Updated: 2013-06-17

In the fourth year of Changping, at the beginning of the year, Youzhou City began to be lively.

The officials of the states of Zhaodi, the town army and the generals of the town army and the Praetorian Guard army from all over the country all gathered in Youzhou City.

The Murowei tribe and the Turkic tribe that became the vassal of the Zhao army all sent envoys to Youzhou City. The kings of the Western Regions, who were defeated by the Zhao army, also returned to Youzhou City with Zhao Xun.

On January 8, Zhao Xun responded to the echo of all the people in Zhao, and hundreds of officials admonished, sacrificed to heaven and earth, established the country, and called himself the king of Zhao. Zhao Xun did not directly claim the title of emperor, but was still the king of Zhao. However, the current King of Zhao is not the prince of the former Great Yan, but the king of the princes and the king of a country. Officials from all over the country, the new king, and the envoys of the vassal also expressed their submission to Da Zhao and offered congratulatory gifts.

Although the emperor is in place in one step, it is even more extraordinary, but although the emperor has the advantages of being the emperor, there are also disadvantages. Zhao Xun decided that before the southern princes were resolved, he would still be called the king. Although there is no direct emperor, the institutions that an empire should have are formed from the beginning.

Under the Great Zhao Chengyan system, civil and military officials can be awarded honors, with a total of 15 levels. According to the regulations, the Honourable Officers may be on the same footing as the Ministers of the corresponding rank. But in fact, due to the excessive number of awards, tens of thousands of people were moved. As a result, the actual status of an unministered officer is often subordinate to the subordinate and becomes a mere honorary title conferred on the official.

The Great Zhao State is a feudal state system headed by King Zhao, who holds the highest power in the country and has the power to kill and seize the livelihood of all his subjects. Laws and decrees were promulgated in the name of the emperor, and King Zhao had the right to modify laws and decrees, and could not be bound by laws and decrees.

Under the king of Zhao, there were three provinces, two courts, nine ministries, and six temples for the time being, plus the official system of various divisions to form the ruling order of the new dynasty. Thereinto. Its core is the system of three provinces and six ministries of the Great Chu State and the Great Yan State.

Since the beginning of the Great Chu State, the central dynasty has been a three-province and six-ministry system, and the development is quite complete. Its organization is relatively complete and the division of labor is relatively clear, which is a sign that the development of feudal society has reached a mature stage. In another era, these continued until the Qing Dynasty and remained largely unchanged.

Dayan's three provinces and six ministries are Zhongshu Province, 'Men' Xia Province, and Shangshu Province, which are the highest government affairs institutions of the state, respectively responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation of national government affairs. The six departments are the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Crime, and the Ministry of Industry. There are divisions under the six departments, the head of the department is called Shangshu, the deputy head is called 'Shi' Lang, and the head and deputy person in charge of each department are called Lang Zhong and Wai Lang.

The new dynasty was based on the three-province six-ministry system, adopting a similar setup, and making some modifications based on it, but in general, it did not make much change. In fact, the operation mode of this system is mature and effective, and it is the crystallization of thousands of years of wisdom concentrated by the Chinese people.

Here, it is similar to the Sui and Tang dynasties in memory. Da Chu and Da Yan are basically the same, Zhongshu Province is in charge of making decisions, and the 'Gate' Province is in charge of sealing and refutating deliberations, both of which are the most powerful central institutions in the empire. Shangshu Province, on the other hand, manages government affairs and governs six ministries. Shangshu Province was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty (then known as Shangshutai); The Zhongshu Province and the 'Gate' Lower Province were formed during the Three Kingdoms with the aim of dividing and limiting the power of the Shangshu Province. In the following Great Chu, a complete system of three provinces and six ministries was formed.

The division of labor in the three provinces is different, namely, all important military policies are predetermined by the Zhongshu Province, and drafted as an edict, which is 'handed over' and 'door' to the province for deliberation and repetition, and then issued and implemented by the Shangshu Province. If the province under the 'door' has any objection to the edict drafted by the Zhongshu Province, it can be sealed and redrafted. All the central ministries, monasteries, prisons and local ministries 'gates' presented by the cantata. The important must be submitted to the province of Shangshu for deliberation, and after approval, it will be sent to the province of Zhongshu to petition the emperor for approval or draft a reply, and if the province of the door thinks that the reply is inappropriate. Amendments can also be rejected.

