On Zhuge Liang's Legalist Thought Heat

On Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought

[ Author: Wang Yanjun Zuo Feng | Repost from: Wuhou Temple | Hits: 269 | Updated: 2004-11-27 | Entry: Glasses ]

"If Hui Hui is Chang Geng, he is alone." Zhuge Liang is an outstanding legalist, politician and military strategist in the history of our country. The great practice of Legalist thought in his lifetime has achieved brilliant results, which has played a role in promoting the development of Chinese history and set a glorious example for future generations. This article attempts to discuss the formation of his Legalist thoughts, the painting of his non-Legalist ideas that his descendants have overlaid on him, and the great practice of his Legalist thoughts.

1. The formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought

There are many reasons for the formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought, including subjective and objective reasons.

1. Characteristics of the times. The Eastern Han Dynasty was a monopoly of powerful landlords. In 184 AD, the Yellow Turban peasant uprising of the Yellow Turban Rebellion destroyed the ruling foundation of the Eastern Han Dynasty, struck at the powerful landlord forces, and washed away the muddy water in the field of superstructure******** One after another, a chain of wars broke out. In 189 AD, Dongfang Prefecture and County joined forces to attack Dong Zhuo. However, the powerful landlords and bureaucrats represented by Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Gongsun Zhan, Tao Qian, Liu Biao, and Liu Yan betrayed the wishes of the people, went against the tide and pursued the way of Confucius and Mencius. The economy of the Yellow River Basin has been unprecedentedly damaged, "there is no smoke for a hundred miles, the cities are empty, and the roads and valleys look at each other", "there are no chickens for thousands of miles, and the plains are covered by white bones". The people are in dire straits. The middle and small landlord class represented by Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Jian, and Sun Ce were consistent with the **** of the peasants and the powerful landlords, and had suppressed the Yellow Turban Uprising, but in the redistribution of property rights within the landlord class, the ideas and demands of the powerful landlords and the warlords of the prefectures and counties were fundamentally different. advocating unity, opposing secession, and demanding the re-establishment of a centralized feudal state; advocate the rule of law, oppose the rule of etiquette, curb the merger of the powerful and powerful, and crack down on the division of state and county warlords; He advocates "meritocracy" and opposes "appointing others". They parted ways with the warlords of the prefectures and counties, and strongly demanded that the Legalists unify the reform line, reform the corrupt politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty, hold high the banner of Legalism fighting, and carry out a war to unify China. It ended the dominance of the Confucian ideological line since Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty.

2. Birth characteristics. In 181 AD, Zhuge Liang was born in a small bureaucratic landlord family in Langxiyangdu. At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty, which admired Confucianism and opposed France, was unable to control the situation. In the world, class contradictions and the struggle for power and profit within the ruling class are extremely fierce, and the trend of division and separatism has basically taken shape. When Zhuge Liang was four years old (184), the Yellow Turban Uprising,

Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty organized the royalist army to suppress and slaughter the rebels, turning the prosperous Central Plains into a murderous slaughterhouse.

Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Si, once served as a county governor in Taishan and died soon after. Since 188, Zhuge Liang has been raised by his uncle Zhuge Xuan.

The horror of the war in his hometown has left a deep imprint on Zhuge Liang's young heart, and his ideological desire for national unity, ethnic unity, and people's tranquility is still strong. In l94 AD, Zhuge Liang was fourteen years old and lived with his uncle Yuzhang. In 195, after Zhuge Xuan lost his official position, he took Zhuge Liang to attach Liu Biao to Jingzhou. In 197 A.D., Zhuge Xuan died of illness, and the seventeen-year-old Zhuge Liang and his younger brother cultivated Longmu in Nanyang Longzhong until 207 A.D. Zhuge Liang, a young man who was displaced and ran around to take refuge to make a living, went through another ten years of hard work, and in the face of this situation, he was in danger and thought of peace, and it was reasonable that the Legalist idea of demanding the reunification of the motherland came into being.

