Wei Wei and "White Tiger Tongyi"

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Wei Wei and "White Tiger Tongyi"

1. The name and origin of the weft

"Prophecy" is a prophecy of God, and the book of prophecy is a kind of book that divides good fortune and evil. Let's take a look at the following explanation first: "Sayings": "Prophecy, test." There is a book of verification, and the book published by Heluo is called a prophecy. (The following twelve characters of "There is a test", Duan Yu cut according to the "Anthology" in the "Ostrich Fu" and "Wei Du Fu" annotations) "Cangjaw Chapter" cloud: "The book of prophecy, the book of Heluo." ("Anthology" Zhang Heng's "Si Xuanfu" note) "Sancang" cloud: "Prophecy, secret book also, out of Heluo." (Xuan Ying's "All the Sutras and Yinyi", volume 9)

According to the explanations of the above books, it can be seen that the book of prophecy is a kind of theological superstition, which is a prophecy of God to show good luck and evil. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi was relegated to Changsha, and at dusk one day, a pair of ostriches flew to the side of his seat, Jia Yi thought it was a bad omen, and wrote "Ostrich Fu" and said: "Send a book to occupy it, and prophecy is its degree." It can be seen that prophecy is a kind of book of divination, and the degree is the number, and the number of "prophecy is its degree", translated into modern language, is the number of good luck and evil explained in the book. This word "prophecy" is used as "policy" in "Historical Records: The Biography of Jia Shenglie", and the prophecy and policy are in the same voice, and in the "Historical Records: Zhao Shijia", Qin Mugong's dream of seeing God is recorded and said: "Qin Yu came out." "Historical Records: The Biography of Bian Que" is also a "policy". The prophecy here is also a type of dream book. Therefore, Li Shan noted the cloud in "Anthology of Literature: Youtongfu": "The last prophecy is also a dream book." It can be seen that the book of prophecy is a superstitious policy book for divination and other ancient divination. "Book of Sui: Chronicles" cloud: "In the late Han Dynasty, Langzhong Xi Meng collected pictures and weft miscellaneous accounts for fifty articles, which is called "Spring and Autumn Disasters". It can be seen that the weft and the miscellaneous are books of the same nature.

What is "weft"? "Weft" is originally for "warp". "Interpretation of Names, Interpretation of Classics" cloud: "Weft, encirclement." Repeatedly around to become a scripture also. Su Yu said: "Wei Zhi is a book, than Fu Yu Jing, tossing and turning, in order to become its friendship, the books of "Yi Wei" and "Poetry Wei" can be obtained, so the clouds repeatedly surround to become a scripture. It can be seen that the production of Weishu is based on the scriptures, and its essence is the combination of theological superstition, yin and yang five elements and scriptures.

Is there a difference between "prophecy" and "weft"? This question has been said differently in the past, Wang Mingsheng's "Moth Chronicle" cloud: "The weft of the weft is also known as the weft." (Volume 2 "Wei Wei" article) Yu Zhengxie's "Manuscript of the Gui Si Class" said: "The weft is fixed in the prophecy, and the old name is also." (Volume 14, "Treatise on the Book of Weft") Gu Yangang said in "The Fangshi and Confucian Scholars of the Qin and Han Dynasties":

The prophecy is prophecy, and the weft is based on the warp. …… These two seem to be different in name, but in fact, there is no big difference in content. To be honest, it's just that the prophecy is the first name, and the weft is the second one. (Chapter 19, "The Fabrication of the Prophet")

All of the above believe that there is no difference between the weft and the weft. Those who advocate a distinction between Wei and Wei have Hu Yingpho and Sun Ying (jué) in the Ming Dynasty. Hu Yinglan's "Four Truths" goes to the clouds:

The world rate is based on the weft, although the two books are different from each other. The name of the weft is so matched with the scriptures, so from the "Six Classics", "Language", "Filial Piety", and there is no separation. "Hetu", "Luo Shu" and other wefts are also "Yi". The prophecy is attached to the "Six Classics", but the eight volumes of the "Analects of the Proverbs", the rest is not generalized, thinking that this is the only one, and occasionally reading the "Sui Sutra Chronicles" notes are attached to more than ten families, which is to know that all the prophecies are in the name of the ancient sages, and their books are very different from the weft body, and they are especially delusional, so they will never be destroyed after the Sui ban.

Sun Ying's "Guwei Book" Volume 35 "Luo Shuwei" cloud: "Reading the proverbs of its text today, is it the main weft of "Hetu" and the main prophecy of "Luo Shu"? ”

The "Summary of the Four Libraries of the Whole Book" believes that prophecy is self-prophecy, and weft is not the same category. "Summary", "Yi" Class 6 Appendix "Yiwei" Case Language Cloud:

Confucianism is mostly called the weft, but in fact, the prophecy is self-prophecy, the weft is from the weft, and it is not a class. The prophecy is a hidden word, and the good and evil are predicted. "Historical Records: Qin Benji" said that Lu Sheng's words of recording books were its beginning. The tributaries of the weft meridian extend to the side meaning. "Historical Records: Self-Introduction" quotes "Yi" as "a millimeter of loss, a difference of thousands of miles". "Hanshu Gai Kuanrao Biography" quotes "Yi" "The five emperors are in the world, and the three kings are in the world." The commentators all thought that the text of "Yiwei" was also. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the Confucian scholars deduced that they had written their own books, which were not compared with the scriptures. …… The prophecy and the weft are separated, and the predecessors have analyzed it. Later generations ridiculed the like, but it was not true. The seven books on the right, such as "Dry Chisel Degree", are all written by "Yi Wei", which is different from the illustrated prophecy that confuses the people and hurts the teaching.

