Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia, reigned from 1894 to 1917. He suppressed internally and expanded externally. But nothing came of it. After the capture of Arthur in 1905, the Bloody Week in the capital sparked the 1905 Revolution. Temporarily overcame by the Stolypin reforms, but fell into more complex Balkan problems. The news of the loss of troops on the front line of the First World War completely destroyed the image of the Tsar's "little father", which remained in the minds of the Russian people for hundreds of years. Russia was followed by the February Revolution, which overthrew the emperor's rule, and the October Revolution, which ended his life.

Nicholas II? Aleksandrovich was born on May 18, 1868 in Tsarskoye Village (Tsar's summer residence) near Petersburg, the eldest son of Tsarsa Alexander III and Empress Maria (Danish princess Dagmar). During the reign of Alexander III, capitalism in Russia developed rapidly and class contradictions intensified. In addition to the struggle of the peasants against the landlords, an incipient workers' movement emerged. Alexander III came to power with fear after his father, Alexander II, was assassinated by the Narodniks. In order to escape murder, he gave up his elegant and luxurious life in Petersburg and moved to the Gatchyna Palace, where he lived in fear in the midst of heavy security. As a result, he was ridiculed as a "prisoner of Gatchy".

Even so, Alexander III did not relax the ** power in his hands in the slightest. On the contrary, he vigorously strengthened the ** power in his hands from the beginning. Alexander III abolished many of the reforms that had begun after 1861 with progressive tendencies. He forbade the children of coachmen, servants, washerwomen, and small shopkeepers to attend secondary schools, stifling national education; depriving the Senate of the right to elect the president and professors, and abolishing the autonomy of the university; The slightest resistance of the people was tortured and a policy of repression was imposed on the revolutionary movement. The reactionary rule of Alexander III left a deep imprint on the young Nikolai.

The young Nikolai, because of his weak health and indecision, did not win the favor of Alexander III. Alexander III never seriously considered letting him succeed to the throne. However, Nikolai was highly educated after all. He is fluent in German, English and French and also has some military training. Alexander III's adviser, head of the General Administration of Orthodox Affairs, was Nikolai's personal teacher and had a great influence on Nikolai's thinking. From 1890 to 1891, Alexander III sent Nicholas on a trip abroad. Nikolai passed through Greece, Egypt, India, Rìben, and China before returning from Siberia. He was the first Russian emperor to visit Asia. On October 20, 1894, Alexander III died. Nicholas II succeeded to the throne. Pobedonoszev feared that the young and inexperienced Nicholas II would be surrounded by "evil forces" that undermined the ** system. He continued to support Nicholas II until 1905.

On November 14, 1894, Nicholas II was married. The wedding took place in the Hermitage. Due to the mourning, no solemn ceremonies were held. The Empress was the daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt of Germany, named Alix, who changed her name to Alexandra after marriage? Feodorovna. She's a power-trick, hysterical woman. She was stubborn and resigned, and to a certain extent, played a pivotal role in Nicholas II. Nicholas II once called the empress "someone whom I absolutely trust." ”

During the reign of Nicholas II, Russia was moving from capitalism to imperialism, and class contradictions were acute. Tsarism has become even more corrupt. Nicholas II inherited the mantle of reaction from Alexander III, and in the early years of his reign, he created a bloody catastrophe. Later, due to Crown Prince Alexei's hemophilia, the tsar spent most of his time in seclusion in the Tsarsko village in St. Petersburg and in the Livagya Palace on the Black Sea, where he stayed with his family.

The accession to the throne of Nicholas II was a time of turbulent change. From the end of the 19th century, the Russian industrial system, centered on heavy industry, was perfected, and an insurmountable contradiction arose between the capitalist economy and the decadent and backward Russian state system. However, the gap between the rich and the poor in Russia has widened, a large number of peasants have gone bankrupt, and social contradictions have intensified. In the face of these circumstances, he continued to suppress internally and expand externally from the perspective of maintaining his rule.

After Nicholas II's accession to the throne, the Zì Yóu faction of the Local Autonomy Bureau and the county and state administrations of Tsar Zhèng Fǔ wanted the new ruler to give an opportunity to ease the tensions between the Tsarist system and the people during the reign of Alexander III. However, Nicholas II completely ignored this moderate plea of the Zì Yóu faction. Nicholas II was determined to continue the reactionary policy of Alexander III and preserve the rotten tsarist system.