3. Social characteristics. In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the area of Nanyang and Xiangyang was a gathering place for bureaucrats and heroes. According to reports, from the south of Xiangyang Daxian Mountain to Yicheng for more than 100 miles, there are dozens of bureaucrats such as assassins and taishou. The contradiction between the powerful forces and the annexation of land was very acute, and tens of thousands of peasants participated in the Huangzhong Uprising. In 190 AD, Yuan Shu instigated Sun Jian to kill the king of Jingzhou and occupy Nanyang. In March, Liu Biao succeeded to the history of Jingzhou, and was supported by Kuai Yue, a local tyrant in Xiaolu County, Nanjun, and Cai Mao, a local tyrant in Xiangyang, and became the political, military, and cultural center of Jingzhou. But Liu Biao is "wide on the outside and taboo on the inside, and he is indecisive" "Liu Biao's Biography", he likes empty talk, and he doesn't know "general affairs" o There are "many wanderers" in the territory, "Pingju Tone of Voice", "People's Hearts Are Displeased"

"The Biography of Zhuge Liang". "Erudite Confucianism", "Guanxi, Yanyu Bachelor Returnee Gaiganshu" and "Liu Biao Biography". However, after Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the "Battle of Guandu" in 200 AD, the situation of unifying the north was approaching; Sun Quan's secession of Jiangdong also became stable. The rapidly changing situation has stirred up the people of Jingxiang. Yingchuan Xu Yuanzhi, Hou Guangyuan, Runan Meng Gongwei, Boling Cuizhou equal, they and Zhuge Liang "morning and night", reading and chanting poetry, talking about the past and the present, commenting on the world's major events, expressing their own opinions, traveling to study and investigate society, using Legalist thought, analyzing reality, studying history, and looking for a good way to realize the reunification of the motherland and the great political retribution. They heard and witnessed the defeat of Dong Zhuo's rebellion and Eryuan's adherence to the Confucian line; the power of the Yellow Turban peasant uprising; the victory of Cao Cao, Sun Ce, and Sun Quan in carrying out the Legalist line; The country was torn apart by the warlords of the state and county, and the people were suffering from hunger. Therefore, Zhuge Liang felt very deeply about the reality at that time and the people's desire for reunification, so when he lived in the grassland, he was determined to unify and became a handsome man who "knew the times" at that time. Therefore, Zhuge Liang said many years later in "Teaching with the Masses Again": "In the past, I made friends with Cui Zhouping, and I heard about the gains and losses many times. After handing over to Xu Yuanzhi, he was diligent in enlightening 'teaching'. With the help of these people, especially he had a close past with Liu Quan's concubines Pang Degong and Sima Decao, who were dissatisfied with Liu Quan's concubines and Xiangyang celebrities. In this way, a group was formed in Xiangyang that despised Confucianism, and they believed that Confucianism was a mediocre talent who "did not know the current affairs", and only those who understood the current affairs were talents. Pang Degong is the leader of this group, and he is very important to Zhuge Liang, called "Wolong", Sima Decao is called "Water Mirror", and Pang Tong is "Phoenix Chick". Pang Shanmin, the son of Pang Degong, married Miss Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's father-in-law, Huang Chengyan, is also a famous man in Nannan, and his wife "is worthy of his Yunxian internal help." These close social relations, their investigation and research of social practice, and his ten years of cultivation and practice are all the reasons for the formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought.

4. Learning characteristics. The formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought is inseparable from his intensive reading and study of Legalist works and learning from others when he was a teenager. In Zhuge childhood, the influence of Qilu culture, the Legalist figures Guan Zhong and Le Yi were the models they worshipped. Zhuge Liang lived in Xiangyang, Longzhong thirteen years, especially in the cultivation of Longzhong youth, he studied hard, read many political, economic, and military books, and studied the political propositions and ideological views of the political, economic and various schools of thought in the past dynasties.