Since the "Summary" was a book written by the emperor, since then, scholars of the Qing Dynasty have mostly followed the "Summary" and believed that the Wei Wei is completely different. In fact, prophecy as a kind of God's prophecy has long existed; Biographies, accounts, and sayings used to explain the "scriptures" also appeared in the Warring States period. Therefore, in their original meaning, the two are different. However, under certain conditions, a large number of prophecies appear under the banner of "saints", and when the weft used to interpret the scriptures cites a large number of prophecies as the basis for their arguments, prophecies and wefts are actually one. In order to illustrate this question, it is necessary to examine the origin of the weft.

The Wei Wei came out of the Western Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty Tongru said that the Wei Wei began in the time of Emperor Wai and Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty. They knew the details of the Confucian scholars at that time, so they were able to make this conclusion.

Huan Tan said: "Today, all the clever and talented people gain books and pretend to be memorable. (Book of the Later Han Dynasty.) Huan Tan Biography)

"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Zhang Heng" contains Zhang Heng on Shuyun: Standing in the front, there is a levy in the back, so the wise man is noble, it is called the book of prophecy, the book of prophecy is the beginning, and the person who knows is few. Since the Han Dynasty took Qin, fought with troops, and achieved success, it can be described as a major event. If Xiahou Sheng and the disciples of Wei Meng are named after Daomu, there is no word in what they say. Liu Xiang father and son, the secretary of the school, read the ninth stream, and there is no record. After mourning, it is the first to hear. "Shangshu" Yao made the flood of Kunli, and the results of nine years could not be used, and the Kun died, Yu is the heir, and the "Spring and Autumn Sayings" cloud "Gonggong manages the water". All the prophecies are all clouds, and the Yellow Emperor cut down Chiyou, and "Poetry and Prophecy" thought that Chiyou was defeated, and then Yao was ordered. "Spring and Autumn Yuan Life Package" has the public loss class and Mo Zhai, see the Warring States, not the Spring and Autumn Period. It is also said that it is beneficial to the state, and the place of Yizhou lies in the Han Dynasty. Its name is Sanfu Zhuling, the number of generations can be known, as for the figure in the picture to the Emperor Cheng. A book of one volume, a number of different things. The words of the saints are invincible, and they will be hypocrites, so as to obtain capital from the world. In the past, Jia Kui picked more than 30 different things, and none of the words could be said. As for Wang Mang's usurpation of the throne, the catastrophe of the Han Dynasty, what is the eighty articles that do not prescribe? Then it is known that the picture is a thousand sorrows, and the time of peace is also.

There are several noteworthy points that Zhang Heng reminds here, first, Zhang Heng's definition of the book is "the words are in the front, and the signs are in the back". This is characteristic of proverbs, but he ignores the fact that prophecies are pretended to be divine prophecies and not scientific prophecies. Second, after the mourning, there were prophecies circulating. 3. Although the book is entrusted to Confucius, it contains events during the Warring States period, which can be seen not to have been written by Confucius. There are also Han Dynasty prefectures and counties, mausoleums, which proves that the book of prophecy comes from the Han Dynasty, and after becoming an emperor and mourning the emperor, there is a prophecy that has been circulated. Huan Tan and Zhang Heng were both Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty, and they were very close to the time of the formation of the Wei Wei, and they had insight into the situation at that time to make such a conclusion. Since then, many scholars have agreed with Zhang Hengzhi's theory. Yan Ruoxuan of the Qing Dynasty also said:

Taste Siwei book sprouts in Emperor Cheng, becomes mournful and peaceful, and catches Tokyo especially hot. …… The case or ask Wei Qi Waiping, why did the son think that he became the emperor? Yu Ri: Zhang Hengyan "After becoming mournful, it is the beginning of hearing it." "At the beginning, I didn't think about it. Reading the class book "Li Xun Biography" into Emperor Yuan Yanzhong, looking for Wang Genri: "Five longitudes and six latitudes, respecting the arts." "Then you know that the Cheng Dynasty has a weft name, and it is not vain. Heng also said, "Wang Mang usurped the throne, the Han Dynasty was in great trouble, and the eighty articles were not precepted, and the knowledge of the plan was made at the time of mourning." "See you insightful. (The Ancient Texts of Shangshu Shu, vol. 7)

Yan Ruoxuan expounded Zhang Hengzhi's theory, thinking that he already had a weft name when he became an emperor, and it was quite insightful to say that he was born on the occasion of mourning. There is a lot of factual basis for the fact that the Wei Wei came out of the Han Dynasty.

Second, the stereotype and rise and fall of the weft

As mentioned above, the Wei Wei is a book made by the Han Dynasty scholars and relied on the scriptures. Wang Mang's conquest of "astronomy, diagrams, bell laws, moon orders, and the art of war" and other "people with extraordinary abilities in the world, thousands of people before and after". Many of them were magicians, who made a large number of diagrams and proverbs, so that the sporadic proverbs were collected into a book. Later Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiuying rose up. "Hetu Chifu Fu" cloud: "Liu Xiu's troops can't catch it, and the four Yi gather in the dragon and fight the wild, and the fire is the main thing on the occasion of April and July." According to the Book of Han, the Biography of King Chu Yuan, Liu Xin changed his name to Xiu in the first year of Jianping, and the word Uncle Ying. This prophecy should be quoted as a saying. Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu was born in the first year of Emperor Jianping of the Han Dynasty (6 years ago), and it can be seen that the prophecy of "Chifu Fu" has already been circulated during the lifetime of Emperor Guangwu, so Liu Xin has changed his name to respond to the prophecy. The so-called "fire is the main thing on the occasion of April and Seven". Forty-seven is twenty-eight. Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu raised troops in the third year of Emperor Wang Mangdi (22 AD), and Emperor Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty destroyed Qin in 206 BC and called the King of Han. The prophecy of "Chifu Fu" may come from the pre-year of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and when he became mourning, this prophecy has been widely circulated, so Liu Xin changed his name to Ying Yu. It is difficult to examine in detail whether Emperor Guangwu's name show also has the meaning of prophecy or coincidence.