Nicholas II continued to retain most of the ministers and officials of Alexander III's reign. In addition to Pobedonoszev, there is also Vyacheslav? Previ, Sergey? Witte and others, as tamed minions necessary for him to continue his reactionary policies.

On January 9, 1905, the first bourgeois revolution broke out in Russia. The 200,000 workers of St. Petersburg gathered in front of the Hermitage with their children and the elderly to present to the Tsar a petition describing their suffering and improving their living conditions. Nicholas II went so far as to regard the unarmed workers as enemies and ordered the army to shoot at the workers, killing more than 1,000 and wounding more than 2,000 on the spot. This is the famous "Bloody Week". This bloody atrocity provoked great indignation among the people and led to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905. This revolution shattered the dreams of the gentlemen of the capitalist world like a bolt from the blue, and announced the coming of the revolutionary storm in the imperialist period.

In October 1905, in the midst of the All-Russian General Political Strike, Nicholas II, intimidated by the rapid development of the revolution, was forced to give in and sign the October 17 rì declaration, promising to "grant" citizens personal inviolability, faith, speech, assembly, association; The convening of the State Duma (Council of Deputies, similar to the Parliament) of legislation, without the consent of the State Duma, any law is null and void. However, before the ink of the signing of the manifesto was dry, Nicholas II sent crusades, shot revolutionaries everywhere, and encouraged gangsters ** Jews. In December 1905, Nicholas II transferred a large number of troops from Petersburg to Moscow, brutally suppressing the armed uprising in Moscow. After the failure of the armed uprising in December, since the revolution had not yet disappeared, Nicholas II was forced to convene the State Duma. When he felt that the Duma was not tame, he dissolved the first Duma. On June 3, 1907, he dissolved the Second Duma and promulgated an electoral law that further deprived the masses of workers and peasants of their political rights and guaranteed a stable majority in the Duma by landlords, capitalists and gangsters (reactionary royalist organizations) and their lackeys. In this way, Nicholas II completely reneged on all the high-sounding promises proclaimed in the October 17rì declaration not to promulgate laws without the consent of the Duma. From then on, Nicholas II more brazenly relied on reactionary forces to maintain his rule. Stolypin, a representative of the landlord aristocracy and the number one executioner who suppressed the peasant rebellion, was appointed prime minister. All of Russia, gallows are lined up. The broad masses of the people are full of anger and grievances under the oppression of tyranny and tyranny. The people angrily called Nicholas II the tyrant Nicholas.

Nicholas II actively pursued the imperialist policy of military feudalism and frantically invaded and expanded abroad. While still on a trip to the Far East, the territory and wealth of China and Korea were already coveted by Crown Prince Nicholas. In the nineties, Russia began to build the Trans-Siberian Railway. Nikolai laid the foundation stone for the railway and became the nominal overseer of its construction. This shows his eagerness to strengthen his control over Northeast China and Korea through railways, and to compete for hegemony in the Far East. After ascending to the throne, he was even more ambitious. He is already "the emperor of all Russia and the first monarch, and the king of Poland, the Grand Duke of Finland, etc.", but he still dreams of adding titles such as "Emperor of China" and "Emperor Rìmoto" to himself.

In 1895, he and Kaiser Wilhelm II intervened in the return of the Liaodong Peninsula (the Three Kingdoms intervened to return Liao). When Nicholas II was crowned in 1896, Russia signaled that the Qing Dynasty would send Li Hongzhang to celebrate. Nicholas II had a secret conversation with Li Hongzhang. Then, Tsar Zèng Fǔ bribed Li Hongzhang to betray China's sovereignty with a huge sum of 3 million rubles. On June 3, the "Sino-Russian Secret Treaty" was signed in Moscow. According to this secret treaty, Russia attempted to bring the Qing under its control under the pretext of helping China to resist the rìben; Russian ** ships have obtained the right to sail into any port in China; Russia obtained the right to build railways (the Middle East Railway) in Heilongjiang and Jilin. Later, Russia built the South Manchurian Railway in China and forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian. In this way, the whole of Northeast China became Russia's sphere of influence.