Shang is good at Zafa, and he can't be edified; Su and Zhang Changyu resigned, and they could not form an alliance" "Zhuge Liang Collection, On the Sons". He studied the works of pre-Qin Legalist figures, especially Guan Zhong, Shen Buxian, Han Fei and others, and the study of Legalist works such as "Every Self-Comparison with Guan Zhong and Le Yi" and "The Biography of Zhuge Liang" played an important role in the formation of his Legalist thought. Judging from "The Biography of Zhuge Liang", he learned not to die, but to "look at the general strategy", grasp the program, and experience the essence. We oppose the style of Confucianism that clings to the classics, searches for chapters and extracts sentences, and detaches the troublesome research and verification that is attached to the association. He drew useful ideas and lessons from the books he read, which served as a reference for observing the current situation of society and the situation in the world. He "ploughed the acres of Longmu so that he could sing for Liang's father". He established his lofty ideals and political retribution, and formed his Legalist ideology of realizing national reunification. Zhuge Liang's lofty retribution can be clearly seen from the fact that on the basis of his experience summing up in the future, he requires the younger generations to have lofty ambitions and goals in the "Book of Commandments to Nephews", "Book of Commandments", "Book of Commandments", "Book of Words with Brothers", and "Book of Words with Brothers". Such as the Book of Commandments and Nephews

"The husband's ambition should be far away, Mu Xianxian, despair, abandon doubt, so that the ambition of the concubine is burned and revealed, and there is a feeling on the side; Endure bending and stretching, go to the fine, consult widely, except for the suspicion of stinginess, although there is drowning, what damage to the spiritual interest, such as suffering from poverty. If the ambition is not strong, the intention is not generous, the vain is stagnant in the vulgar, silently bound to the feelings, forever in the mortal, not the rabbit is obscene". This passage can be said to be Zhuge Liang's self-description of his lofty political retribution when he was a teenager.

Due to the above four important reasons, Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought was gradually formed, so in 207, when Liu Bei "looked at the thatched house", he was able to incisively analyze the objective situation for Liu Bei in the countermeasures of the monster, and put forward a complete set of unified and innovative Legalist lines, first taking Jingzhou and Yizhou, and standing with Cao Cao. Then he and the precepts were strengthened, and Sun Quan was married outside, and "the internal cultivation of political principles". Then he sent troops on two routes, "North Ding Central Plains", in order to become a hegemonic industry and rebuild a centralized feudal state. Since then, Zhuge Liang has written a glorious political and military chapter in Chinese history with his own Legalist ideas and lines.

Second, remove the veil of illegalist ideology that covers Zhuge Liang's body

Out of reverence for Zhuge Liang, a legalist politician and military strategist, the people's artistic image of Zhuge Liang appeared after a long period of creation. However, in the era when Confucianism became the absolute dominance of the landlord class, the literary and dramatic works produced were in the service of its politics, especially the emergence of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" with serious anti-French tendencies, which covered Zhuge Liang with layers of non-domestic ideology and distorted Zhuge Liang's own ideological system.

1. A model of Confucianism, these works portray Zhuge Liang as a loyal minister who 'has been restored' and 'loyal to repay his kindness'. It is said that Shu Han is 'strictly orthodox' and Cao Wei is 'usurpation'. Liu Bei is the 'Holy Monarch and Benevolent Lord', and Cao Cao is the 'Rebel Thief'. Zhuge Liang is the 'orthodox' representative of 'rise and fall'. He rigidly adhered to the feudal moral creed of "the soldier dies for the one who knows it" and the idea of "the plan is in the people" and the "success is in the sky". He wore a scarf on his head, a crane on his body, sat on a four-wheeled bicycle, and cranked a feather fan in his hand, so that ghosts could drive away gods and decide life and death. Zhuge Liang is regarded as a model of Confucian feudal morality, especially the embodiment of courtiers. However, is Zhuge Liang really to 'repay the grace of knowledge' all his life? Is it to do their best to succeed Liu Han's 'peerlessness'? This is not the case, although the combination of Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei does not rule out the factor of 'repaying gratitude,' but the main thing is that they have the same attitude on the implementation of the Legalist line. Although Liu Ge has the retribution of unifying the world and establishing meritorious deeds, when he started the incident, he came from a humble background and his power was weak, and he would only have two people, and there was no place in the land, and he witnessed Cao Cao's successive victories and the cause of the defeat of the two Yuan in the first half of his life. He himself was bumping into each other and was cornered, so how could he not consider the question of what route to choose. Zhuge Liang was born in troubled times and aspires to reunification. He saw with his own eyes that the two Yuan pursued the Confucian line and perished, and Liu Biao and Liu Zhang followed the Confucian line. And the sage is dangerous. Proceeding from the Legalist idea of seeking truth, he made a specific analysis of the form and situation at that time. Liu Bei was cornered, but Zhuge Liang was confident, so the grass house was full of edicts, which made Liu Bei suddenly open his mouth. As soon as Zhuge Liang came out of Longzhong, Liu Bei was "like a fish in water", and they first occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou, and under the link of implementing the Legalist line of gradually unifying the world, they were closely combined. Later facts proved that by implementing Zhuge Liang's correct line, Liu Bei turned the crisis into safety, from small to large, and became the emperor of a country with three points. Therefore, the purpose of their union is to promote the Legalist line of unified progress and rebuild a unified and centralized feudal state.