The rise of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, took advantage of the Wei Wei. In the time of Wang Mang; The diviner Wang Guo made a prophecy for Li Yan, and there are words such as "Jing Chu is prosperous, and Li is supplemented" ("Hanshu Wang Mang Biography"). Liu Xiu's fellow countryman Li Shou "Good Ephemeris Propheta", Wang Mang was Zongqing's teacher, and he also made the proverb "Handang is revived, supplemented by Li" (see Yuan Hong's "Later Han Dynasty" volume 1). Li Shou's son Li Tong used this proverb to encourage Liu Xiu to raise troops, and later Liu Xiu responded to the proverb of "Chifu Fu" to take the emperor's throne. After Emperor Guangwu rose up and ascended the throne, he believed in the Wei and used the Wei to decide some disputes and hesitations. Emperor Guangwu in the first year of the Middle Yuan Dynasty (56 years) "announced the map in the world" ("Later Han Shu Guangwu Emperor II").

"Announcing the diagram to the world" means that the diagram is officially made public as a definitive version. This has two meanings. (1) Before that, the diagram could be contrived on its own; As mentioned above, the diviner king can make a prophecy for Li Yan. Another example is that Gongsun Shu and Liu Xiu were opposed, so he once made up his own proverbs and quoted prophecies to fight against Liu Xiu. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Gongsun" cloud; "It is also good to tell the ghost god Ruiying, and it should be remembered, thinking that Confucius made "Spring and Autumn" as the red system, and cut off the twelve dukes, the Ming and Han dynasties to the Ping Emperor twelve generations, and the history is exhausted. A surname shall not be ordained again. He also quoted the "Recording and Transportation Law": "'Abolish Emperor Chang and establish a grandson. "The Elephant of the Ground" said: "Emperor Xuan was ordered, and Gongsun held it." "The Deed of Aiding the Gods" said: "West Taishou, Yi Mao Jin." 'It is said that the West is a great defender of the United States. …… Guangwu is in trouble, and the book says: 'The picture prophecies that the grandson is Emperor Xuan. The person who represents the Han Dynasty is high, how can the king be high? 'Naifu takes the palm text as Rui, how can Wang Mang be effective'? This is a theological struggle between Liu Xiu and Gongsun Shu to use each other's weft. From this story, it can be seen that after Xin Mang, the Wei Wei has been widely popular, spread, and there are many types, so Gongsun Shu can quote "Spring and Autumn as the red system". According to Li Xian's note in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, this is the text of "Shangshu Kao Lingzhao". He also quoted the "Recording and Transportation Law", "Bracket Elephant", "Aid to God Deed" and other weft books, indicating that it was already "dense overlapping weft" at that time. ("Wenxin Carving Dragon, Zhengwei") and each person's meaning of the weft can be interpreted arbitrarily. Therefore, Gongsun Shu quoted the text of "Kao Lingyao" and said that the twelve princes of "Spring and Autumn" can be seen that Confucius is a Han system and can only be passed on for twelve generations. From Emperor Gao Liu Bang to Emperor Ping Liu*

For the eleventh generation, plus Wang Mang's son Liu Ying, exactly the twelfth generation, thought that the Han fortune should end, this is the explanation of Gongsun Shu, and he carved the words "Gongsun Emperor" on the palm of his hand to respond to the prophecy. However, Liu Xiu said that "Gongsun" refers to Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty "Gongsun is sick", and refuted his theory that palm writing is Rui. "Announcing the diagram to the world" is to make public the top-secret religious and theological documents of the past "secret scriptures", so Zhang Heng said: "The six arts of Heluo, the record has been decided. ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Zhang Heng") Li Xian said: ""Hengji" on the cloud, 'Heluo 59, 6 Arts 49', is also eighty-one. That is, there are 45 articles in the two types of books of "Hetu" and "Luoshu", which are combined with the number of 59. plus the thirty-six articles of "Seven Longitudes and Latitudes", the so-called "Six Arts and Forty-Nine", the two add up to a total of eighty-one articles, which is what Zhang Heng said, "The record has been decided". In the future, anyone who discovers any misdeeds will become a "great rebellion" and must be severely punished. For example, during the time of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, the king of Chu Ying was a monk and made a diagram, and the defendant said that there was a conspiracy, and he was sentenced to be a "great rebellion". As a result, Chu Wangying committed suicide, implicating more than 1,000 people (see "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Ten Kings of Guangwu"), and Wang Yan of Fuling and his relatives Xie Yi and Han Guang made a plan to expose it, and Xie Yi and Han Guang committed suicide, and this case also involved many people (ibid.). (2) In the past, books can be enriched, and private changes can be made. For example, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu once ordered Yin Min to revise the diagram. Yin Min said: "The book is not written by a saint, and many of it are close to despicable words; It is quite a secular word, and I am afraid that it will be born after misleading. ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Rulin, Yin Min Biography") Liu Xiu was superstitious and did not listen to his opinion. Later, Yin Min added a proverb to the book of prophecies: "Jun has no mouth, is Hanfu" (ibid.). As a result, it was discovered by Emperor Guangwu, and Yin Min said: "When the ministers saw that their predecessors had increased and damaged the books, they dared to be self-conscious, and they were lucky to steal in case." (Ibid.) shows that there were a lot of books that were added or lost in the past." To declare that the diagram is in the world is to write the diagram into a definitive version, so that the dialect is stereotyped, and then anyone who increases or changes the latitude will also be punished. In this way, the book of the Latitude is formalized, and the political and legal power is used to maintain the dignity of the theology of the Latitude.

