Chapter 142: The Louvre

The story of the Ice Queen and the Snow Duchess of Versailles quickly spread throughout Europe, because it was a high-profile occasion, a high-profile figure, could it be that under the guidance of the Devil's Ambassador, the Magister, the two Europeans tied for the first place, learned magic? Isn't wireless telegraphy not technology but magic? There are few technologies in the technological world that have not been copied after so long as wireless telegraphy. This has heightened public skepticism. Antibacterial drugs are also very much like healing magic, and no one has been able to copy them so far. But after the Ice Queen cast the spell, the laughter made people even more suspicious.

As early as the 1720s, Fahrenheit, the inventor of Fahrenheit, discovered this magical physical phenomenon, but few scientists still have access to this phenomenon, and scientists who understand the mystery are reluctant to come out and expose the trick of the "Magister", because they know that the Magister will explain this after pretending to be a god and making a ghost. The cooperation of these scientists has further puzzled the public. The French, who even believed in the apparitions of the Virgin Mary, must have believed in this witchcraft in plain sight.

Fahrenheit named the phenomenon "super cold." When fairly pure water reaches the freezing point, if it is quiet, it will continue to remain liquid, and it can be kept for a long time, then they are called "supercooled water", because freezing requires "condensation nuclei", that is, impurities in the water, or a certain amount of oscillation, once there is a crystallization formation, the supercooled water will soon undergo a chain crystallization reaction, so when the ice queens cast spells, if you look closely, you will find that the flowing spring water is actually deliberately made quite slow, and it will be below the freezing point, So as not to goof. When the Ice Queens cast a spell in their palms, a small piece of ice was quietly thrown into the super-cold water, and the large super-cold spring began to freeze in such a magical effect that Eugenie could not afford to miss the opportunity to make a big splash and became the free spokesperson of the ice cream parlor.

Now that the "Snow Queen" brand has been launched, in addition to the Versailles special flagship store for the French emperor and empress, the "second store" on the Champs-Élysées in Paris has begun to look for a location, and at the same time, there will be one in London's Oxford Street, Brussels' Grand Place, Zurich's Bahnhof, Munich's Kauffelstrasse, Singapore's Orchard Road, Shanghai's Bund, Tokyo Bridge, Stockholm's Queen Street, and of course, the pedestrian street in Copenhagen, the hometown of cultural director Hans Christian Andersen.

Is there any mistake? There is no New York? The American people expressed their surprise that there were three major Asian cities, all of which were far less prosperous than the ancient European cities, and that they were all on the first list of the Snow Queens. In fact, New York, Berlin and other metropolises will definitely open stores, but the cities in the first batch of lists have been to Downing, except for Copenhagen, which is the lair of cultural directors, which is a special case. The prominence of Asian cities also implies that in the future, our Lord Duke will focus on the development of Asia, and not let the Europeans be too proud.

This interesting list of lists will keep the public opinion hot for many days. Are Tokyo, Singapore, and Shanghai comparable to European metropolises? It's hard to say, especially Singapore, the economic development is strong, far beyond people's imagination, and now the petrochemical and energy center is the only one in the world.

Downing does not intend to use words to show that he wants to become the commander of the Anglo-French coalition, he is just developing friendly relations with France, he has already expressed his position with the British Prime Minister, and if he has good relations with France, he will naturally get support, so he also has to engage in a symbolic gesture, this project is "A Tale of Two Cities", the construction of a magnetic suspension high-speed underground rail transit across the English Channel.

Downing first demonstrated in front of Napoleon III a model of a suspended system consisting of a one-sided permanent strong magnet from Heilbeck, and showed a fantastic "flight in the air" effect by using the constant change of the magnetic field of the guò car body to create a forward thrust. Later, when the "A Tale of Two Cities" project was promoted, the French people were very excited that Paris might finally have something unique in the world, even though it was shared with London.

Why is such an extremely difficult project as the undersea tunnel possible? Because Downing is developing a kind of construction machinery called shield excavator, it has its own shield-shaped shell, which can act as a role in protecting the tunnel during the excavation process, from excavation to conveyor belt soil transportation is fully automated, is a super-large mole, plus Downing designed the tunnel for the passage of vehicles is very similar to the size of a smart, with a very short travel time to make up for the inconvenience caused by the small space when traveling, so the cost of the project is too exaggerated.