2. Immortals and hermits of "magic and clever calculations". said that Zhuge Liang, a hermit and "immortal", can "watch the sky at night", and Zizhi knows that "Liu Biao will die soon, Liu Zhang is not the master of the business, and he will be a general after a long time". Three days before the straw boat borrowed arrows, there must have been heavy fog. He is "not a fledgling, and he knows that there are three parts of the world" and so on. In fact, this is the result of Zhuge Liang's good use of Legalist truth-seeking thinking, observation of social reality and natural reality, investigation and research, and specific analysis and summary of the objective situation. It is by no means a "miraculous calculation" or "unpredictable prophet". If Zhuge Liang is just a "hermit" who "travels in the rivers and lakes in a small boat, or visits monks on the mountains, or looks for friends between villages, or plays music and chess in the Dongting", he is not a "business sleeper" or a "leisurely tour", I am afraid where is Lian Yizhou? No one knows who Cao Cao is, how can he make such a profound analysis of the situation and people at that time.

3、

The Taoist priest who "called for wind and rain" actually made an outstanding Legalist politician and military strategist wear Taoist clothes, stomp and spread, and bathe and fast; Precepts, burning incense and praying, and raising demons. "Seven Star Altar Sacrifice Wind", "Qiaobu Eight Array Circle", "Drive Six Ding Liujia to Sweep the Floating Clouds", "Wuzhang Yuan Xing", etc., in fact, the battle of Chibi has a southeast wind is a natural law. Lu Xun did not take advantage of Liu Bei's defeat to track down Sichuan, it was "after the Wei soldiers attacked him", and it was definitely not a scare retreat after the chaos of the "Eight Formations". "Dead Zhuge Goes to Life Zhongda" is Zhuge Liang's usual management of the army and flexible strategy and tactics, so that Sima Yi did not dare to chase after him for a while, and it was not caused by the fact that the star "seemed to fall but did not fall".

4. Representative of "Heroes Create History". What to say, "Fu Long, Feng Chick, and the two of them have one, but they can settle the world". When Zhuge Liang took the stage, he played the leading role, everything was in his expectation, he got on a four-wheeled car, shook a feather fan, pointed where, where to win, it seems that history was directed by Zhuge Liang. However, history has proved that without the Yellow Turban peasant uprising in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it would not have been possible to destroy the Eastern Han regime where Confucianism was rampant, and it would have been impossible to open up a new period in which the Legalist line was implemented. The reason why Zhuge Liang had successful military achievements was that he conformed to the trend of historical development, was the enlightenment of his Legalist thought, and was the result of his implementation of the Legalist line of unifying China. And "the people, and only the people, are the driving force behind the creation of world history."

