the people will do it." This is Du Shi in Nanyang Taipuncy used water as the driving force, (1) invented the water row blower, to smelt cast iron farm tools, the people buy much more convenient. Therefore, Nanyang honored him as "Du Mu". There is no doubt that this is a government camp. Nanyang belongs to the "Sanhe area", one of the five major economic zones of the Han Dynasty, and is an important town in the Central Plains, so it can represent the general.

The performance of the Yantiegong camp is not only in the Central Plains, but also in the remote areas

Let's look at the northwest frontier first, such as Cui Ding's "Political Commentary"; "In the old days, Yongping and the beginning of construction

On the occasion...... (Northwest) Frontier People...... They are all private soldiers, and they refuse to use official weapons." The so-called "official tools" are, of course, the products smelted and cast by the government-run handicraft workshops, and the border people should buy them, but they "refuse to use them", because the government-run iron tools are no longer "strong and sharp", but "knives and carts are blunt". (2) It seems that this is a government-run monopoly.

Looking at the southern border again, such as building Wu Ren, Ren Yan is the Jiubin Taishou, "making the casting of field tools and the reclamation of teaching". (5) Let's ask: Is the person who "casts the field" the government or the people of Jiuzhen? "Dongguan Hanji" contains, "Nine true customs burn grass and farm", I don't know cow cakes. Ren Yan wants to teach the people to solve the problem of not having a "hybrid team", and it is necessary to promote the method of smelting in the Central Plains, and it is necessary to "cast field tools" by officials. There is also a supplementary evidence, that is, "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Ren Yanlie" "Collection of Explanations" leads to Hui Brown Cloud: "Huajiao Shuyun, teach the people to plough with oxen, and set officials to patrol." It seems that the smelting and casting of field tools and the cattle ploughing of the people were carried out under the supervision of officials. Therefore, the Jiuzhen border land is also a government-run iron industry.

The above historical data show that whether it is the Central Plains or the border, the salt and iron industry is a palace specialty. At the same time, this can also be proved by some of the measures taken by the authorities.

