Freud's doctrine subverted tradition and crushed the ethics and morals of human society for thousands of years.

After the publication of "The Interpretation of Dreams", the total sales volume was only 600 copies in eight years, so you can imagine how difficult it is to promote. With the publication of "Three Treatises on Sexology", the European society regarded Freud as a nasty embryo full of obscene thoughts, and medical institutions even united to boycott him, resulting in Freud becoming the most unpopular person in the academic world.

It wasn't until Freud was almost 60 years old that he finally received an invitation from Clark University in the United States to give a series of lectures in the United States, and his own theories were recognized by the mainstream American society.

Freud was very excited, and after decades of hard work, he finally got through.

But that's all, the approval of the United States does not mean the approval of Europe. Because the United States is a wild land of science and art, and third-rate scholars in Europe used to be regarded as guests, Freud is still a crooked sect in Europe.

It was not until the end of the First World War, the psychological trauma caused by the war, which promoted the prosperity and progress of psychological research in Europe, that Freud finally became a daughter-in-law.

Why was Freud's academic career so bumpy?

Quite simply, few people face up to their desires, let alone admit their "dirty" side.

Zhou Hexuan is the same, he doesn't want to be psychoanalyzed, it's like a red stripe in front of others, and any privacy is exposed. He grinned and said, "When I have a mental illness, I will ask you to do a psychoanalysis." ”

Sigmund Freud said, "Zhou, you are very wrong about this. Psychoanalysis does not have to be mentally ill, it can still be done when healthy, and it can adjust people's mental and emotional states. Just like regular visits to the dentist, it's a maintenance of your health. I insisted on doing psychoanalysis for myself every day, so I was always mentally healthy. Even though I have been suffering from oral cancer for nearly 10 years and have undergone many painful surgeries, I am able to treat cancer with a normal mind. ”

"I'm sorry, but I still don't want my spirit to be studied." Zhou Hexuan politely refused.

Albert Einstein chimed in: "I'm a strong supporter of Zhou, people can self-regulate, and they don't necessarily need a psychologist to help." ”

Floyd shrugged: "Okay, I give up." ”

Zhou Hexuan smiled: "Let's talk about other things, such as history, or religion." ”

Hearing this, Freud said happily: "Have you read my research work in recent years?" ”

Zhou Hexuan said: "I understand a little. ”

Sigmund Freud is almost 80 years old, but his psychological research has never stopped, and over the years, the subject of research has shifted from the individual to the religious, social, cultural and historical aspects. For example, "A Fantasy Future" explores religion from a psychological perspective, arguing that religion is a fantasy, an obsessive-compulsive neurotic stage that human beings must get rid of. Another example is "Civilization and Its Discontents", which mainly expounds the connection and opposition between civilization and instinct.

Freud said: "Zhou, I have read the series of essays on "Historical Studies" by you and Toynbee, and you analyze and expound human civilization from a philosophical point of view. And I try to study it from a psychological point of view, civilization is a process that serves eros, and the goal of eros is to unite human individuals, families, races, nations, and nations into a large unity, a unity of humanity, which is what human beings are. It stems from the instinct of survival, and the instinct of human life drives the formation of civilization and society. ”

Romain Rolland said: "I agree with this point of view, human desire drives the development of society and civilization, but sometimes desire also brings destruction and regression. ”

"Like war." Albert Einstein said.

Sigmund Freud said, "War also comes from instinct. Human beings have two major instincts, one is the survival instinct and the other is the death instinct. The death instinct gives humanity an offensive and destructive nature, and the progress of civilization is a struggle, a struggle between the god of love and death, and a struggle between the survival instinct and the death instinct. ”

Zhou Hexuan frowned and said: "But I think that the previous colonial wars, the European war 20 years ago, and the current Japanese invasion of China were all plundering by one group against another. This kind of plunder is a competition for space for interests, and it is also driven by the survival instinct, which has little to do with the death instinct. ”

"No, no," Freud shook his head, "there are two kinds of manifestations of the death instinct, internal and external, negativity, self-exile, self-punishment, self-masochism and even suicidal behavior, and externally sabotage and aggression. War can be regarded as the ultimate manifestation of the outward development of the death instinct, and although it also contains the survival instinct, no matter how much rationalist motivation there is, the desire to destroy in it occupies the greatest weight. ”

Zhou Hexuan asked: "Then what if a patriot spontaneously sets foot on the battlefield in order to defend the country, protect culture, protect family and relatives?" Was his actions also driven by the death instinct? ”

"The situation you are talking about is complicated," Freud said, "and the motive of a patriot before he sets foot on the battlefield is the instinct of love, the instinct of survival, which is an act of stifling war." But when he sets foot on the battlefield, all the instincts of love are ignored and become dominated by the instincts of death. When you look at this issue, you should not have a moral concept of good and evil, but look at it from a purely academic point of view. Instinct is instinct, the most primitive desire of human beings, and it should not be divided into good and evil. However, the influence of the love instinct is mainly positive, while the death instinct is mainly negative. ”

Romain Rolland asked: "If we analyze it from a psychological point of view, how can we stop and avoid war?" ”

"Reason and morality," Freud said, "humans and animals have instincts, and man, in addition to his instincts, has an ego and a superego." Self-consciousness is acquired, it brings rationality to people, and makes people know how to avoid danger. And the superego consciousness makes people have ethics and morality, such as the patriot mentioned by Zhou, which is a kind of superego-led action. In order to avoid and terminate war, it is necessary to use reason to understand the horror of war, and to use morality to suppress the desire for destruction brought about by the death instinct. The most preferable way is to use reason and morality to formulate a set of rules for all countries and human beings to abide by, and not dare to easily break such rules and start a war. ”

Zhou Hexuan felt so reasonable, but he was speechless.

Sigmund Freud added: "In fact, it is not only war, but also human civilization. Society is full of human irrationality, everyone is born in an irrational society, and is slowly restrained and transformed, bound by ethics, morality, and customs. People influence society, and society affects people, and this forms a vicious circle, in which only a few strong-willed people can transcend and have a benign impact on society. The innate instinct of human beings to attack leads to the hostility of the individual against the whole, or the whole against the individual. To a greater or lesser extent, everyone will have the idea of destroying the world, and after being constrained by morality and ethics, this idea of destroying the world will turn inward into negative self-destruction. This offensive instinct is a derivative and main representative of the death instinct, which coexists with the instinct of love and enjoys the right to dominate the world. The development of social civilization is the positive influence brought about by the instinct of love and good morality and ethics; The regression and decline of social civilization is the negative impact of death instinct and bad morality. Whether it is a person, a civilization, a society or a nation, it is necessary to maintain a delicate balance between the instinct of love and the instinct of death. ”

"I understand that the way of self-cultivation and statecraft is to learn to use this balance." Zhou Hexuan's mouth suddenly opened, and he felt that he had benefited a lot.

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