3. The great practice of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought

After Zhuge Liang stepped onto the political stage in 207 AD, in the establishment and consolidation of the Shu Han regime, his Legalist thought has been greatly practiced, and he has vigorously promoted the Legalist political line of unifying the motherland, and his achievements have been brilliant. In 2o8 AD, he went to Zisang in person to persuade Sun Quan and Sun Liu to join forces to defeat Cao Cao in a battle of Chibi. Later, he helped Liu Bei to take advantage of the victory to "cross the Jing Yi and protect its rock resistance". In 221 AD, Liu Bei formally established the Shu Han regime and competed with Cao Wei and Sun Wu Dingzu. After Liu Bei's death, he "made two peace with the precepts, Fu Yiyue in the south, married Sun Quan externally, and cultivated political affairs internally". "Farming and planting grains, retreating and resting the people". "Seven captures and seven verticals' Meng won and pacified Nanzhong." Military funds are out, and the people are rich". "Metallurgical precepts and martial arts, with Hou Daji". Since the beginning of 227 A.D., "the three armies of the award, Xingshi went north, five out of Qishan, eight years to attack Wei." In the end, due to subjective and objective reasons, it failed to achieve the overall goal of "North Determination Central Plains".

In 234 A.D., he fell ill in the original army. However, he conformed to the trend of history and made useful contributions to the reunification of the motherland, national unity, people's tranquility, and the development of social production in the practice of his Legalist thinking.

l. "Internal Cultivation of Political Principles" to rule Shu by law.

Zhuge Liang adopted the pre-Qin Legalist idea of "living in law and governing the country" in the policy of governing Shu. In order to eliminate Liu Yan's father's implementation of Confucian benevolence, it caused "grammar and law to inherit each other's affairs, and the government of Sui was not only the same, but the punishment was too severe." The people of Shu soil, the dictatorship and self-indulgence, the way of the monarch and the minister, gradually replaced by the mausoleum, the chaotic situation of the "Answer to the Law"), adhere to the clear position of "rule of law in Shu". "The criminal law is favorable", and the forces of merging and separatism are strictly suppressed. At that time, Fa Zheng advised Zhuge Liang to "suspend his sentence and ban". Zhuge Liang replied solemnly, and clearly declared: "I am now powerful with the law, and the law is to know and think; Limited to the knight, the knight plus the honor. Grace and glory are combined, and there are knots up and down. In order to govern the main thing, Yu Si noodles and potatoes" "Answer to the Law". Some people ridiculed him for being stingy, saying: "Governing the world with great virtue, not small benefits." To govern the country, we must use "governing the ministers with criminal virtue". Therefore, in the Northern Expedition, Jiang Gui thought that he was employing people, and persuaded Ge Liang not to behead horses, Zhuge Liang said in "On Cutting Horses": "The four seas are divided, and the troops are handed over from the beginning, if the law is abolished, what is the use of begging thieves and evil?" This shows that Zhuge closely links the rule of law with reunification, and in order to achieve reunification, it is necessary to "rule Shu with the rule of law" and "cultivate political principles internally". Therefore, politically, he "did not choose the noble," and organizationally "focused on promoting the virtuous," and in the light economy, he promoted tuntian, "farming and planting," and salt and iron official camps; he rectified the law and discipline in all aspects, reformed politics, and restrained the powerful and powerful, thus effectively strengthening the centralized ruling order of the Shu and Han dynasties.

2、

"Science and education are strict, rewards and punishments must be believed." Zhuge Liang said in "Reward and Punishment": "Prohibition and punishment, so become a heart", "Reward is meritorious service, punishment is forbidden adultery". He believed that laws and punishments were an important tool for governing the country, which could deter people's hearts and persuade the good to regulate the evil. He said: "The law of regularity,

The essentials of the rules". How to grasp and give full play to the role of this engineer, Zhuge Liang advocated "being loyal to the country" ("Strategies with the Group") and opposing "erecting private interests and perverting the public" ("Bing Yao"). He believed that "the rewards and punishments are not clear, the fatwa is not constant,

"People have two hearts, and their country is in danger" ("Rewards and Punishments"), which affects the survival of the country. Therefore, Zhuge Liang in the governance and guidance, 'open the heart, spread the public, and do the loyalty of the time, although the enemy will be rewarded; Those who violate the law and neglect will be punished; Those who admit guilt and lose love must be released, and those who are clever in rhetoric must wear it" ("The Biography of Zhuge Liang"), and suggested that Liu Chan should "punish whether it is true or not, and it is not appropriate to be similar and different", "It is not appropriate to be partial, so that the internal and external differences are also available". He "does not overtime the reward" and "does not punish expensive". Xuan Hui made a meritorious contribution to Eastern Wu, and after returning to China, "less than three days, he became a subordinate of the Prime Minister's Mansion, and he was too shou of Zoba County"