l is 3C salt as Baigong Yulu. At the beginning of the establishment of the martial arts, Song Hong was Sikong, "often receiving salt to dry oblique (this Yao Ben is "the end of Hong is Sikong, taste and get salt"), send all the people to welcome the river, and make Liangzhi. Salt is cheap, all beings do not gather, they are angry, they are chased, and they are cheap, they sell their fruits, and they do not compete with the people for profit." (1) If it is not a salt monopoly, how can it be used as a salary? If it is not an official camp, there is no need to send officials to the river to "welcome". It means that the palace family serves as a far seller. Second, like Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he used iron basins as a means to control salt production by salt households. Boiling salt iron poverty is the main production tool of boiling salt, when the salt is monopolized, the state handicraft workshop is allowed to make it, and the salt household boils salt must first receive iron benefits from the palace family. This is the case with the "official and prison benefits" during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. (2) is the best proof that the text records the official camp of salt and iron in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty is the same fact. The third is to dig down to carry out mountain bans. That is, people are not allowed to enter the mountains to open mines at will, and they must be approved by the iron official. In the fourth year of Muli (129 AD), in February, Emperor Cranial "chiseled stones with the people, vented his anger, and saved the prosecutor's office, such as Jianwu and horizontal stories". (8) Although it is about the current affairs of Emperor Gu, it is another supplement to the official camp of the salt and iron industry in the year of the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, there are cases of private salt and iron, but the policy does not allow it. In Jianwu, Wei Feng was the Taishou of Guiyang Yang, "Weiyang County produces iron and stone, and the people of the county often rely on gatherings to smelt pounds privately, so they come to die and cause rape and thieves", therefore, Wei Feng immediately forbade, "raise the iron official, and reprimand the private casting", in this way, the financial income of the official family has increased greatly, and "the annual increase is 500 series of thousands". (1) At the same time, Laiyang County did not have an iron official in the Western Han Dynasty, but at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new iron official was set up and a salt and iron official camp was implemented. Also, at the beginning of Jianwu, the fifth Lun "thought that he had not reached the palace for a long time, so he sent his family to Hedong, changed his name to Wa, called himself Wang Boqi, cut salt to and from Taiyuan, - L Party, and the vanadium was removed as dung, Mo was called a Taoist priest, and relatives and friends did not know where it was." The government of eA Kouguo allows the smuggling of private pots, and Wu Lun does not need to send his family members to Hedong as guests, and he will not change his name and surname to "Ren Boqi" or "Taoist". Therefore, Zheng Xu's "Tongzhi" volume 62 quotes Emperor He's ban on marsh as "filial piety and martial piety are different from salt and iron to serve the expenses of the division's travel, and it has not been reformed since Zhongxing", which is very reasonable. Why did it have to be implemented in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty?2 First, if the official camp was not implemented, it would cause social unrest. For example, Haoqiang smelted and cast in Shuyang County, "the swamp came to die, and many thieves were good", so it was not an official casting. In fact, after Wei Feng reprimanded the private casting, "the county cleaned up". Second, military spending is large, and if the government can run salt and iron, it can also make up for the shortfall. The Eastern Han Dynasty was established after a long period of war; 6n After the founding of the country, it was necessary not only to eliminate the separatist forces, such as Gongsun Shu and Kui Huan, but also to suppress the rebellion caused by the "Dutian", that is, "the county garden surname, the commander of the army, and the group of thieves rose up everywhere and killed the chief". (6) Foreigners also took the opportunity to harass, "since Zhongxing, the Xiongnu have been the last guests"; (4) There have been repeated uprisings among the people, such as the rebellion of shameful women. And so on, all of which require large financial expenditures, and if the monopoly of salt and iron palace is implemented, it can be "prepared." At the same time, the Eastern Han Dynasty implemented the creation of Shangshu Tai, "although the three princes are placed, the matter is returned to the Taiwan Cabinet", (7) the further line strengthened the centralization of power. It is fully capable of controlling the production and export of salt and iron through administrative means, so as to solve the problem of national financial distress. Having said that, in the early days of the Eastern Han Dynasty, although the government specialized in salt and iron, it was not tightly grasped. On the one hand, it is because after the war in the clan period, everything needs to be done. Before he had time to rectify, he was exploited by some corrupt officials and powerful landlords. As at the beginning of Jianwu, Jianzhong Hou Peng Wan saw that "Beizhou is broken and Yuyang is finished, there are salt and iron officials, and they are favored to trade valleys. Accumulate treasures, become rich and strong". (2) On the other hand, the place where the cast salt and iron were boiled was a remote mountainous area, and the Lehan government could not take care of it. For example, Weiyang County is a remote mountainous area in the south of present-day Hunan, and it is "or Yuli" from Guiyang County; After the discovery of iron in the Eastern Han Dynasty, neighboring counties made strong moves; Come to die, steal and make profits. It wasn't until Wei Wei served as the Taishou of Guiyang that he had no iron officials and was returned to the official camp.

(2) The emperor fully restored the monopoly of salt and iron

Emperor Zhang fully restored the monopoly of salt and iron, and forbade private boiling and casting, which was in the Yuan and He periods

(84-87 A.D.), (2) Abolish 1: Chapter and 2 (88 A.D.), and (4) not more than 5 years before and after.

Why did Emperor Zhang play a comprehensive restoration of the monopoly of salt and iron.2 On the one hand, it was "insufficient use". e Hou Hanshu Zhu Array Biography "Cloud; "(Yuan Hezhong) is the time valley is expensive, the county officials are insufficient, and the court is worried." Therefore, Shangshu Zhang Lin proposed: "Salt, those who are in a hurry to eat, although it is expensive, people have to need it, and the official can cook it himself." Li Xian et al. quoted the "First Book" as a note: "Because the official utensils are used to boil salt." (1) That is, the implementation of salt monopoly. On the other hand, in order to defend against the Huns. Emperor He said in the summer and April of the second year of Zhanghe: "Emperor Xiaowu of the past sent a sentence to Hu Yue, so he had the right to collect the benefits of salt and iron, (2) to pay for the teacher's travel. Since Zhongxing, the Xiongnu have not been in Bin, and in the last years of Yongping, they have resumed the expedition. The first emperor ascended the throne, and he took a break from military service, but he still thought deeply, did not forget the danger, explored the old classics, recovered salt and iron, and wanted to be prepared for the border of Ning'an. "Obviously, the monopoly of salt and iron is to solve the expenses of the division.