Dazhao follows the old system of the previous dynasty, and the three provinces are still the Zhongshu Province, the 'Gate' Lower Province, and the Three Provinces. Among them, the governor of Zhongshu Province is Zhongshu Ling, the deputy governor is Zhongshu 'Shi' Lang, and the main official has Zhongshu Ling. The Zhongshu Province was mainly responsible for drafting the edict in accordance with the emperor's will, and the responsibility for drafting was mainly borne by the Zhongshu Order.

The governor of the province under the 'door' is the 'servant', the deputy governor is the 'servant' lang under the 'door', and the main official has to give the shilang. The province under the "door" is mainly responsible for correcting the courtiers' chapters, reviewing the edicts of the Chinese book, if it is considered improper, the division will be sealed and refuted, called "sealing and refutating". The power to refute the correction is mainly in the hands of the giving process. The two provinces under the book and the 'door' are all located in the palace, so there is the responsibility of admonishing, and the left and right are set up to advise the doctor, the left and right to make up for the que, and the left and right to pick up the relics, which belong to the two provinces (the left belongs to the 'door' and the right belongs to the middle book), so as to correct the fault of the emperor.

Shangshu Province is located outside the palace, the chief is Shangshuling, the deputy governor is Shangshulang, and there are left and right Cheng, left and right Shilangzhong, and Wailang, who are responsible for the affairs of the province, and the general leader has six departments. Each minister is called Shangshu, the deputy is the 'squire', the head of each department is Langzhong, and the deputy is the outer lang, and they are respectively responsible for the implementation of various government decrees.

In Dazhao, in order to restrict the Shangshu Order, in order to prevent civilian officials from commanding the military indiscriminately, and in order to restrict the military generals, the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Privy Council were established.

Among them, the Metropolitan Procuratorate is in charge of monitoring, impeachment and recommendations. Originally, Dayan did not have the official office of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, but Zhao Xun changed the supervision system of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the soldiers improved their status, stood side by side with the three provinces, and inspected the world. Zhao Xun is very clear about the importance and role of supervision institutions to a dynasty.

The Metropolitan Procuratorate is the highest supervision, impeachment and recommendation organ of the Great Zhao, and the chief is the left and right imperial history, and there are deputy imperial history and the imperial history of the capital. In each state capital, there is a separate supervision of the imperial history, patrolling the prefecture and county, and specializing in the investigation and impeachment of officials.

If the Shadow Division and the Eagle Eye Division are secret supervision agencies, then this Metropolitan Procuratorate is the supervision agency on the surface. One dark and one bright, echoing each other from afar.

The Privy Council was set up by Zhao Xun with reference to the Privy Council that arose in the Song Dynasty in his memory. It is mainly in charge of military and political affairs, and it is in check with the military department among the six ministries.

The Privy Council, which was not in this era, but, in memory, originated in the Middle Tang Dynasty, developed and flourished in the Five Dynasties, although the Song Dynasty gradually became complete and huge. After the Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Yuan and other dynasties, the chief was called the privy envoy, mainly in charge of military and political affairs. Tang Yongtai was originally placed in the inner court, and the eunuch was used as a privy envoy to take charge of confidential affairs. Five generations later, Liang established the Chongzheng Yuan, and the Later Tang Dynasty changed its name to the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, it mainly managed military secrets and border defense, and was the highest state organ together with Zhongshu Province.

In Da Zhao, the chief officer of the Privy Council is the Privy Councillor, one person. There are five privy deputies, many of whom are privy councillors. Its subordinate divisions, such as the Department of Military Registration, the Department of Merit, the Department of Statistics, the Department of Staff, and the Department of Invalids, have more than 10 divisions. Many of these ya's 'gates' and the Ministry of War are mutually restrictive, and the Privy Council has no power to transfer troops or train troops. However, the planning of military affairs such as army garrison and border defense is naturally related to war, and the Privy Council makes overall decision-making, and the army sends counselors and military divisions. Its main officials are military generals. Whoever is admitted to the Privy Council shall not be allowed to continue his term of office as a general of the armies. In addition, he directly asked the monarch of Zhao for military affairs, especially in the war, and the Privy Council led the changes in the war situation.