"The Biography of Xuan Hui". General Li Yan was entrusted by Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang found that he was double-faced and stabbed, sabotaging the Northern Expedition, that is, deposed by the table. He clearly said in "Rewards and Punishments": "Rewards and punishments do not avoid resentment, then Qi Huan and the power of the province." If the punishment does not avoid relatives, then Zhou Gong has the name of killing his brother." This is his inheritance and development of the pre-Qin Legalist idea of "not avoiding ministers for punishment, and rewarding kindness without sparing others".

3、

"Take the rule of law as a result", "take force as a calculation", and "take might as a rule". Zhuge Liang believes that the rule of law line determines everything in the army, and he is happy in "The Whole Division": "If the rewards and punishments are not clear, the laws and regulations are not believed, all are not stopped, and the drums are not advanced, although there are millions of divisions that are useless." He said in "The Soldiers": "A soldier with a system, an incompetent general, cannot be defeated; Jade, the soldiers, there are capable generals, can not win". It shows that the role of the general depends on the soldiers, and even more on the law. Therefore, he emphasized in "On Cutting Horses": "Sun and Wu can win the world, and the usage is clear." It is clarified that the army can be invincible in the world by ruling the army. He proposed in "Cutting Off": "Military law is different, and the punishment is too light and heavy. You can't do it now, and whoever violates the order will be beheaded." In the army, he "set up a banner to see his eyes, beat the whole drum to sound his eyes, set up an axe to unite his heart, Chen Fatwa to follow his way, rewarded and persuaded the common merit, and carried out punishment to prevent the communist hypocrisy." For example, after the loss of the street pavilion, because of the prince's merit, the well was immediately moved. The horse said that there was a mistake, and he was beheaded to show the public. and went to Wei to self-storage, and was demoted to the third class. Clarify the law with discipline. Because he "decrees the law, rewards and punishments letters". Adhere to the Legalist line, "guided by the rule of law", "soldiers use their lives, go to danger and ignore it", so the Shu army "rewards and punishments are solemn and the order is clear", "the formation is neat", "and its soldiers go in and out like guests, and they do not hunt, such as in the country." Its use of troops is also like a mountain, and the limit of progress is like the wind." In the case of outnumbered enemies, we can defeat the enemy and win. His military line of "using the rule of law as an army" is to serve the political line of his Legalists' unification and innovation. On the basis of Sun Wu: "Soldiers, the big thing of siege, the place of death and life, the survival of the suffering" and Sun Bin: "Bringing the soldiers to the bridging", he clearly put forward it in "Governing the Army"; "Governing the army is the matter of governing the border,

In the event of the enemy's great chaos, he will use force to govern and punish violence, so there is a plan for the state to ensure social security." He also said: "The country is supplemented by the army, the group is supported by the ministers, the strong are supplemented by national security, and the weak are in danger of other countries." Therefore, under the great practice of Zhuge Liang's rule of law army, the army has become a reliable tool to defend and consolidate the Shu Han regime, and has played a strong role in implementing Zhuge Liang's Legalist unified reform line.

4. "The way to govern the country is to be virtuous". Pre-Qin law family claim; "The prime minister must start from the state and county, and the fierce general must be sent from the army." Zhuge Liang summed up historical experience and came to a reliable conclusion: "Duke Huan is like a tyrant in Guan Zhong, and King Qin is a traitor in Zhao Gao." "Pro-Xianchen, far villain, this first Han is so prosperous, pro-villain, far virtuous minister, after which Han is so decadent" "Former Teacher Table". Based on these useful experiences, he believes that "the best thing to do in governing the country is to promote the virtuous." How can I be meritorious? He adopts; "Shame on others, not bootstrapping; Make the Dharma measure the work, not self-measured"

The method of "Soldiers' Essentials" relies on subordinates, through deliberation, and is recommended in accordance with laws and regulations. In this way, "those who can cannot be concealed, those who cannot cannot be decorated, and those who forget their reputation cannot enter" "Soldiers". He took the "five evils of the people" as the criterion for inspecting and promoting officials. Phi Ruzhou Shuzuo Jiang Wan, he thinks it is: "the instrument of the society", especially recommended for promotion, Wei general, Tianshui Ji Jiang Dui, "thinking precisely", "deep understanding of the military will", is "Liangzhou sergeant", so it is exceptionally reused. Because he selected talents in an eclectic manner based on the pre-Qin Legalist line, this organizational line played a tremendous role in implementing his Legalist unification and reforming political line.

