The greatest feature of the central bureaucracy of the Qin Dynasty was the supremacy of imperial power. The strong monarchy and the erosion of the privileges of the old princes were also an important reason why the Qin state was the most important reason for the unification of China by replacing the other culturally superior states. After Zhao Zheng[1][2], the king of Qin[1][2], became the first emperor, he established a central government composed of prime ministers, imperial historians, taiwei, and jiuqing, and assisted the emperor in managing the country's military and political affairs.

prime minister

The prime minister is the highest administrative officer, who inherits the emperor's edict and commands hundreds of officials at the bottom, and is in charge of government affairs. ("Hanshu Hundred Officials and Ministers": "Xiangguo, Prime Minister, all Qin officials, gold seal purple ribbon, palm of the Son of Heaven's assistant Wan Ji.") The establishment of the prime minister of the Qin State began in the second year of King Wu of Qin, and the left and right prime ministers were set up in the year, and in the thirty-second year of King Zhao of Qin, he changed to Xiangbang (Han Dynasty as "Xiangguo"). When Zhao Zheng, the king of Qin[3][4], was not in power, he took Lü Buwei as the prime minister, and placed the prime minister Changping Jun, during which the left and right phases were juxtaposed, or the single phase was set up, or the state was called the prime minister. After Qin Shi Huang unified the country, Li Si was the left prime minister, and Feng Quji was the right prime minister. Qin II punished Li Si and Feng Quji, and Zhao Gao was the prime minister. In the Qin system, those who served as prime ministers were all given the title of marquis.

Imperial Doctor

Qin created the imperial history doctor, supervised hundreds of officials, and was the deputy prime minister. ("Hanshu Hundred Officials and Ministers": "Imperial Doctor, Qin Official, Position Shangqing, Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon, Palm Deputy Prime Minister.") "General Dictionary and Career Official Dictionary II": "Qin has no space, and he puts the imperial historian as the second minister." Unlike the imperial histories that were generally set up by the countries during the Warring States period to be responsible for the management of records and archives, the imperial histories of the Qin state were in charge of picketing hundreds of officials, which was the beginning of the system of special supervision officials in ancient China. There are two subordinate officials of the imperial historian, one is the imperial historian, who is the deputy of the doctor; One is the imperial history. Among them, because he commanded the imperial history and the imperial history of the county supervisors, he could order the imperial history to correct hundreds of officials according to the rules, and his power was particularly heavy.