The chief official of Shangshu Province is divided into left and right Shangshu Order, in charge of government affairs, and commands nine departments. In addition to the original Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, and the Ministry of Education.

The six temples include Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taifu Temple, Honglu Temple and the Inner 'Servant' Division. Dali Temple, together with the Criminal Department and the Supervision Department under the Metropolitan Procuratorate, were combined into the Three Law Divisions, and their functions and powers were similar to those of today's Supreme Court. The head of Dali Temple is called Dali Temple, one of the nine Qing. The other four temples have lower powers. Taichang Temple is responsible for sacrificial ceremonies and music, and is subordinate to the Ministry of Rites; Taifu Temple manages horses and is subordinate to the Ministry of War; Guanglu Temple is responsible for birthday banquets, tributes, etc., and is subordinate to the Ministry of Rites; Honglu Temple is responsible for the court, guests (foreign officials pilgrimage, Zhufan tribute), auspicious and evil ceremonies. The inner 'servant' is in charge of the 'servant' palace, and is entrusted with eunuchs and 'female' officials.

Among them, the province of Zhongshu and the province of 'Gate', one drafted the edict, and the other was responsible for sealing and returning the edict. But among them, Zhongshu Province has great rights. All important militaristic policies are predetermined by the Zhongshu Province, and drafted as an edict, 'submitted' and 'door' to the province for deliberation and repetition, and then issued and implemented by the Shangshu Province.

Because his powers are too special, Zhao Xun set various restrictions. There is one Zhongshu Ling, and five Zhongshu 'waiters', and they take turns to be on duty. In other words, the Zhongshu Order is an unrestricted position, and the five Zhongshu 'waiters' take turns to hold it, and there is a cycle in ten months. Among them, Yang Wangzhen, the first Chinese scholar.

In addition, there are eight people in Zhongshu Province, who are the backbone officials of Zhongshu Province, who are in charge of the 'waiting' march, senate on the seal, draft the edict and the Danshu book. Because it is in charge of important affairs, it specially stipulates four prohibitions, that is, the prohibition of leakage and the prohibition of probation. It is forbidden to make mistakes, and it is forbidden to forget. They can express their preliminary opinions on the major military affairs discussed in the province and the recitals in the newspapers, and sign their names after being collected by the 'squire'. Then 'hand' the order of the Chinese letter, and then according to the emperor's will, the edict was drafted. The rotating Chinese written order must be signed on top of the draft edict for the record. Under it, there are officials at all levels, ranging from one level to the other, to coordinate all matters in the province.

And among the 'servants' in the province under the 'door', they are doing things that offend people. It has the power to return the emperor's will. Therefore. This is embarrassing, not only referring to civil and military officials, but also to the emperor. Because it has the power to turn back the emperor's will, so, to some extent, it can be seen as a supervision of the emperor, which is greater than the emperor's power. Of course, only in a sense. However, there are not many that can actually do this. At the very least, among the two dynasties of Great Chu and Great Yan, very few people have done this, and they are all in the early days of the founding of the country.

What's more, because they reprimanded all the officials' invitations, coupled with the return of the emperor's edicts, many of the 'servants' were framed, and they encountered the emperor's dissatisfaction and suffered misery...... After all, no emperor likes someone to reject him and return the decree he has given.

Therefore, the choice of "servant" under the "door" is very crucial. And ordinary officials are not willing to take up this position of offending people. There are two people in the 'waiter' under the 'door', and there are two living langs, who are in charge of recording the law of the Son of Heaven. The main hall of the Son of Heaven is to live in the Lang Ju Xi, and the Sheren is on the right. If the Son of Heaven has an edict, the living man bends his shoes to listen, retreats to the book, and 'hands' it to the historian at the end of each quarter for record.