In the early stages of the tunnel, it is likely that only one smart or mini sized vehicle can pass, but the speed is amazing, and the small model in the real field has reached a peak speed of 400 kilometers per hour, and the future Twin Cities Suspended Trunk Line will at least reach this level.

Seriously, Downing planned this project in order to have a good relationship with France, and all other reasons were deliberately found, what to promote the relationship between Britain and the European continent, to make European logistics more convenient, this project is fun, speaking of which is a project that may lose money, because the Europeans' requirements for speed may not be so strong, and the existing ferry method is estimated to be enough.

Some French people fear that this may pose a threat to France's security, after all, the British Empire is still the world's most powerful country. But the overjoyed Napoleon III and Eugenie couldn't help but create the feat of commercial suspended railroad, and they were already fascinated by the endless magic of the Duke Magister. What is the mission of the monarch? Isn't it just to make some illusory false name to pass on for centuries?

When Napoleon the Great conquered almost the entire European continent, he brought a large number of works of art from European countries to Paris, specifically, to the Louvre, in 1815 the Emperor lost a qiē, France returned 5,000 rare treasures back to various countries, even so, the Louvre is still the art mecca of Paris, because of the French respect for art and culture, the Louvre has become the soul of Paris. As the initiator of the school of science and art, Tang Ning thought it necessary for him to clarify the misunderstanding that he was art blind.

So, in the midst of a huge controversy, the emperor reluctantly agreed to give a speech at the Louvre entitled "Art and Science".

The big tyrant came to the Louvre to "teach" the artistic experience?! Many dismissive artists didn't come to listen, but after all, artists without arrogant capital are the public, it is said that the big tyrant in London casually set up a scientific school to support dozens of painters, and the money he earns from his old man is enough to make the unfamous artists itch a little bit through his fingers.

At the request of the vassal and elegant local tyrants, the place where Downing gave his speech was in the Denon Courtyard, and behind him was a "background painting", which was the real work of Leonardo da Vinci - "Mona Lisa". There is only one place in the world where the real Mona Lisa is located, and that is the Louvre, where the speaker is at the moment, so no one suspects that it is an impostor.

Dozens of artists kept looking behind Downing, damn, the Mona Lisa was used as the background painting, cow.

Downing's first sentence is also related to the Mona Lisa: "Good afternoon, everyone. I know you're interested in the work behind me, so why would I ask to stand in front of Leonardo da Vinci's work and speak to everyone? Because this work is the finishing touch. Mr. Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist, engineer and painter hundreds of years ago, and it has a lot to do with the theme of my talk today -- art and science.

For thousands of years, artists and philosophers have been searching for clues about beauty, and Leonardo da Vinci is one of them. He discovered the golden ratio. Since Leonardo da Vinci expounded the golden ratio, countless aesthetes have given their own interpretations of the golden ratio, and today, I want to tell you my explanation.

Beauty is a very complex issue, but any complex issue may be a metaphor for its essence through various appearances. When we talk about a person who is beautiful, we often compare her to a flower, so I take the beautiful flower as a starting point. Flowers have one distinctive feature: the number of petals. As a scientist, you may have noticed such a statistical phenomenon early on, and the five-petal flower is the most common. For example: beautiful plum blossoms, cherry blossoms, peach blossoms.

Obviously, the number of five petals does not reach an absolute dominance, and other common ones include three petals, such as irises and lilies. Eight-petaled, e.g. delphinium. Thirteen-petaled, such as: melon leaf chrysanthemum. Sunflowers have 21 petals and 34 petals; Daisies have 34, 55 or 89 petals.

If you are familiar with my theory of the evolution of life, you will know that I often say that the process of life evolution has gone through hundreds of millions of years. In these long years, all the lives that have survived to this day have been winners of survival, and any tiny feature may hide a great mystery. Let me review the numbers just mentioned, from small to large, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89.

If there are people who are sensitive to numbers, they may have noticed that each number and the next number add up to the third number. This is a strange and interesting sequence of numbers, and those who study mathematics may have thought that Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician who lived from 1170 to 1240, may have been the first to discover this sequence, and the mathematical community calls this sequence Fibonacci sequence. He found out while studying rabbit breeding.

