The Kazakh Khanate was a state created by the Kazakhs in the period 1456-1847. It was founded by the Jochi Sultans Kereh Khan and Janibek Khan.

In their heyday, they occupied a large territory, and the area where they lived was called the Kipchak Grassland, which was divided into large Yuz, Middle Yuz, and small Yuz. It is also known as a big tent, a medium tent, and a small tent.

Yuzi in Kazakh originally means part or region, and its basis is a tribal union composed of individual clans and tribes, referring to the three parts of the Kazakh nation that developed relatively independently. This is determined by the decentralized nature of the nomadic economy. Big Yuz

The Great Yuz is mainly distributed in the Chu River, Talas River, and Ili River basins south of Lake Balkhash, and Tashkent, Samarkand and other places are also under its control.

Zhongyuz is distributed in the north of the Great Yuz, its number is the largest, the strongest, the footprint covers the vast steppe from the Erqisi River to the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya River, the summer pasture is mainly in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River and the Kara Mountains, and the winter pasture is in the Tobol River, Ishm River, Nula River, Saresu River basin.

Located in the western region of present-day Kazakhstan, the Lesser Yuz grazing land in winter is located in the area of the Ilek and Ural rivers, and in summer it moves to the steppes of the Aktyub region. The nomadic territories of Sanyuz gradually became fixed, and their independence from each other gradually increased.

The Kazakh Khanate fought for 150 years against the Barakha Khanate, fought wars with Shaybani Uzbekistan in the west for more than 100 years, and later fought with the Dzungar Khanate in the east, and 14 of the 21 khans died on the battlefield or on the march.

Kazakhstan does not have a large-scale standing military force. In peacetime, people graze, and when there is a war, they get on the horse and take a knife to participate in the war, which has advantages and disadvantages, and the disadvantage is that the adaptability is too poor, and the enemy army cannot stop it in time if there is a surprise attack, and the advantage is that as long as there is no massacre. You can fight the enemy even if you are occupied, and all of them are soldiers.

The Kazakh Khanate, of course, was aware of the aggressive posture of the Far Eastern Army. By this time, Yasmu Khan of the Kazakh Khanate was terminally ill, but he nevertheless carried out a large-scale mobilization and passed the throne to Sal Hamu. Jangar Khan.

The sultans of the Great Yuz, Middle Yuz and Lesser Yuz of the Kazakh Khanate responded positively. A large number of young cavalry of the tribe were sent to assemble in the steppes in the area around Lake Balkhash.

At the same time, a large army was gathered in Russia in the area west of the Ural Mountains. This was the Siberian Expeditionary Force formed by the Russian Tsar.

It consisted of ten regiments of the regular army, each regiment had eight companies, each with 120 musketeers and 80 spearmen, and the number of regimental officers totaled 176. Including a colonel, a lieutenant colonel, a major, some captains, and a few other junior lieutenants. Other members of the regiment included a quartermaster, a medic, a clerk, as well as sergeants, corporals, drummers, and interpreters.

The Legionnaires were paid 5 roubles a year, and they were given three meals a day with a food allowance, and the Legion consisted of nobles who had lost their territories. Low-ranking boyars, serfs, Cossacks, and bankrupt freemen. Many of the officers and non-commissioned officers of the regiment are veterans of the Smolensk war and have extensive combat experience.

Russia hired many foreign officers with extensive experience in the Thirty Years' War as instructors to supervise the training, and each company was to be led by its captain in the front when marching, while the other junior lieutenants were responsible for the delay, and the sergeant major was responsible for leading the spearmen in the regiment. The sergeants were flanked by the spearmen.

The corporals were on the right side of the corps, and the drummers were placed in positions between the third and fourth rows of musketeers. With the increase in immigration from Western Europe. Moscow also began to issue decrees to restrain it.

Tsar Mikhail. Fedorovich followed the example of Gustav II's Sweden and spent a lot of money to form four new cavalry regiments of Reitel and four dragoon regiments. The source of personnel was mainly freemen, low-ranking boyars, and other poorer nobles.

Each Reitel cavalry regiment had 12 companies of 167 men each. The newly built dragoon regiment also had 12 companies per regiment, each with only 120 men. In addition, there was an artillery battery with 12 light guns.

The regular army of the entire Siberian Expeditionary Force has nearly 30,000 officers and men and has been training for several months. Weapons, ammunition, food, and other supplies were also prepared.

This army has advanced firearms. The well-trained, grass-roots backbone officers and non-commissioned officers are all composed of veterans with actual combat experience, and the Cossacks account for the majority of the recruits, and their combat effectiveness should not be underestimated.

In order to form this advanced army. Russia can be said to have spent a lot of money. Without the support of a large number of nobles and merchants, the Russian conquest would have been bankrupt.

In addition, a large number of Russian nobles and merchants also paid for the employment of a large number of Cossacks, and also formed a number of cavalry regiments according to the establishment of the Russian regular army, with the number of more than 30,000 people.

Because last year the Tatars crossed the Ural Mountains, burned and looted in Russia, and burned almost all the houses. A large number of homeless civilians did not survive this winter, and there were civilians everywhere who died of cold and starvation, and many of them were old and weak, women and children.

Many civilians who were lucky enough to survive the winter also spontaneously organized themselves and, with the financial support of local landlords who suffered heavy losses, formed a volunteer legion, numbering more than 20,000.

In the volunteer corps, there are elderly people up to fifty or sixty years old, half-aged children of twelve or thirteen years old abound, and there are even many young women.

Although their weapons are only wooden forks and clubs, and their organization and discipline are extremely poor, they are full of hatred. Their homes were destroyed, their houses burned, their food and property looted, their women raped, and their relatives froze to death one by one during the winter.

So they vowed to fight the Tatars to the end, and to pay tribute to their dead relatives with the blood of the Tatars. Vowed to kill all the Tatars and cut off their heads.

The Russian tsar was also deeply pleased with these volunteers, allocated materials and rubles, redressed these volunteers, and transferred a large number of key officers and senior non-commissioned officers to serve in this regiment and be responsible for commanding the volunteer corps.

Nobles and merchants from all over the country also contributed to the support of the Volunteer Legion. Although these civilians are very poor in combat, they are the best cannon fodder on the battlefield, and they can also help the expeditionary force to do some work, even if they are porters.

After the formation of the Siberian Expeditionary Force, all of them came to the western foot of the Ural Mountains, where they had to train hard every day, even throughout the winter. (To be continued.) )