Jiuqing

Jiuqing relied on the Prime Minister's decree and was in charge of state affairs. Jiuqing's subordinates include those who are in charge of royal affairs, such as Fengchang, and those who are in charge of state affairs, such as Tingwei. Fengchang Fengchang, Zhangzong Temple Sacrifice Etiquette ("Tongdian Zhiguan VII": "Fengchang, Zhou is the spring official Zongbo, Zhangbang ceremony, Qin changed to Fengchang." ), silver seal green ribbon, two thousand stones in the rank (Jiuqing are the same). The subordinate officials had Tairaku, who was in charge of court music; Taizhu, who is responsible for the sacrificial affairs of the Taimiao; Dazai, who was in charge of the emperor's diet and sacrificial food offerings (unlike the Dazai of the Zhou Dynasty); the Imperial Physician who administers the witch doctors; Taishi, who is responsible for observing the celestial time and stars, and is also a royal historian; Responsible for divination at the request of the emperor. Lang Zhong Ling, Lang Zhong Ling, the discussion in the hall, the praise, the performance, and the palace guards ("Qin Hui Yao": and the Lord Zhu Lang's guards in the palace, so it is called Lang Zhong Ling). Lang Zhongling's subordinate officials have a doctor who is responsible for discussion; Responsible for the reception and send-off of guests and the reception of ministers; the princes who serve the court and wait to be ordained; as well as the Praetorian Guards such as Period Gate and Yulin. Doctor, for the special counselor, no fixed member, there are various official titles such as counselor, Taizhong doctor, middle doctor, doctor and other official titles ("Qi Zhiyi": Qin Zhi Counselor, palm discussion, no permanent members, up to dozens of people, belonging to Lang Zhongling) Lang Lang, for the officials to be elected, there are commenting on state affairs, there are accompanying the emperor's car to drive the Lang, waiting, etc., there is no fixed number, in addition to the award of as many as 1,000 people. The case "Hanshu Hundred Officials and Ministers", Yilang, Zhonglang rank ratio 600 stone, Shilang rank ratio 400 stone, Lang Zhong rank ratio 300 stone. Zhonglang is divided into Wuguan Zhonglang General, Left Zhonglang General, and Right Zhonglang General, and Langzhong is divided into Chelang Lieutenant General, Hu Lang Lieutenant General, and Riding Lang Lieutenant General. Lang is generally taken from the children of bureaucrats such as ministers, on the one hand, as the emperor's servant, on the other hand, to learn government affairs, is an important way to become an official during the Qin and Han dynasties. Those who confess are in charge of the etiquette of the court meeting and accept the chapters of the subjects. Seventy people were placed, and the rank was six hundred stones. Confidants of the Qin Dynasty also often went out as special envoys of the imperial court to deal with temporary official affairs. Servant shooter, originally a chariot shooter. In the Qin Dynasty, the official offices such as Shizhong, Shangshu, Confessor, and Doctor were all placed, and they were the deputy prefects of the department, and the prefects were orders. "Taiping Yulan" volume 201: "In the world of the Qin and Han dynasties, the secretary of the government, the post of the secretary, the palm of the seal, the order praises the documents, the servant shoots the master to open and close, and the order is not there, the servant shoots the next thing." Captain Guard, in charge of the palace gates. Subordinate to the official bus Sima Ling, all the officials and the people, the contributions of the Quartet, the imperial court recruitment, etc., according to the law to use the public carriage and horses, the bus Sima Ling is in charge; The second guard order of the subordinate officer, commanding the guards of the palace gates. The servant is too servant, the official position of the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty is in charge, and he is in charge of the royal chariots and horses. Zhao Gao held this position before he became Lang Zhongling. Tingwei Tingwei, the supreme magistrate. The subordinate officials have Tingwei Cheng. There is a prison in the Imperial Governor's Office, which is called the Imperial Commander's Prison, and if the minister is guilty, he will be sent to the Imperial Lieutenant Prison. Pawn guest and pawn guest, in charge of the pilgrimage affairs of princes and ethnic minority tribal leaders, and the reception of county officials. The subordinate officials have pedestrians, ready to be sent to distant places temporarily. Zong Zheng Zongzheng, also known as the Zong Order, is in charge of the royal family relatives and registers the genealogy of the clan. If the royal family is guilty, its affiliation will be cut off. The subordinate officials have Zongzhengcheng. The history of the governance of the corn is the history of the internal history of the corn, and the storage of grains, gold and jade is equivalent to the treasury treasurer. The subordinate officials have the Taicang Order and the Taicang Cheng, who are in charge of the storage of grain in the treasury; There are Pingzhun Order, Pingzhun Cheng, and the price of the capital division and the counties. Shaofu Shaofu, in charge of the emperor's private property, takes care of the emperor's daily life. The subordinate officials are: ?Imperial Mansion Order, Imperial Palace, palm of the emperor's clothing weaving and storage; ?Shang Guanling, Shang Guancheng, palm of the crown required for the emperor's various ceremonial dresses; ?Shang Yi Ling, Shang Yi Cheng, palm serving the emperor's clothes; ?Shang Shi Ling, Shang Shi Cheng, palm serving the emperor's diet; ?Shang Mu Ling, Shang Mu Cheng, palm the emperor's bath; ?Shang Xi Ling, Shang Xi Cheng, palm the emperor's sleeping utensils; ?Shang Shu Ling, Shang Shu Cheng, Shang Shu servant shooting, palm palace Chinese books to be issued and presented to the emperor; ?Taiguan Ling, Taiguan Cheng, palm cooking the emperor's diet; The main imperial diet, the eunuch order, the eunuch in charge of the palace, the order of the Chinese scholar, the secretary of the Chinese book, the guide, reception, ceremonies, etc., the eunuch filled, the eunuch order, the imperial doctor, the emperor and the first medicine, the chief of the water, the water conservancy affairs of the counties and counties, and the official offices are stationed in all important water systems, the Yuefu order, the music of the Yuefu Cheng, the rehearsal, performance, and arrangement of the court music, and the management of musical artists, the Yongxiang order, the life of the eunuchs and the palace maid, and the punishment of the palace people's crimes. Among these subordinate officials of the Shaofu, the two official offices of Shangshu and Zhongshu had a profound impact on the political development of various dynasties in later generations, and the rest of the "Shang" later became female officials.