A typical rabbit breeding scenario looks like this: Suppose you have a male and a female newborn rabbits, they start mating when they reach a month of age, and at the end of the second month, the female rabbit gives birth to another pair of rabbits, and after a month they also start to reproduce, and so on. Each female rabbit gives birth to a pair of rabbits every month when she starts breeding, assuming no rabbits die, how many pairs of rabbits will there be in total after a year?

At the end of January, the first pair of rabbits mates, but there is only one pair of rabbits; At the end of February, the female rabbit gives birth to a pair of rabbits, for a total of 2 pairs of rabbits; At the end of March, the oldest female gives birth to a second pair, for a total of 3 pairs; At the end of April, the oldest female gives birth to a third pair of rabbits, and the female born two months ago gives birth to a pair of rabbits, for a total of 5 pairs; …… In this way, the logarithms of rabbits are: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,...... See the pattern? Starting with the third number, each number is the sum of the first two numbers.

Ho ho, isn't it a coincidence? Of course, in the eyes of scientists, there are not so many coincidences. Some people are confused, so let's see with our own eyes the beauty of nature, and I brought a box of beautiful and amazing nautilus, everyone can take a look. ”

You can imagine the spiral, right? The nautilus's shell is the perfect growing spiral, and almost everyone can agree with this "beauty".

Tuhao artist: "This extremely perfect spiral is called an equiangular spiral, and if l is an arbitrary straight line through the origin, then the angle at which l intersects with the conformal spiral will always be equal. (It's not just straight lines that have intersection angles, straight lines and curves can have intersection angles.) How do you draw this spiral? Look at this, I have side lengths here that are 1, 3, 5, 8, 13...... That is, the squares with the sides of the Fibonacci sequence, I put them one by one in a spiral fashion, and the miracle was born, and the inscribed circles of these squares were connected to form diagonal spirals.

Why does a nautilus look like this? Is it for good looks? Hehe, maybe, the proposition that I want to throw out today to arouse everyone's thinking is - beauty, that is, survival, survival is beauty. The hard shell is a survival strategy for living things, and growth spirals such as isometric spirals are one of the extremes. The bark is also very hard, but not hard enough, so we see that the bark cracks when it grows to a certain extent, and then regrows a skin suitable for a new trunk, and the shell of a turtle also has cracks, and the shell of insects and snakes will molt when it grows to a certain extent.

The shells of the nautilus do not need to fall, they have a unique ability to grow in an isoangular spiral, because the shell curve is exactly the same as the intersection angle of the straight line through the origin, the nautilus's cells only need one parameter to grow correctly and continuously, and use the hardest shell that never sheds, which is beneficial to protect their delicate body. This method is also the most material-saving, cost-effective, and labor-saving.

Speaking of the least effort, I have a better picture for you to enjoy - please see the photos I brought of the windmill galaxy, which was discovered by the astronomer Pierre Mechamp of the great country, who discovered many spiral galaxies, among which the windmill galaxy is the most beautiful and the most punctual. What does it prove that galaxies are clusters of celestial bodies held together by gravity, and that hundreds of millions of stars are also held together in diagonal spirals? This is the most 'effortless' way for the center of gravity to pull a massive celestial body, justifying such a curve on an astronomical scale. When the nautilus shells are combined in this way, they reach the extreme of hardness and density.

Eagles also know the mystery of the equiangular spiral, and their aerial hovering attitude when approaching their prey is the equiangular spiral, which is the most effective.

Plants know the mystery of equiangular spirals, not only flowers, but also leaves, branches, fruits, seeds and other morphological characteristics, which can be found in Fibonacci numbers. Leaf inflorescence refers to the arrangement of leaves on the stem, and the most common is alternate leaf inflorescence, that is, only 1 leaf is born on each node, and it is born in exchange. Take any leaf as the www.biquge.info of the Biqu Pavilion, and connect the birth point of each leaf with a line upward, you can find that this is a spiral line, spiraling upward, until the birth point of another leaf above coincides with the birth point of the www.biquge.info leaf of the Biqu Pavilion, as the end point.