In order to show the importance of salt specialization, Emperor Channeling was also in the third year of Yuan He (A.D. Ming

year) August Bhou, "Xing'anyi, view the salt pond". Anyi salt oil means "river."

East Salt Pond"; The scale is not small, "51 miles of wheat, 7 miles of Guangzhou, 116 miles of Zhou", yes

An important salt producing area at the time. It is located in the west of Yuxiang County, Puzhou. ⑧

During the period of Emperor Zhang, the monopoly of salt and iron was implemented after a fierce struggle. In the sixth year of Jianren (81 A.D.), "It was when Suzong discussed the restoration of the Yantie Palace, (4) (Dasi Nong Zheng) and the people said that it was impossible. The number is expensive, until it is calm, and everyone is persistent. The emperor does not obey. Zhang Lin, the scholar of the Yuan Dynasty, advocated the monopoly of salt and iron, and Emperor Zhang "had a swamp to implement", but Zhu Hui thought that "it could not be implemented", and the reason was: "The royal system, the heavens do not say what they have, the princes do not say much, and the family of Lu Shi does not compete with the people for profit. Now...... If the salt returns to the palace, the people will be poor and resentful. The emperor was angry and blamed, "Waving and waiting are all self-imprisoned." (1) Even after the implementation of the monopoly of salt and iron, some people used the excuse to oppose it. In the first year of the chapter and the first year (87 A.D.), "the salt officials were dismissed for the benefit of the people." (6) This is a continuation of Zheng Zhong, Zhu Hui and others who oppose the monopoly of salt and iron.

In the second year of Zhanghe, the salt and iron monopoly was abolished, and there were many reasons for this. First, officials are corrupt and ineffective. Emperor He said in the swamp after ascending the throne: "There are many bad officials, and they lose their aggression at every turn, so as to go against the will of the superiors. The first emperor hated it, so he left the county to ban salt and iron, indulged the people in boiling and casting, and the county officials who were taxed were like stories. (2) The Eastern Han Dynasty declined since Emperor He, and it was unable to organize the monopoly of salt and iron in a regular manner. For example, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the central power was highly centralized, and it was able to use human, material, and financial resources in a centralized manner through coercive means, and mobilize officials from the central government to the local government to organize production and distribution. In the early days of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Zhang implemented the Taiwan Pavilion system, and the royal power was relatively centralized and could be reluctantly done. However, since Emperor He, the local powerful forces have expanded, and the manor has developed, gradually overpowering the king, and they have made profits by cooking pounds privately. Therefore, it is advisable to decentralize power to the localities, let the people boil and cast, and go out to conquer me. Third, it is the result of a protracted struggle. Since the Zhao Emperor's Salt and Iron Conference, the struggle has been going on "Yuan Sheng also had another salt and iron official Sanfu Yan Emperor period, Zheng Zhong t Zhu Hui tried his best to oppose it, in fact, it was a continuation of the Salt and Iron Conference.

Some people have suggested that in the sixth year of Emperor Yan's Jianren's proposal to "reinvent" the salt and iron official camp, how to explain it.7 I think it seems that between Yongping and Jianren, the state may allow private operation. It is mentioned in Trisse's "Political Commentary" quoted above! The people of the northwest frontier "are all border soldiers and refuse to use official weapons" is an example. In addition, Shangshu Zhang Lin proposed that "officials can cook themselves", that is, there is a private existence. If this statement can be established, Zhang Qi's proposal to reinstate salt and iron can be explained clearly.

(3) Since the beginning of Emperor He, private taxation has been implemented

Since the beginning of Emperor He in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the implementation of "longitudinal people boiling and casting, tax county officials like a story". Right

Views differ. Some believe that "the government is the mainstay, and the private sector is the deputy" (1), and some believe that the position of the Eastern Han Dynasty Salt and Iron Palace "not only presides over the official camp, but also manages the private collection of taxes". (2) I believe that since the beginning of Emperor He, the Eastern Han Dynasty has always implemented private taxation.