5. Salt and iron official camp, persuade agriculture and mulberry. Zhuge Liang absorbed the financial management experience of the former Han Legalists in the economic policy, implemented the salt rank official camp, set up the Si Yan Lieutenant and the Si Quan Zhonglang General, made iron and boiled salt in the province, suppressed the monopoly of salt and iron production by the powerful and powerful, and increased the financial revenue of the Shu Han Dynasty. At the same time, Ge Liang was asked to attach great importance to the production of agricultural mulberry and advocate "persuading agricultural mulberry". He took the lead in setting an example, encouraging his children and grandchildren to cultivate mulberry farming, and carefully organized the cultivation of mulberry and silkworms in Shu and brocade production. It has formed a prosperous scene of "the buildings and the universe facing each other, the mulberry and the Zi connection", and "the Song of skills, the hundred rooms leaving the room, and the machine expressing the harmony" ("Zhang Paste Biography"). So that Shu Han "decisive enemy assets, only look up to the brocade". And the production of Shu brocade from the Chengdu Plain to the south and central regions, the products are exported to Wu and Wei, and its income is the main source of military expenditure of Shu Han. "Farming and planting grains", "retreating and resting the people", and "sharing merit and wealth to raise the people's wealth" are Zhuge Liang's consistent legal and military propositions. For example, in the Fu campaign, "the soldiers now plant vines in the valley", "to help the army to eat" "Liu Yu anchor Jia words". "Ordering people to teach to fight in the middle to cut down swordsmanship" Feng Su's "Yunnan Kao Zhuge Liang Wuxiang Xiu Southern Expedition" made the southwestern ethnic minorities "gradually go to the mountains and forests, rule the flat land in vain, build a city, and engage in agriculture and mulberry" (ibid.). In the Northern Expedition, "Hughes persuaded the family" and "divided the troops to Tuntian in Weibin". In order to promote the development of agriculture, he advocated the construction of water conservancy, set up a special weir officer, and sent more than 1,200 people to be stationed in the Chengdu weir area to organize, manage, and build a dam to facilitate irrigation. In order to promote cultural exchanges and economic production, change the "Yizhou dangerous village", and the transportation is inconvenient, Zhuge Liang organized the military and civilians to "dig stones and overhead the air" on the Sichuan-Shaanxi border to repair the Qinzhan area. More than 400 post stations have been built from Baishuiguan to Chengdu. In Yuecui County, the mountain was excavated and a "stone pedal" mountain road was built. In order to restrain the powerful landlords from excessively oppressing the peasants, Zhuge Liang "cast straight anti-money, flatten prices, and now become the official market" "The Biography of Liu Ba", stabilized the peasants, and enabled agriculture to develop. The economy of the Shu Han Dynasty, although it has been in war for many years, but under the solid line of Zhuge Liang's Legalist ideological line, the Chengdu Plain still shows "the ditches and veins are scattered, and the Xinjiang is waxy; Millet oil, Shidao Mo pod" (Zuo Si "Shu Du Fu") and "Tian Chou Pi, Cang Facts. The equipment is profitable, and the accumulation is rao" The prosperity of "Zhuge Liang's Biography".