Edit this paragraph: Guards, attendants, and court officials

lieutenant

Lieutenant, in charge of public security and fire protection in Beijing, is the garrison commander of the capital. The lieutenant has Cheng, the left and right lieutenants, Qianniu and other officials. subordinate officials have arsenal orders and arsenals, and are in charge of the manufacture and storage of weapons; There was a quiet room order, and the emperor was responsible for serving as a scavenger when he went out on patrol.

It will be made a small house

It will be used as a small mansion, in charge of the palace and other public building affairs, this department has two Cheng, left and right middle marquis. The subordinate officials have the Stone Room Order, the East Garden Main Chapter Order, the Main Chapter Chief, the Left School Order, the Right School Order, the Front School Order, the Back School Order, and the Middle School Order. The stone room is in charge of building stones, the main chapter of the East Garden is in charge of carpenters, the chief chapter is in charge of cutting big trees, and the five schools are in charge of construction. Most of the five schools are convicts.

Pawn States

The subordinate country is in charge of summoning and appeasing the southwestern provinces.

Lord Lieutenant

The lord and lieutenant are in charge of the gifts of the princes and the guests and other affairs.

Medium Attendant

In the middle of the regular servant, the emperor left and right, prepared the emperor's advisers, can often enter and exit the forbidden place of the palace, the Han Dynasty for the eunuch position.

Give in the middle of the matter

In the matter, the position is the same as the regular waiter, and the rank is secondary.

Zhan Shi

Zhan Shi, Prince Qing, in charge of the prince's family, commanding the Tai** minister, rank 2,000 stones, Zhan Shi is the deputy. The subordinate officials are: the prince's family order, in charge of the prince's punishment, food, storage, slaves and maids, etc.; the prince's rate is changed to order, and the prince's omission is engraved, etiquette, etc.; the guard rate, the prince's guards; the middle concubine, the prince's attendants; the prince's housekeepers, the prince's documents; the prince's horse, the prince's out, the horse's washing is the forerunner; the young concubine, in charge of the prince's affairs; the prince's servants, in charge of the prince's chariots and horses. Although the Qin Dynasty set up a prince in detail, it did not officially canonize the crown prince.

Empress Zhuqing

Will do it, take charge of the queen's etiquette.? Queen's Guard, in charge of the Queen's Guard.? The queen is in charge of the queen's private affairs. The queen's young servant, in charge of the queen's chariots and horses.

Edit this paragraph: the military commander official system

Captain

The lieutenant is the highest military position, commanding all armies and responsible for the appointment, dismissal, and evaluation of officers at all levels. Taiwei was also set up in Jin, Zhao and other countries during the Warring States Period, and his duties were similar. The position of Taiwei in the Qin Dynasty was equivalent to that of the Taiwei in the Han Dynasty, but it was not listed in the Three Dukes, and the status was lower and similar to that of Qing.

Captain of the Protectors

Captain of the Protector Army, in charge of military affairs and commanding generals. The subordinate officers have the middle protection army, the history of leading the army, the command of the forbidden army, participate in the selection and replacement of military generals, and when the general leads the army to go out, he will be stationed in the army to supervise the military administration.

checkmate

The Qin Dynasty imitated the system of the Zhou Dynasty, setting up former generals, rear generals, left generals, and right generals, who were in the position of secretary and led the army to guard the border counties. Another general, general, as a temporary position, when there is a major expedition, the military general is selected, and the army is withdrawn.

Edit this paragraph: the magistrate's system

During the Warring States Period, the vassal states generally implemented the county system, and the establishment of counties in the Qin State began with the Shang Dynasty Reform in the 12th year of Qin Xiaogong. In the 26th year of Qin Shi Huang, the world was officially divided into 36 counties, and later increased to more than 40 counties. Xianyang is the seat of the national capital, and it is directly governed by the imperial court without a county guard, and its chief is the internal history ("Hanshu?"). Table of Hundred Officials and Ministers": Internal History, Zhou Guan, Qin Yinzhi, in charge of the Jingshi), the same as Jiuqing, has to participate in the government affairs. The subordinate officials of the internal history are: Du Shui Chang and Du Shui Cheng, who are in charge of water conservancy, Iron Chief, Iron Official, who are in charge of metallurgy and manufacturing agricultural tools, and Shui Shui Cheng, who are in charge of grain warehouses and shepherding sacrificial livestock.