After Emperor He ascended the throne, Zhinuma made it clear that Emperor Zhang "left the county and the country to strike salt and iron."

forbidden, indulged in the people to boil and cast, and entered the county palace for taxation", there is no trace of the government-run at all

Elephant. In addition, we can see this in some scattered materials. For the sake of the argument

For convenience, you may wish to list such as T2

Emperor Shun Yongjian four years (129 years of Gongwu), Shang Shufu shot Yu

Steel on Shu: "The domain of Yongzhou, who is on the field, the fertile field is thousands of miles, and the valley

Exploring Yinshi, there is a turtle salt pond, thinking that it is for the benefit of the people. “⑧

During the time of Emperor Huan, Xia Enemy was "self-cutting and deforming, into the forest and mountains,

The surname of the hidden giant is the tune of the Ye family. The hair of the residual protrusion, the appearance is super sluggish, and the product is two,

Three years, the ignorant of man". ④

When the emperor was dedicated, Liu Du was appointed as a herdsman, "Open the benefits of Guhu City,

Tongyu Yang is good for iron. Minyue Wumu, Gushi 30". ⑥

The historical materials cited above are privately owned. The turtle is completely handed over to the people

Profit. In order to escape the flood of the party group, Xia Fang worked as a hired laborer in Lin Xiqu for two or three years, but no one knew about it. It shows the scale of its "smelters" and the number of smelters. The "Ye family" should be a wealthy family, purely operated by a private workshop. Liu Yu opened Yuyang Salt and Iron, which made the people very happy, which is also private.

Recently, I picked up "Huayang National Chronicles" to read, and many of the historical materials are enough to prove it

Clearly. After Emperor Huan Yanjia, Furen Zhang Shou, "Give less to the county Yuanyang as a support, let it be."

Liang thief earns, longevity. After six years, I know how to survive. Naan's house salt well got 30

10,000, 5 city horses, to redemption". (1) Linjiang County, East Hanba County, "there are salt officials,

In prison, Tu Erxi, a county is up. Its wealthy family also has a salt well." (2) Again, East

Hanhan'an County "has salt and fish ponds, and every family has it". (8) It's all east

Ironclad evidence of the Hanhao family's private salt cooking. ‘

The phenomenon of boiling cast salt iron privately in ethnic minority areas has existed for a long time, such as Hanshan County, "In the third year of the land festival, the Yi people were given the right to establish the county, and the Xuandi Dao Province and Shu County were the northern governors...... The ground has a taxi, boiled for salt...... Emperor Ling, the northern part of Shu County is divided into Hanshan County Yun". It seems that this place was privately mined during the Han Dynasty. According to history, during the Han Dynasty, the remnants of the matrilineal clan still existed, coupled with the harsh climatic conditions, "the rustic atmosphere is cold. In the middle of summer, the ice is still unrelieved", and in winter, "into Shu as a puppet", (4) in summer to return to its hometown. Therefore, it is difficult to manage, so let it be mined.

As for some historical materials cited by some scholars to prove the existence of the official camp, I

We think it's a little distorted. For the sake of convenience, they are listed and divided together

Analysis. ‘

(1) "Huayang National Chronicles" Volume 3 "Shu Zhi" in Yuefu County "Dingye."

"County" Tiaoliyun: "The county is in the west of the county, Bolushui, Bingang withdraws Baimosha

There is a salt pond, and the salary is irrigated with Qi water and then burned into salt, and the end of the Han Dynasty is all destroyed

Steel, Zhang is fighting, Yishuai wolf, Jiamu Wang Uncle refused to obey, the most fowl

Tart killing, generous reward, the rest of the class is safe, the official is so far, Beishahe is. “

Some scholars use it as an example of the "government management" of salt and iron in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. (7) It is true that it is operated by the government, but it is not the business of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Zhang Su's Biography", it is recorded very clearly, after the fourteenth year of the reign of Liu Houzhu Jianxing (236 AD), Zhang Su found that his land "came out of salt, iron and lacquer, and Yi Ji Jiubai solid food", Zhang lightly killed the handsome male wolf Mou, "reaffirmed his belief, and then obtained salt and iron." Instrumental thinking".