Because Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu liked to draw and advocate it, the study of Wei in the Later Han Dynasty formed a trend. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Zhang Heng" said: "At the beginning, Guangwu was good at prophecy, and Xianzong and Suzong were recounted by their ancestors. Since the revival of the Chinese Dynasty, Confucianism has been striving for learning, and it has been attached to the fallacy." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Wei respected it as the "Secret Scripture" and called it "Inner Learning", which has the authority of theological authenticity. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, "Zhao Dongping Wang Cangzheng's "Five Classics" chapters and sentences are all ordered to obey the prophecy. (Book of Sui: Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty) Fan*

"Correct the five classics with prophecy." (The Book of the Later Han Dynasty

Since then, the biography has been flourishing like the sun and the sky. Those who are good at attaching to the plan will be added to the ranks, and those who oppose the plan will be degraded and offended. Fan Weizong said: "Huan Tan is not good at prophecy in exile, Zheng Xing is only a rabbit with humble words, Jia Kui can attach to the Wenzhi, the worst noble, the lord of the world is based on learning, sad!" ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Zheng Fan Chen Jia") quoted Wei Wei to interpret the scriptures at the White Tiger View Conference, and Wei Wei became the theological authentic of the Han Dynasty.

After the Wei and Jin dynasties, they were often used by careerists of all dynasties as a tool to usurp power and change dynasties. Wei replaced the Han Dynasty and created the proverb that "those who represent the Han Dynasty should be high" ("Later Han Shu Biography"). "When the road is high" is the two views of the ancient palace, named "Xiang Wei". Symbolizes the prosperity of the Wei Dynasty. It also created "Han to Wei, Wei to Zheng." ("Spring and Autumn Han Hanyu") "Wei Gongzi, who represented the Han Dynasty. ("Spring and Autumn Jade Edition") "The ghost is in the mountain, the He girl is connected, and the king is in the world." ("Yiyun Period") These are all Taishi Cheng Xu Zhi's quotation of retrospective latitude to prove that Cao Wei is the emperor of the contemporary Han Dynasty. The Jin and Song dynasties all have sayings. Song Liu Yu was the emperor on behalf of Jin, and "the great history made Luo Da Chen Tianwen Fu Rui dozens". Emperor Sima Dewen of the Jin Gong Emperor Zen Seal Book said: "Tu Zhen Rui, Jiao Ran Si is here." ("Song Shu Emperor Wu Jizhong") Xiao Daocheng of the Southern Qi Dynasty Song Dynasty called the emperor, history called his "name and bones, and the number of the calendar, and far away should be the diagram, dozens of hundreds." ("The Book of Southern Qi and the Second Emperor of Gao") Xiao Yan Dynasty Qi, Taishi Ling Jiang Daoxiu Chen Tianwen Fu 64 articles. Shen Yue said to Xiao Yan: ""Prophecy" cloud: water in the line, be the son of heaven. ("Liang Shu Shen Yue Biography") Tao Hongjing "quoted the diagram, and several places became 'Liang, the word, so that the disciples entered. ("Liang Shu Biography of the Priest") is precisely because the diagram has become a tool for stealing the country and usurping power, so the emperors after seizing power, they are well aware of the shortcomings, and the tricks he has played will be played by others. In order to prevent anyone from playing this trick again, since the Han Dynasty, it has been strictly forbidden to try to deceive. Just as "Hanshu Yangxiong Biography" said that Wang Mang stood on his own feet with a talisman, "after ascending the throne, he wanted to destroy his original cause and do his thing." This is exactly the old trick of the imperial careerists of the generations after Wang Mang.

Zhang Heng of the Later Han Dynasty was the first to expose the hypocrisy of the Wei Wei and advocated the prohibition of the Wei Wei. He said: "It is advisable to collect pictures, and once they are forbidden, the vermilion will be dazzling, and the classics will be flawless." This kind of suggestion would naturally not have been adopted at that time. During the Three Kingdoms, Cao Wei "forbade internal learning and military books." ("Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Chang Lin Biography" notes Yu Feng's "Wei Luo") all the books must be handed in, and the crime of "hiding and not sending them to the official" is guilty. Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty Sima Yan in December of the third year of Taishi (267 years) "The Study of the Forbidden Star Qi and the Weft" ("Jin Shu Wudi Ji"). Former Qin Fujian "forbids Lao Zhuang to learn from the diagram" ("Book of Jin. Fu Jian's Chronicles). In the third year of Ningkang (375), "Shangshulang Wang Pei read the prophecy, (Fu) killed it, and the one who learned the prophecy was killed" ("Zizhi Tongjian", vol. 103). In the Southern Dynasty, these emperors not only used the weft of the prophet, but also banned it after ascending the throne. Book of Sui. The scriptures of the "Chronicles" of the scriptures are described in different sayings: in the Song Dynasty (457-464), it was forbidden to draw and prohibit. After Liang Tianjian, he re-imposed his system. Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan "forbade animal prophecy", Ruan Xiaoxu "had his book", and some people advised him to hide it. Xiaoxu said: "In the past, Liu Dezhong Huainan's "Secret" is suitable for the disaster of rehabilitation, Du Qiong's so-called better than ignorance, this is beautiful. Then he was asked for a book of prophecy, and he said, "Burn it on others what you do not want to do with yourself." ("Southern History, Yinyi, Ruan Xiaoxu Biography") The Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty strictly forbade Wei Wei. Emperor Taiwu of Wei Tuoba Tao issued an edict in the fifth year of Taiping Zhenjun (444): "Privately raise teachers and witches, and hide the books of prophecy, yin and yang, tuwei, and square techniques", which cannot be hidden. As of February 15 this year, "if the expiration date is not issued, the master will die, and the master will be punished" ("Wei Shu Shizu Ji II"). Emperor Xiaowen of Wei extended the edict of the ninth year of the grand and grand reign (485): "The prosperity of the diagram began in the third season. It is not a code of the country, and it is based on demons and evil spirits. From now on, the diagrams, the secret weft and the name of "Kong Yu Closed Room" have all been burned, and those who remain have been rejected. When Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian replaced the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he said: "Heluo is the symbol of revolution, and the stars are the image of the end of the generation"; "I should receive the map, the king is in the sea" ("Sui Shu Gao Di Ji I"). In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, Wang Shao also said to Yang Jian: "The two articles of "Huang Shen Zhi" and "Emperor Tongji" Chen Da Sui Fu are all in Sui. ("Sui Shu Wang Shao Biography") he used the Wei Wei to indicate that the destiny of heaven is returned, and he should be the emperor. However, when his power was somewhat consolidated, in the twelfth year of the emperor's reign (593), he decreed that "private people shall not hide their weft and Hou diagrams." (Book of Sui. "Emperor Yang ascended the throne, and he sent four envoys to search for books in the world and those involved in the Wei Wei were burned. and those who are corrected by the officials unto death. Since there is no way to learn, many of them are scattered in the secret house. (Book of Sui: Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty)