County system

As a first-class administrative place, the county is governed by both military and civilian administration. The county has three main officials who are not subordinate to each other: the county guard, the supervisor of the imperial history, and the county lieutenant. The county guards the county guard, the county governor, the border land is mostly military generals, and the inland is mostly appointed by Lang officials, with silver seals and green ribbons, and a rank of 2,000 stones. In the Qin Dynasty, the county guards had very large powers, except for the county magistrates who were directly appointed and dismissed by the imperial court, the supervisors who were responsible for supervising the county governance, and the county lieutenants who were responsible for commanding the garrison and managing public security, and other county officials were appointed and dismissed by the county guards themselves. The superintendent of the imperial history is subordinate to the imperial historian Zhongcheng, who is responsible for supervising the county guard and other officials. The county lieutenant is in charge of the county garrison, in charge of public security, detecting thieves, with a silver seal and a blue ribbon, and a rank ratio of 2,000 stones. The county lieutenant was directly under the imperial court and fought against the county guard. The subordinate officials of the county lieutenant have a cheng, and the inland counties have one cheng, and the large counties have two cheng. The border counties are placed with one lieutenant every 100 miles, two each of the lieutenant and the lieutenant, and the border guard is in charge; The disposition of the pass is subordinate to the county lieutenant. The county is the deputy official of the county, and assists the county to guard the county government, with a copper seal and a black ribbon and a rank of 600 stones. When the county warden is absent or unable to serve as a director, the county officer shall act as the county warden. The subordinate officials have a history of death, a master book, a priest's order, etc. The counties of Biansai have a long history, manage the military and political affairs of soldiers and horses, and have the same rank as the counties.

County system

The county was the lowest administrative place in the Qin Dynasty, and the official positions of the Qin Dynasty were only set up at the county level. The county order and county magistrate Qin Dynasty were based on the population of the county, and the county with more than 10,000 people was placed as the county magistrate, and the county magistrate was placed below the county. The county order is printed with black ribbons, with a rank of 1,000 stones to 600 stones, and the county magistrate is sealed with a yellow ribbon and a rank of 600 stones to 500 stones. The prefectural magistrate and the prefectural magistrate are both the chief executive of the prefectural prefectural government. The county is the deputy official of the county, and the position is higher than the county Cheng, with a copper seal of yellow ribbon and a rank of 400 stones. The county lieutenant is in charge of public security and arresting thieves, and his position is higher than that of the county, but he is not in charge of the army, and his rank is the same as that of the county. Gong Cao Gong Cao, the performance ranking of the county officials was raised and lowered. Order history and manage documents and files. Prison Peng Prison Peng, the warden of the county jail. The so-called fair officials are in charge of inspecting prisons and reviewing case files to prevent unjust imprisonment. The stable is in charge of the government of a county's carriages and horses. The storekeeper is the prefect of the county treasury. Jailer jailer, jailer of the county jail. Township Pavilion County below the township, Township below the pavilion, Pavilion below the pavilion. These are all people's self-governing organizations with clans as the core. The three elders and the three elders, a township with high moral and respected people, are in charge of education, and the so-called filial piety, benevolence and righteousness can be declared to the county for commendation, and can recommend excellent children to serve as county officials. There is rank, and in townships with a population of 5,000 people, one person is appointed by the county as rank; In townships with less than 5,000 people, the county shall appoint one person as a sifu. Both have the same responsibilities, both mediating neighborhood disputes, helping the government collect taxes, and arranging forced labor. Wandering and wandering, as a kind of servitude, is in charge of patrolling places and arresting thieves. Pavilion chief, pavilion chief, official position, is also a kind of servitude, Han Gaozu served in the Qin Dynasty this position. Palm with the husband. The head of the pavilion is the father of the pavilion and the two pawns of the thief, the former is responsible for cleaning the pavilion, and the latter is responsible for chasing the thief.