(2) "Huayang National Chronicles" Volume 1

Linjiang County, "There are salt officials, who are supervising Tu."

There is also a salt well in the door. “

"Ba Zhi" contains, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ba

: Creek, a county up. Its glory

Some scholars believe that this is the "coexistence phenomenon" of the Eastern Han Dynasty salt and iron officials who presided over both the official camp and the private sector. (2) In fact, it is an example of reflecting the private salt and iron of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which has been bridged before. As for the "salt palace" in Linjiang County, it is not surprising. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty and the emperor abolished the monopoly of salt and iron, the local county salt and iron palace has not been abolished, but the position has changed. When the salt and iron monopoly was monopolized, he presided over the production and distribution of salt and iron; After the monopoly is stopped, only taxes are collected. Fact 2l After the emperor, the salt and iron officials still existed. In the autumn and July of the fifteenth year of Yongyuan (103 AD), Emperor He's "reinstated Tuanjun Gu'an Tieguan" (8) is the best illustration. In the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles", there is an iron palace under Zhuo County, which should be placed in Gu'an County, and it is abandoned in the middle; It was not until the fifteenth year of Yongyuan that it was restored. This is not a "coexistence", but a single salt and iron private enterprise. Indeed, after the abolition of the government-run monopoly, the salt and iron officials still existed. It's just that the Eastern Han Dynasty delegated power to the county, so the salt and iron officials were under the control of the county. Even if it is private, it still has to be approved by the salt and iron officials, and the tax is paid on time. We can see it from the strictness of the mountain ban. The swamp of Emperor Shun in the fourth year of Mu Jian, quoted above, said, "Where the people go into the mountains to mine, they are ordered to be inspected", and if it is not approved, it should be banned. This is one of the duties of the salt and iron officer.

Since Emperor He's accession to the throne, it is indeed a private tax. In the seventh year of Emperor Huan Yanjia (164 AD), Shi Shuo moved to Hedong Taishou, "was regarded as filial piety by all the books, 56 knew many powerful people to entrust, but Yu rescued and cut off the book." He waited for the secret book of the fruit to be created, and asked for a fake salt tax." (1) "Jijie" quotes Shen Qinhan's note: "There are two salt ponds in the east of Caihe, so the Later Han Dynasty still pays its taxes." This not only proves that the Eastern Han Dynasty was still a private tax, but also shows that the salt industry administration and taxation are still in charge of the county. Otherwise, Hou Lan would not have borrowed the salt tax from Taishou, and Taishou would not have the right to refuse.

(4) The "supervision and sale" of the envoy is not a monopoly

As to the practice of the "supervision and selling" system, and when did it originate?2

It has to be discussed. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Wei Lang Biography" says:

"The land of the F-limb in Guanzhong is deserted, and there are 100,000 people in Jingzhou

The Yu family, hearing this, will be Ning, and they all want to think about it. And J3 has no way to be self-jk, the poet will

Winter actually beckoned, Q is a part. Huanxian County is poor and weak, and cannot fight, so the soldiers are strong.

Once there is a change, there will be worries. Husband salt, the great treasure of the country, has come and scattered since chaos,

It is advisable to supervise the sale of the old messenger, and the mouth is co-located and the market is green. If there are returnees, give for them

Give it. Diligent cultivation of millet, LJ semi-colonization Guanzhong. When the people hear this, they will compete day and night...

… Mouth-free white Taizu. Taizu followed it and sent the servants to shoot the salt officer. “

The first thing to be clarified is that the time for the resumption of the supervision and sale system is in the dedication of Emperor Jian'an

Column year. As for the founding year, the historical data is Yuanzheng. But from the rules of the guard or the book

Look, the sentence "Since the chaos comes to respect the past, it is advisable to be the same, and put the messenger to supervise and sell" shows that it was at least created

Before the "chaos". And "chaos" refers to the Yellow Turban Uprising, which is the feudal orthodox historian against the peasants

The false accusation of the popular uprising, that is, that the system of supervision and sale should have existed before the Yellow Turban Uprising