Since the Han Dynasty, it has been repeatedly chaotic. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, successive dynasties have been forbidden and destroyed, and there has been a lot of loss. When Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dai Miao, a regular attendant of the loose cavalry, said on the table: "There is no remnant of the diagram." ("Song Shu Lizhi I") was banned and destroyed by the Sui Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and according to the "Sui Book and Classics", only 12 books and 92 volumes remain. The Tang Dynasty also forbade private collection of diagrams, and suspended as a ban, written in the law, Tang Gaozong formulated the "Tang Law Shuyi" stipulates that private people are not allowed to possess "astronomy, books, books, and military books", and "violators will be imprisoned for two years" (Volume 9 "Career System" law). Shu Yi explained: "Book people, the river out of the map, Luo out of the book is also. The book of prophecy, written by the sages of the previous generations, is the book of auspiciousness in the future. It can be seen that it is forbidden to say about Heluotu. However, the "Tang Law" stipulates that "its latitude and the Analects of Confucius are not prohibited". The weft and weft refer to the "Seven Longitudes and Wefts" and the "Shangshu Zhonghou", and it is precisely because of this difference that the longitude and weft and the "Analects" can be partially preserved. In the second year of the Great Calendar of the Tang Dynasty (767), it was reiterated that "the weft is not warped, the beetle is deeper than the doubts, and it is covered with the prohibition of the state, and it is not a private possession". He ordered all the state capitals in the world to check and ban it, and "send it to the officials within ten days, and the chief of this department will gather the people and burn it." ("Old Tang Dynasty Book, Dai Zongji") Song Zhenzong Jingde first year (1004) first month edict: "Folk celestial artifacts, waiting for forbidden books, and the department burns them, and those who do not say anything die." ("History of the Song Dynasty, Zhenzong Ji") Ouyang Xiu's "Begging to Correct the Nine Classics" advised, "Take the omission of the Nine Classics and delete the text of the Wei Wei." Although it was not implemented at that time, Wei Liaoweng later wrote the "Nine Classics" and deleted all the texts. In the tenth year of Yuan Shizu (1273), "Yin and Yang Diagrams and Other Books" were banned. In the twenty-first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1284), the prohibition of "private possession of astronomical charts" was reiterated, and "those who have private habits are guilty of concealment" ("Yuan Shi Shizu Ji"). In the sixth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1373), Zhao Jiao "Please issue the Zhengding "Thirteen Classics" in the world, screen the "Warring States Policy" and the Yin and Yang Divination Books" ("Ming History: Zhao Jiao Biography"). This is the overview of the prohibition of the Wei Wei and Wei dynasties from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Yuan and Ming dynasties for more than 1,000 years. In general, since Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent an envoy to search for and confiscate the weft, a large number of the weft has been lost. Most of the surviving ones after the Tang Dynasty are fragmentary. (1) Since the "Tang Law" clearly stipulates that the "Seven Longitudes and Latitudes" and the "Analects of the Analects" are not included in the confiscation, the rest of the miscellaneous proverbs have all died, and these kinds can still be spared. It survived, which had a considerable impact on the ban on prophecy in the future. For example, the prophecy preserved in the "Five Classics of Justice", "Wendie Commentary", "Kaiyuan Zhanjing" and various books of various kinds have survived through this. (2) Most of the forbidden wefts in the past dynasties refer to private collections, but not to royal secretaries. Some of the Wei Wei relied on to circulate, such as the Qing Xiu "Siku Quanshu" from the Ming Dynasty "Yongle Canon" and other books. However, due to wars, natural disasters and man-made disasters, the collection of books in the Royal Library has suffered a great loss from the change of dynasty

3. "White Tiger Tongyi" and Yu Wei

In the first four years of Emperor Zhang's founding (79 years), he convened all Confucians in the White Tiger Temple to talk about the similarities and differences of the Five Classics. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he respected Confucianism alone, set up the doctor of the Five Classics, the fourteenth doctor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, and Jing of the Yi Dynasty, the Ouyang family of the Book and the three families of Xiao Xiahou, the three families of Lu, Qi and Han in the "Poetry", the Dai Dai in the "Li", and the Yan and Yan families in the "Ram" in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are several families, and each family has a number of words, and each family has cumbersome chapters and sentences, many of which amount to tens or millions of words. The White Tiger View Conference is a meeting to unify the scriptures and doctrines. It was decided by Emperor Zhang of Han in person and a conclusion was made. He also ordered Ban Gu to edit the conclusions of the meeting and unify them into "White Tiger Tongyi". The White Tiger Tongyi was a scripture textbook approved by the emperor and had a high authority in the Han Dynasty. "White Tiger Tongyi" is mainly based on modern scriptures, but it also adopts ancient scriptures, which quotes a large number of Wei Wei, because Wei Wei was respected as "secret scriptures" and "internal learning" at that time, and it is believed that it is the heart of Confucius, where the meaning of the subtle words lies, and is the essence of Confucianism. Therefore, the "White Tiger Pass" has absorbed a large amount of the theology of the Wisdom.