In 1900, Russia joined the Eight-Nation Alliance, strangled the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle of the Boxers in China, and took the opportunity to occupy Northeast China. Nicholas II instructed the Russian invading army: "We must not give up halfway, and our army should pass through Manchuria from north to south." As the aggression progressed, Nicholas II's appetite swelled. Nicholas II also sang and made peace with the German emperor, and with ulterior motives preached the "Yellow Peril Theory". In order to realize Nicholas II's plunder plan, in 1904-1905, Russia fought the Russo-Russian War in northeast China. Russia suffered a crushing defeat in this war, and the Pacific Fleet was completely annihilated. But it is still not willing to rest and continues to prepare for a larger-scale military adventure.

In 1914, Russia entered the First World War. It attempted to seize the Black Sea Straits from the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople and Turkish Armenia, and Galicia from Austria-Hungary. Like all imperialists who often use the lie of peace to cover up their aggression and preparations for war, Nicholas II presented himself not only as a defender of peace, but also as an advocate of world peace before the First World War. He presided over the Hague International Peace Conference twice (1899 and 1907). However, while Nicholas II sang about peace and disarmament, he preached "the search for ways to prevent a catastrophe that threatens the whole world"; While stepping up the formulation of plans for the war of aggression and the expansion of armaments, he finally became one of the main culprits in launching the First World War. Nicholas II signed a mobilization order for the war and in 1915 dismissed the rather talented imperial uncle Nicholas? In the post of Grand Duke Nikolayevich, he personally served as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army and pushed Russia into the criminal imperialist war. Due to the unfavorable war situation and food difficulties, the people were dissatisfied. In 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered Lenin to be escorted home from Switzerland through German territory to make a revolution to withdraw Russia from the war. In March 1917, the citizens of the capital, St. Petersburg, staged an anti-hunger march, triggering the February Revolution.

Nicholas II was both a tyrannical monarch and a mediocre monarch. He believed that his kingship was "heaven-given" and that he was personally accountable to God. He did not like to have close contact with his subjects, and was more jealous of the prolific, capable, and assertive ministers, for he knew that their wisdom was superior to his own, and he was always afraid that one day the ministers would take away his power. Therefore, Nicholas II gradually abandoned the ministers who had served him in the first place. Some perfunctory but flattering people have gained his trust. Such people who report certain false situations to him are often more likely to be praised by him than by official reports. As a result, all kinds of swindlers and adventurers, taking advantage of Nicholas II's mediocrity and ignorance, all mixed up with the Tsarist court.

The reactionary rule of Nicholas II provoked the Russian people to constantly rise up in revolutionary struggle. Beginning in 1915, the Russian revolutionary movement was re-developed as a result of the war. Within the ruling class, the struggle between deceit and dog-eat-dog has intensified. Inside and outside the court, there are many scandals. Alexandra was even suspected of being a German intermediary. There were also people in the court who were planning to depose Nicholas II and set up another tsar. Nicholas II and his courtiers jumped over the wall in a hurry, so they planned to make peace with Germany alone, so as to free up their hands to extinguish the revolution and stabilize the domestic situation.

In this time and space, the Tsar's situation did not change because of Feng Yong's butterfly effect, but because of the confrontation between the Northeast and Rìben, the Tsar believed that the Far East was temporarily safe and put his jīng forces on the European battlefield. Otherwise, with the greedy and brutal xìng of the tsar, I am afraid that he would have recruited a large army and attacked the Far East long ago.

The last thing Governor Jefftrovsky, who had been operating in the Northeast for many years, lacked was money. When the Far Eastern Army was attacked by the Northeast Security Army and suffered heavy losses, Governor Jeff immediately asked the family to bribe the ** ministers around the Tsar. Minimize the eyes and ears of the tsar in the Far East.

When these ** ministers were in power, the great nobles of the Romanov dynasty were divided into two factions, one was to resist these ** ministers, and they became extremely low-key after repeatedly admonishing the tsar to no avail. The other faction is to speculate with these ** ministers, take advantage of privileges, and make a windfall. And Governor Jeff's family originally belonged to the faction of resisting the Ministers. But that was under the premise that Governor Jeff was firmly on the throne of Governor of the Far East, and now Governor Jeff has made such a big mistake. If the tsar knew about it, he would definitely be dismissed. Even the title was cut off is unknown. Therefore, for the sake of the family, they have to move closer to these powerful ministers.

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