Pregnant. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the seventh year of Emperor Ling's reign (184 AD),

According to the analysis of the historical materials currently available, it seems that the system of the central government sending envoys to supervise the sale of salt seems to be delayed

Between the 7th year of Jiajia and the 7th year of Guangren (164-184 AD), (1) because of Yanjia 7

A year ago, he was still in charge of the salt and iron industry, and sent salt and iron officials to collect taxes and tax salt and iron

Part of it was handed over to Tianyu. Even if the right of the Zhongchang Hou to read the personal stealing books to borrow Hedong

The salt tax in the county is also "not allowed to pass for days". It shows that there is no need for faction in this period

"Envoys" supervise the salt officials to ensure the tax revenue of the imperial court,

The Eastern Han Dynasty had clear regulations on the employment of salt officials, "Where counties produce more salt, salt officials will be the main salt tax". (7) The reason why the central envoys supervised the sale of salt officials was nothing more than that the counties could not guarantee the taxes of the superiors. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the chain of salt and iron tax was on the link of "people's pot", and it was necessary to grasp the sales volume and sales price of salt, so as to collect taxes. Therefore, the office of the "messenger" seems to be as it should be. I think there are the following reasons: First, the problem of the salt and iron officials of the county itself. Emperor He, that is, the frugal queen of the swamp, said very clearly, after the implementation of the monopoly, "to go against the will of the land", the root cause of which is that "there are many officials who do not make it", and "they lose their will". After the people's tax is collected, it may not be possible to have a long time, and the reason why Emperor Jian'an Rennian restored the "supervision and sale system" of the envoy is also because of the "chaos and respect", the management is not strict, and the salt tax cannot be guaranteed to be handed over. In fact, this is also true. If the county does not grasp it tightly, not only will the price of salt and rice be expensive, but the population will also be reduced; In turn, "salt and rice are abundant, ten times more than before". (1) When Emperor An, Yu Che was the Taishou of Wudu, "From the beginning, Gu Shi Gan, Salt Stone Eight Gan, Seeing Hu Wan Sangan, Seeing Things at the age of three years, rice stone eighty, salt stone four hundred. The displaced people returned, and tens of thousands of county households were returned." (2) It shows that in the same county, the effect varies greatly due to the different measures taken by the Taishou before and after. The reason why Wudu Na changed a lot in the second or third year was mainly because of the results of measures taken by Yu Pin to pacify Qianghu, such as doubling the road, opening the river, and appeasing the displaced people. In this way, the county can guarantee to pay the imperial court taxes, on the contrary, the previous Taishou of the Xiang Yu key is far behind, and the price of salt is very high and the people can't afford it, so of course the tax can't be guaranteed. Second, after the disaster of Huan Ling Party's copper, the political situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty was unstable, Wang Mei was declining, and the people could not live, so peasant uprisings were brewing in various places. It wasn't until the seventh year of Guanghe that the vigorous Yellow Turban Uprising finally came into being. In order to meet the needs of internal and external wars, the imperial court had to send "messengers" to supervise the salt officials according to the scraping of the people's troops, so as to step up the collection of salt and iron taxes.

Of course, at the beginning of Emperor Jian'an, the system of "supervising the real" salt officials was restored, and there was another reason. The main issue is the resettlement of displaced people. The question of displacement was the most important issue for successive rulers. Not only did the government reduce the number of servants to be served, but the landlord class reduced the rent, and the fields became barren, but more importantly, the displaced people gathered in Ibze, which led to a great uprising. After 100,000 relatives of the people of Guanzhong flowed into Jingzhou, the phenomenon of "routine flow" appeared. However, after the displaced people return to their homeland, the failure to solve the problems of land, cattle, farming tools, seeds, etc., is still a factor of social unrest. And the generals took it into a trilogy, causing the warlords to seriously threaten the central power. To this end, the central government reinstated the "emissary" salt supervisor to ensure the collection of taxes. The salt tax is used to "benefit the city and plow the afternoon, and if there is a return to the people, it will be supplied" to achieve the purpose of "surveying and cultivating chestnuts and enriching Guanzhong" and stabilizing social order.