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The night was already very dark, and the entire Viterbo Castle was quiet, only Zhu Jishi, who had just checked into the castle guest room, still couldn't sleep with his eyes open on a Western-style bed. He rested his hands behind his head and stared at the ceiling. He never imagined that it would be a 19th-century French bed politician who would subvert his long-standing view of the country and the nation!

Maria. Clementina can be said to have been born into a political family, and all she has heard and witnessed since she was a child is politics, but she is not a smart politician, but she still has a certain understanding of many basic political issues.

Or maybe Zhu Jishi from the 21st century is too idiotic when it comes to politics.

I don't even know the most basic concept of national identity! Oh, national identity under the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, of course.

In the eyes of the bourgeoisie, national identity is made up of a combination of factors, and descent is only one of them, and it is not the most important one, which may be the reason why European nation-states are mostly ruled by foreign monarchs.

In addition, religion, language, culture and a common nation are all important factors that make up a national identity! In other words, if you use the same language or script, believe in the same religion, have a common culture, and have a common country, you can be regarded as the same nation!

Of course, it can be counted, but it does not necessarily mean that it must be! But in Europe, those who hold a nation-state view go to great lengths to expand the ethnic groups that identify with their own people, as is now the case with the pan-Italian ultra-nationalists. According to them, people who live in the eight Italian states, believe in Catholicism, and speak Italian are the Italian people!

In fact, if we go back to the roots, the so-called Italian nation does not exist at all, but will be replaced by Romans, Etruscans, Greeks, Germans, Arabs, and so on. But if Italians have a variety of national identities, can they form a united, multi-ethnic Italian state?

This question is really not easy to answer.

However, Zhu Jishi is not worried about Mazzini now, because a unified Italian nation-state Zuihou must have been created. What he has to consider now is, will there be a unified Chinese nation-state in the future? If you can speak Chinese, believe in China's native Taoism or Sinicized Buddhism, identify with Confucian culture, and share a common country according to European standards, you can also be counted as the same nation......

However, a unified Chinese nation did not emerge until more than 170 years later! The glorious Qing Dynasty, which now rules China, will also die in a revolution more than 60 years later. The reason for this is that something "privileged" is at work. The same is true of the Ottoman Empire, the sick man of the Near East, which was once powerful and almost destroyed Christianity, is now almost a huge negative textbook, and all the mistakes that a country can make are epitomized in the Ottoman Empire, and all Europeans who are well versed in politics will use the mistakes of the Ottoman Empire as an example.

The same is true of the Ottoman national question. It stands to reason that Y Slanism is a religion with a strong sense of identity, and all those who believe in Y Slanism are brothers and sisters. With the Yslanism as a basis, it was not difficult to form a unified Ottoman. In later generations of Yslanist countries, only sectarian conflicts have been heard, and ethnic conflicts have rarely been heard.

And in the current Ottoman Empire, Minsling, who also believes in the Sunni sect of Y Slanism and worships the Ottoman Sultan as the caliph, has no common national identity! For in the Ottoman Empire, the Turks, like the Manchus, were the ruling people, enjoying privileges that oppressed not only the Christians they conquered, but also the peoples who believed in Allah, especially the Arabs.

Of course, the Ottoman Empire was also privileged relative to the Christians, and there was also a hierarchy within the Christians, and the Greek Christians, who were once part of the Ottoman Empire, were also superior to other Christians.

To some extent, this system is also somewhat similar to that of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and among the Manchu bannermen, there are also Manchurian Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, and Han Army Eight Banners. The Eight Banners of Manchuria have the lowest status above the Eight Banners of the Mongolian Army, and the Eight Banners of Mongolia are divided into Horqin Mongolia and Khalkha Mongolia. In short, all kinds of privileged hierarchies are preventing the formation of a unified Chinese nation, and even preventing the "banner people" as rulers from forming a unified nation.

According to the analysis of European politicians, the reason why the reform of the Ottoman Empire was not very successful was not because the sultan of the empire was too stupid, nor because the elite of the empire were ostriches, but precisely because the various privileged classes were trying to obstruct the reform. Including the Guard, religious leaders, Turks, other M'slins, Greek Christians, all were once opposed to the reforms. Under their obstruction, the Ottomans were mired in a quagmire, and the reform for more than 200 years was unsuccessful. However, the Egyptian reform presided over by Ali Pasha, the governor of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire, because of the quick elimination of the Mamluk privileged class, so all the reform measures were quickly implemented, and in just 20 years, Egypt, which was originally backward in the Ottoman Empire, became a military power, and in the two wars of 1832 and 1839, the Ottoman Empire was beaten all over the ground, if it were not for the joint intervention of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, The sick man of the Ottoman Empire has long since perished by Ali Pasha!

It seems that if China's reforms are to succeed, they must also learn from Ali Pasha and perform a major operation on the original privileged class.

But how to go under the knife for this major surgery?

At this moment, the side of Maria. Clementina had already woken up, and she found that the person next to her pillow was still pondering, so she put a delicate jade hand over and asked in a low voice, "Jason, why aren't you sleeping yet?" It's been so hard along the way, and I'll have to give it to Louis tomorrow. Bonaparte Bixia consultation, how can you be energetic if you don't sleep? ”

Zhu Jishi turned his head sideways, smiled at the beauty who was half naked outside the blanket, and replied, "I can't sleep...... Louis. I have read Bonaparte's medical record report several times...... Although it cannot be diagnosed as stomach cancer, it is at least a serious stomach ulcer, which is also very dangerous. Considering Louie. At Bonaparte's age, the disease was really not very curable. ”

Speaking of this, Zhu Jishi's face was already extremely solemn. This morning, he had just undergone a gastric operation "Shiyan" in Viterbo Castle - a very healthy black man! It was the slaves "bought" by the Bonaparte family from Africa! Zhu Jishi, with the assistance of two Italian doctors, performed stomach removal and suturing surgery on him, and in the next few days, there were still some black slaves who had to accept this inhumane human shiyan!

However, even if Zhu Jishi practiced with these black slaves, he was not completely sure, because these black slaves were all young people with strong bodies, and it was nothing to toss a little. Can Louis. Bonaparte was already in his 50s, which was considered the prime of life in later generations, but the Europeans in 1840 were also relatively premature, and their 50s were basically old people. Whether it can withstand Zhu Jishi's poor knife skills is really hard to say.

In addition, there is the problem of the spread of cancer. This is what Zhu Jishi is most worried about, in case the stomach is broken, the cancer inside has spread in an all-round way, and the organs around the stomach are all lesions, this operation will be difficult to do, and this old man will die on the operating table!

In that case, would that Napoleon III hate himself? It seems that it is not easy to see a big man.