"Heaven" is the highest god in the "White Tiger Tongyi", he is the "God" with will and supreme authority. Therefore, it is also called "Emperor God". ("White Tiger Tongyi: Three Armies") He can be powerful and blessed, and punish the monarch. "White Tiger Tongyi: Cataclysm" says:

Why is there a catastrophe in heaven? Therefore, he reprimanded the king, realized his deeds, and wanted to make him repent and cultivate virtue, and think deeply. "Aid to God Deed" said: "The line is a little lacking, the qi is against the sky, the emotions are conjured, and the people are also precepted", ...... "Le Ji Yaojia" said: "Yu will be in place, the will of heaven will change greatly, the wind will sweep the wood, and the thunderstorm will be dark day and night." ”

The "heaven" in the prophecy is the supreme god, so the "Book of Filial Piety and the Deed of Aiding the Gods" is cited as evidence. "Heaven" has a will, which is called "Providence", so "Lewei Ji Yaojia" is cited as evidence. But if the monarch obeys the will of heaven and harmonizes yin and yang and everything is in order, then the "heaven" (God) will also descend to the end of the talisman as a reward. "White Tiger Tongyi Feng Zen Chapter" says:

Virtue to the sky is extremely bright, the sun and the moon, and the nectar falls. Virtue to the ground is Jiahe Shengying, the straw is out, and the sense of peace is up. Virtue to the eight tables then the stars see, five latitudes along the track to the birds and beasts then the phoenix Xiang, Luan bird dance, unicorn Zhen, white tiger to. The fox has nine tails, the white pheasant descends, the white deer sees, and the white black falls.

These are all according to the saying, "The Book of Filial Piety and the Deed of Aiding God" says: "As for the king's virtue, as for the sky, the fight is extremely bright, and the nectar falls." As for the ground, Jiahesheng, Yingying, and Jiqi come out. Dezhi grass and trees are vermilion grass. Dezhi eight tables are seen in the stars. Dezhi birds and beasts are phoenix Xiang, Luan bird dance, unicorn Zhen, white tiger to, fox nine-tailed, white deer see, white black. The text of "White Tiger Pass" is exactly the same, but the "Deed of Aiding God" is not named.

Like the Weishu, the White Tiger Tongyi takes "heaven" (God) as the supreme and rules over everything. The emperor of the world is the son of "heaven", "White Tiger Tongyi" said: "Why is the lord called the son of heaven?" The king's father, heaven and mother, is also the son of heaven. This is also based on the book of Wei, "Zhou Yi Qianchisel Degree" cloud: "The Son of Heaven follows the principles of heaven, corrects and unifies, each has its own suitability, the father and the mother of heaven and earth, in order to support the people, and the supreme number is also." "Spring and Autumn Sense Essence Fu" also said: "The master of the people...... Father, heaven and mother, brother day and sister month. Regarding the generation of all things in heaven and earth, "White Tiger Tongyi" also draws on the theory of "Yi Wei". "White Tiger Escape: Heaven and Earth" says:

At the beginning, there was the beginning, and then there was the beginning, and the form was completed, and the name was Taisu. Chaos is connected, invisible to see, unheard, and then dissected, clear and turbid, fine out of the cloth, common things are born, the essence is the two lights, and the number is the five elements. …… Therefore, the cloud of "Dry Chiselness": "The beginning of the primordial qi is also, the beginning of the form of the primordial, and the beginning of the quality of the primitive." "White Tiger Tongyi" talks about the theory of the generation of the earth according to the "Yiwei Dry Chisel Degree", and believes that there is "Taichu" first, which is the beginning of qi, and then there is "Taishi" and "Taisu". The White Tiger Tongyi, like the Weishu, also talks about a lot of "qi" and "vitality", but in the philosophical system of "Baihu Tongyi", "yuanqi" or "qi" is not primary, but is derived from the "heaven" and "earth" with personality gods. "Taisu" is the beginning of "quality", and "Taisu" has two stages of "Taichu" and "Taishi" before "Taisu", which are empty and lonely. From Dong Zhongshu's teleological development of the theology of heaven and man induction to the theology of the weft, to the philosophical system of "Zihu Tongyi", it is in the same line.

"Man" is born by the mandate of heaven, and "White Tiger Tongyi" says: "The mandate of heaven has made life also." But what specifically constitutes human beings is the qi of the five elements of yin and yang. According to the theory of Weishu, "White Tiger Tongyi" believes that human temperament is determined by the qi of yin and yang. "White Tiger Tongyi Abomination" says:

People are born of yin and yang, so they have five natures and six emotions in their hearts,...... Therefore, "Hook Fate" says: Love is born in yin, and you want to think of it with time; Sex is born in yang, and it is reasonable. Yang is benevolent, yin is greedy, so love is beneficial, and sex is benevolent.