The number of circumferences of the spiral between the www.biquge.info leaves and the end leaves around the stem is called the leaf inflorescence cycle. Different plants may have different leaf weeks and the number of leaves may be different between them. For example, elm has a leaf inflorescence circumference of 1 (i.e., 1 circumference around the stem) and 2 leaves; mulberry, with 1 leaf circumference and 3 leaves; peach, with 2 leaf perimeters and 5 leaves; pear, with 3 leaf circumferences and 8 leaves; apricot, with 5 leaf perimeters and 13 leaves; Pine, with 8 leaf circumferences and 21 leaves...... It is expressed by the formula (the number of weeks around the stem is the numerator, and the number of leaves is the denominator), which is 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, 8/21,...... These are the most common leaf sequence formulas, and it is estimated that about 90% of plants belong to this type of leaf order, and they are all made up of Fibonacci numbers.

If you look at the sunflower's flower plate, you will see that its seeds are arranged in two sets of helixes embedded together, one clockwise and one counterclockwise. Counting the number of these spirals, although different varieties of sunflowers will vary, the numbers of these two sets of helixes are generally 34 and 55, 55 and 89 or 89 and 144, where the first number is clockwise and the latter is counterclockwise, and each group of numbers is two adjacent numbers in the Fibonacci sequence. Looking at the arrangement of the scales on the pineapple and pine cone, although not as complex as the sunflower flower plate, there are also two sets of spirals similar to zài, the number of which is usually 8 and 13. Sometimes this spiral is not so obvious and requires close observation to notice, such as cauliflower. If you take a cauliflower and study it carefully, you will find that the arrangement of small flowers on the cauliflower also forms two sets of spirals, and then count the number of spirals, is it also two adjacent Fibonacci numbers, such as 5 in clockwise and 8 in counterclockwise? If you break off a small flower and look closely, you can see that it is actually made up of smaller flowers, and it is also arranged in two spirals, and its number is also two adjacent Fibonacci numbers.

If you look at the rectangle formed by these equiangular spirals, the ratio of the long side to the short side is 1. 6180339887…… This is the golden ratio, an irrational number, the decimal is infinitely not cyclical, it cannot be expressed as a fraction, and it is the most irrational number. Similarly, irrational numbers, the π of pi can be accurately approximated by 22/7, the natural constant e by 19/7, and the root number 2 by 7/5, while the golden ratio cannot be accurately approximated by fractions with a single digit denominator.

The branches, leaves, and petals of plants have the same origin, and they all emerge from the meristem at the tip of the stem. The new sprout grows in a different direction than the previous bud and rotates at a fixed angle. If you want to make the most of the growing space, the new shoots should grow as far away from the old ones as possible. So what's this optimal angle? No matter how much it is, as long as it can be accurately approximated by the fraction, the sprout will soon reappear in a certain place, blocking the sunlight of its brothers and sisters downstairs. Only the 'most unreasonable', that is, the most inseparable golden ratio, is the most reasonable angle. The optimal rotation angle for the sprout is approximately 360°x0. 618≈222。 5 ° or 137. 5°。

The most common leaf inflorescences are 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13 and 8/21, which represent the angle formed by the two adjacent leaves (called the opening), and if we want to convert them to n (which indicates the maximum number of cycles that each leaf can wrap around), we simply subtract the opening from 1, which is 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21. They are the ratios of two adjacent Fibonacci numbers, which are different degrees of approximation to the 1/golden ratio. （http：//）。 In this case, the buds of the plant can have the most growth directions and occupy as much space as possible. For the leaves, it means getting as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis, or taking on as much rain as possible to irrigate the roots; For flowers, it means showing themselves as much as possible to attract insects to pollinate; In the case of seeds, it means arranging them as densely as possible. This qiē is very beneficial to the growth and reproduction of plants.

So, in the end, why do people think the golden ratio is beautiful? Because it represents the closest contact between each generation of babies and their parents during reproduction, let's take a look at these Fibonacci series of squares that are close to each other. It represents the law of the formation of cosmic celestial bodies, it represents a dense and hard defensive weapon, that is, the strongest shield of the nautilus, it also represents the most efficient flight trajectory of a powerful air hunter, it represents sunlight, rain and dew, nectar, and seeds of hope.

All in all, hundreds of millions of years ago, the animals and plants that shared an ancestor with us, that is, our distant relatives, and our compatriots in nature all like the golden number, and our own body inevitably has quite a lot of golden ratio parts, which is the supreme principle of all things in heaven and earth, can we not feel that it is beautiful? ”

The artists who understood the "truth of all things" were intoxicated, and the applause in the courtyard of Denon was thunderous, and the aesthetic views of the scientific school were really extraordinary, and no artist had ever analyzed beauty from such an angle before.