6、

"Zhurong in the west, Yiyue in the south". In order to realize the unification of Legalism and innovate the political line, Zhuge Liang made a great practice in his ethnic policy in view of the characteristics of Han, Rong and mixed settlements in the southwest and northwest regions, and opposed the Confucian law of plunder, massacre and suppression. Take "Xihe" and "Nanfu". It protected the stability and unity within the Shu Han regime and unanimously resisted Cao externally. This was not proposed by the pre-Qin family law figures. For example, in Pingnanzhong, in addition to punishing and suppressing the ringleaders who were hostile to the Shu Han regime, Meng Shu, the leader of the upper-level rebellion, also adopted a strategy of combining "military warfare" and "psychological warfare". For the upper-level figures who were willing to cooperate with Shu Han, the policy of "using them as commanders" was adopted, and they were elected as county, county and central officials. So that the southern and central regions "do not leave soldiers, do not transport grain, and the discipline is coarse, and the Han is rude" "Advice". The Northern Expedition to Zhongxi and Zhurong, united with Qianghu, made an exception to the use of the outstanding people, Tianshui Jiang Wei, so that the people of all ethnic groups lived in harmony, and established an anti-Cao coalition army composed of people of all ethnic groups, which promoted the social and economic development of Shu and Han, promoted the integration of the people of all ethnic groups, and made positive contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.

7、

"Outside the alliance with Sun Quan", Lianwu anti-Cao. This is the strategic policy formulated by Zhuge Liang in the grass house in order to realistically observe the unified innovation front of his Legalists. Practice has proved that whether or not we can persist in it has a bearing on the victory and development of Shu Han. In the Battle of Chibi, Sun Liu defeated Cao, so that Liu Bei took advantage of the victory to "cross the Jing and benefit", and was able to stand with Cao and Sun Ding, which was the victory of this policy. Although the joint resistance of Shu and Wu against Cao is an inevitable trend, there is also a conflict of interests, which is mainly manifested in the dispute over Jingzhou. Shu Han has Jingzhou, can screen Yizhou, go straight to Jiangdong, north to Wan, Luo. Sun Wu got Jingzhou, controllable the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, spied on Shu Han, and drove Wanluo directly. Therefore, Liu Bei took Yizhou, and Sun Quan immediately claimed Jingzhou, which almost caused a war between Sun and Liu. Cao Cao pacified Hanzhong, and Liu Bei had to "make peace with Sun Quan" to Hunan water. Practice has proved that Sun Liu dissolves the alliance and Cao Cao. However, Liu Bei took Hanzhong, Guan Yu rashly attacked Cao Wei in the north, and did not marry Sun Quan, Cao Sun tacitly agreed, "Sun Quan attacked and killed Guan Yu, and took Jingzhou" o Liu Bei refused Zhuge Liang's advice to insist on killing Wu, which not only lost Jingzhou, but also lost the strategic way out. It caused incurable wounds to the future development of Shu Han. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang first married Sun Quan, and Wu formed a "horn aid", Sun Quan was called the emperor in the Northern Expedition, he sent people to congratulate, laid the Shu and Wu alliances, and sent fees to "frequently to Wu", consolidating the alliance between the two countries, so that Zhuge Liang went south to the north and expedition, "regardless of the worries of Jiangdong, the friends of Henan, not to the west, the north for the benefit, has also been deep" "Absolute alliance good discussion". From the repetition and different consequences of Shangshu Han's policy of uniting Wu, it shows the correctness of Zhuge Liang's strategic and tactical policy.

"There is no teacher for a thousand years, which is more than the legacy of Guan Le." Judging from the reasons for the formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalist thought, the outer veil of non-Legalist thought that his descendants have covered him, and the great practical analysis of his Legalist thought, he has carried out great practice in the areas of rule of law, governance, army, people, finance, and diplomacy, made great contributions, made brilliant achievements, and made a glorious example for future generations. In this regard, the Legalists of the past dynasties. Politicians and military strategists have fully affirmed it. Today, in reform, opening wider to the outside world, preventing corruption and fighting corruption, vigorously developing productive forces, and rejuvenating the Chinese nation undoubtedly have a very realistic reference and beneficial role, and should be carried forward.

Author's affiliation

Wang Yanjun, deputy research librarian and deputy director of Tianshui Museum.

Zuo Feng, Deputy Director of Tianshui Municipal Bureau of Culture and Publication,

Vice President and Secretary-General of Tianshui Three Kingdoms Culture Research Association