This shows that human beings are made up of yin and yang qi. Because human temperament also comes from yin and yang. Sex book yang, yang temperature is warm and warm, circulating and running, so "sex" is mainly benevolent and friendly. "Love" is based on yin, yin is cold and condensed, so "love" is manifested as greed for money, as evidenced by the following quote from "Hook Fate", Song Jun said: "Yang is mainly in luck, so benevolence; Yin Qi is mainly accumulated, so it is greedy. "Sex yang and yin, "The Book of Filial Piety: The Deed of Aiding God" also says this, and the "Deed of Aiding God" cloud: "The soul of the lover, the envoy of the soul." Love is born in yin, in order to think; Sex is born in yang, and it is a contract. ("Taiping Yulan" volume 886 quotes "White Tiger Tongyi and Temperament" as saying: "Therefore, people are born to respond to the body of gossip, and the five qi are taken for granted, and benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith are also.") The case "Yi Wei Dry Chisel Degree" said: "If the order of the gossip is established, the five qi will be deformed. Therefore, people are born to respond to the body of gossip, and they have five qi to think that they are five constants. It can be seen that "White Tiger Tongyi" is based on Weishu.

The ethics and morality in "White Tiger Tongyi" also come from the prophecy. The general program of feudal morality is the "Three Guidelines", which originated from Han Fei and was formally proposed by Dong Zhongshu, a great Confucian in the Han Dynasty. "Han Feizi: Loyalty and Filial Piety" said: "The minister is the king, the son is the father, the wife is the husband, and the three are governed by the world; If the three are reversed, the world will be chaotic; This is the common way in the world. The so-called "common way" is the outline, which is an immutable law. In order to maintain the unified feudal empire of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu used Confucianism as the center to absorb the ideas of the Legalists and the Yin-Yang factions and melt them into a furnace. He believes that the righteousness of kings and ministers, fathers and sons, and husbands and wives are all the ways of yin and yang, "The king is yang, and the minister is yin; The Father is Yang and the Son is Yin; The husband is yang, and the wife is yin". However, if you can't be independent, you must be subordinate to the yang and obey the yang way. Therefore, the minister should be absolutely obedient to the king, the son to the father, and the wife to the husband, which is the way of "heaven", so he officially proposed: "The three outlines of the royal road can be sought from heaven." ("Spring and Autumn Dew and Enlightenment") was further developed in the Weishu and "White Tiger Tongyi". "White Tiger Tongyi: Three Outlines and Six Disciplines" says:

What do you mean by the Three Guidelines? It is called a monarch and a minister, a father and a son, and a husband and wife. The Six Disciplines are called fathers, brothers, clansmen, uncles, teachers, and friends. Therefore, "Han Wenjia" said: "The king is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife." He also said: "Respect all fathers and brothers, and the six disciplines are the way." The uncles are righteous, the clansmen are orderly, the Kundi brothers are relatives, the teachers are respectful, and the friends are old." What is the discipline, the program is Zhang Ye, and the discipline is also reasonable. The big one is the key, and the small one is discipline, so Zhang Li is up and down, neat and humane.

The monarch and minister, father and son, and husband and wife were originally three pairs of social relationships. Dong Zhongshu called this the "Three Guidelines". "Liwei Han Wenjia" also established the dominance of the king, father and husband in these three pairs of relationships. "White Tiger Tongyi" is based on the "Yi Ji Ci" "one yin and one yang is the way". Yin and Yang cooperate with each other, "so the six people are the three outlines", and the three outlines are said to be "the way of heaven, earth and man". It proves that this is an eternal law, and that "discipline" is a moral standard one level lower than that of "outline". The "Three Guidelines" theory established the feudal monarchy, patriarchal power, and husband power, which is the general outline of feudal ethics and morality, and some other feudal morality and ethics are often subordinate to these three general outlines. Therefore, Gou Yue said: "The general principle of benevolence and righteousness lies in the three outlines and six disciplines. The Three Principles of the Theory were put forward by Dong Zhongshu, and the completion of its theoretical elaboration and system is in the Weishu and the White Tiger Tongyi. The essence of the Three Principles is that the monarch is inferior to the minister, and the male is inferior to the female, which plays a positive role in maintaining the feudal social order, so it has been advocated by the emperors and feudal rulers of previous dynasties.

"White Tiger Tongyi" cites a large number of prophecies, and it is obvious that there are more than 20 references to the weft, and as for the "Jihe Tu Yu", there are even more uses of the proverbs. For example, "White Tiger Tongyi: Heaven and Earth" says: "What is the heaven? The sky is the town of words, and the town of people is also under the high level. "The case of Spring and Autumn. Said the inscription "Cloud": "The sky is the town of words, under the high reason, and it is the warp and weft of people." ("Erya Shitian" quotes "Heaven and Earth" and says: "The earth is easy, all things are responsible, and transactions change.") According to the cloud of "Spring and Autumn Yuan Life Package": "The land is easy, all things are responsible, the transaction changes, and the spit should be fed." ("Art and Literature Gathering" volume 6 citation) compares the two, it can be seen that although "White Tiger Tongyi" does not explicitly quote the weft, it is actually said in the weft book. This kind of situation is very common in "White Tiger Tongyi". Comparing the White Tiger Tongyi with the Confession of Wei, "90 percent of the content comes from the Confession" (Hou Wailu, General History of Chinese Thought, vol. 2, p. 229). Ruwei theology was the ruling ideology of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it represented the will of "heaven" (God), so its status was above the Pentateuch. This can be seen from "White Tiger Tongyi". In the "White Tiger Tongyi" to cite the classics, where there is a warp and weft, it is often the first to quote the weft and then the scriptures, such as:

"White Tiger Tongyi Punishment": "The winter solstice is so a truce, don't do anything, retreat, why can't you travel?" On this day, the yang energy is weak,...... Help the micro qi and become all things. Therefore, "The Book of Filial Piety" says: "The yin energy begins to move on the summer solstice, and the yang energy begins to sprout on the winter solstice." "Yi" said: "The first king retreats until the day, and business travel is not good." ”

It can be seen that it comes first and then passes. The religious theological system of "White Tiger Tongyi" comes directly from the prophecy. For example, it is seen in the "Book of Filial Piety and the Deed of Aiding God"; Speaking of the five rituals, it can be seen in "Liwei Han Wenjia"; Speaking of Feng Zen, seen in "The Book of Filial Piety: Hook Destiny"; And its core is to argue for the divine right of kings. It believes that the appointed emperors and monarchs are all "saints", and saints are all born "from heaven", so the birth of each emperor has a series of omen shown by the gods, and the emperor has extraordinary divine revelation and arrangement from his birth to the emperor's throne. Therefore, the theological system and theological content in the "White Tiger Tongyi" are the inheritance and affirmation of the theology of the Latitude.

Fourth, the compilation and research of the weft

After the Wei and Jin dynasties, it was repeatedly banned, and a large number of Sui and Tang dynasties had been lost, and there were still 13 92 kinds of Wei in the book of Sui and the Book of Books, and only 9 parts and 84 kinds of Wei were annotated by Zheng Xuan and Song Jun in the old and new "Book of Tang". At the end of the Song Dynasty, Ma Duanlin only survived in the "Literature General Examination and Scripture Examination", and only one of "Yi Wei" and "Li Han Wenjia" remained, and the rest were completely lost. Therefore, it was not until the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty that anyone paid attention to the selection of Wei Wei. In the Qing Dynasty, the work of compiling books was attached by the six arts, and it became a great country and became an important work in the collation of ancient books.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were more than ten compilations about the Wei Wei, and the "Ancient Micro Book" of Sun Ying in the Ming Dynasty was the earliest one. Sun Ying is a native of Huarong, Hunan, with the word double, the number Benjuzi, and the number one Shuangfu. "Guwei Book" has a total of 36 volumes, and there are 63 kinds of wefts in the collection. Its characteristic is that most of the collected articles have solutions, and only a few have not been explained. The biggest disadvantage is that the source of the text is not noted, which makes it difficult for people to verify the facts: the second is that the concept of the weft book and the scope of the weft book are not very clear, so the "Hong Fan Wuxing Wei", which talks about the five elements of disasters, is also included in the "Shang Shuwei". "Guweishu" is the first work of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the "Outline of the Four Libraries" has a high evaluation of it.

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, he compiled the "Siku Quanshu" and compiled eight kinds of "Yiwei" from the "Yongle Canon". "Yiwei Eight Kinds" has Wuyingdian's "Collector's Edition Series", "Siku Quanshu" and "Ancient Scripture Interpretation Letter".

There are five main types of books in the Qing Dynasty:

Yin Yuanzheng "Gathering Weft"

Only the manuscript has been circulated, and the Beijing Library, the Shanghai Library, and the Kyoto University Library in Japan all have this manuscript. Shanghai transcription is incomplete. There are a total of 133 kinds of "Jiwei", which is the largest variety in the Weiwei compilation.

Zhao Zaihan, "Seven Latitudes", 38 volumes

It is characterized by abiding by the theory of the "Synopsis of the Four Libraries" and strictly distinguishing between the proverbs and wefts, not only the Heluo miscellaneous proverbs are all abandoned, but even the "Analects of the Analects" is not included. For all kinds of weft books, they are compiled separately according to the title, each article is marked with the source, and each weft narrative explains its naming intention in each weft name, which is a very strict compilation of books.

Huang Zheng's "Han Xuetang Series" (1934, Jiangdu Zhu Changqi was also printed according to the original edition of Ganquan Huang's original supplement, and the line was called "Huang's Yishu Examination")

It also follows the "Synopsis of the Four Libraries" to distinguish the weft, and the compilation is annotated with sources, and the "Qinghe County Benwei Book" is adopted. The book of Qinghe County is not visible today, but it is especially worth cherishing that this book is preserved as its last words.

Ma Guohan's "Yuhan Mountain House Collection" and Wang Renjun's "Yuhan Mountain House Collection of Books"

Ma's compilation of the Wei Wei detailed notes the source, and each Wei Wei is quoted by Sun Ying's commentator, and occasionally writes his own bibliographic description, which is a big win over the "Gu Wei Shu". Wang Renjun's "Continuation" is a continuation of the Martensite style, but the fine review is not as good as that of Ma's.

The 14 volumes of Qiao Songnian's "Wei Xuan" are recompiled on the basis of Sun Ying's "Ancient Micro Books". There are a total of 131 kinds of Wei Wei in the collection, and the source is indicated for each article in the collection, which is intended to make up for the omission of the Sun Book and correct the violation of the Sun family.

Japanese scholars Yasui Kayama and Nakamura Zhanghachi edited the "Weishu Collection", which was printed in 8 mimeographed volumes in 1964 for consultation, and after processing and revision, since the 70s, the "Reconstructed Weishu Collection" has been officially published. "Rebuilding the Collection of Weft Books" is a summary of the collection of Wei books since the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it can also be said to be a compilation of the great collection of Wei Wei. Its characteristics are: (1) complete collection. It is based on "Wei Wei", and has participated in the "Shuo Xuan", "Gu Wei Shu", Ming Yang Qiaoyue's "Wei Shu", Lin Chunpu's "Ancient Book Collection", Liu Xuezhong's "Zhu Jing Wei Legacy", Yin Yuanzheng's "Ji Wei", Zhao Zaihan's "Seven Wei", "Yuhan Shanfang Ji Yi Shu" and "Han Xuetang Series", and also supplemented the Chinese and Japanese materials for the above books omitted from the Wei Wei text, which can be said to be a complete collection. (2) The "Re-Revision of the Weft Book Collection" indicates "Dictionary" for each article of the compilation of Weft, and makes some checks, and makes a proofreading of the similarities and differences in the text, which is contained on each article for easy reference. (3) The "Reconstructed Weft Book Collection" has a bibliographic index at the end of each volume for easy search.

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