In addition, the province of 'Gate' has not yet recorded four people. From the seven pins; There are four principals, from the eighth grade; There are six people on the left, from the seventh grade; Six people were left behind, from the eighth grade: ten people from the ceremony, from the ninth grade. The order of the applause and the plates in the temple. There are 4 people in the city's 'gate', from the six products, in charge of the capital, the imperial city, and the palace 'gate' opening and closing sections. Fu Baolang from, from the six products, the eight treasures of the Son of Heaven and the country's Fu Festival, the Great Dynasty Meeting, then Feng Bao into the throne, the Son of Heaven Xing Xing, then Feng Bao entourage. All the generals and envoys are invited to make a festival and a festival. Reward with a piece, and kill with a jaw.

Among them, the province of Zhongshu and the province of "door" also have their own supplements, they are equally divided into left and right, "left" is subordinate to "door" province, and "right" is under Zhongshu province. Left and right to make up for the que, from the seven products, left and right to pick up. From the eight products, the left and right are picked up, and the palms are enshrined and sarcastic. Whoever gives an order to do things, when it is inconvenient, and those who do not conform to the Tao will be sealed, and the big one will be reprimanded. The gains and losses of the imperial court are all observed, and the pros and cons of the world are all said. The original intention of this country is also to put up the legacy. The counselor had the opportunity to give his opinion directly to the emperor, so. Although the official quality is low, it is also quite important to the people of the times. Theoretically speaking, the duty of the counselor is to give advice and sarcasm. Even if the words are 'fierce', there is nothing to blame.

Therefore, Zhao Xun said in the law of Da Zhao that the "servants" under the "door" and the left and right supplements, the relics, and the imperial history of the Metropolitan Procuratorate are not guilty of words. Zhao Xun did not expect the emperor's edict to be returned to the 'servants' under the 'door', nor did he expect his descendants to allow someone to refuse to carry out his edict. But at least because of the danger of these positions, those who dare to speak out will be convicted because of this, so that the villain will be in charge.

In fact, for Zhao Xun, because he was able to return the emperor's will in the matter, the emperor's power was further restricted. For Zhao Xun, this may not be a good thing. In the court, there are still people who can cause trouble for themselves, or even return their will as it is. But for the Empire, it's a good thing. Therefore, only one of the first left and right 'servants' was in charge, and Su Yun was in the left 'waiter'. This is also Su Yun's own suggestion to Zhao Xun, his other abilities may not be strong, but he can still speak up. In addition, his 'daughter' is the concubine of King Zhao, so naturally he will not be convicted for this.

Shangshu Province, is the second product. The edicts issued under the Zhongshu 'Gate' were forwarded to the central ministries and local prefectures and counties through Shangshu Province, or the edicts were made according to the 'essence' of the edict and sent to the relevant ministries and 'gates'. The states plan to reach the capital division, and the size of the matter is the festival. All symbols, transfers, guans, and amines (according to: all official names) must be sent to the capital province. Those who do not decide on major events in the world are all in Shangshu Province. This shows that the power of Shangshu Province is quite important.

Shangshu Province, the world's Gangwei, the hundred divisions, if there is a loss, the world will suffer its disadvantages. From this sentence, it is enough to show the important position of Shangshu Province in the central administrative body, that is to say, among the three provinces, Shangshu Province is the actual summary of administration. Shangshu Province is equivalent to the State Council of later generations, which shows its importance. Therefore, Zhao Xun set up the left and right Shangshu orders to divide their powers. In addition, in order to prevent the Shangshu Order from 'chaotic' power, the nine Shangshu all had the right to directly write to the emperor.

In addition, the left and right Shang Shulang and the left and right Cheng all have decision-making power, and together with the left and right Shang Shuling, they are the consuls who deal with the nine things, and the first left and right Shang Shuling are Pei Yi and Lu Ziliang.

The Privy Council, because of its planning of military garrisons, border defense and other important military affairs, is equivalent to the Ministry of State/Defense, although it cannot directly mobilize the army, but it is also in charge of the affairs of the armies together with the Ministry of War. Together with the Ministry of Officials, he is in charge of important national defense affairs such as the promotion of military generals, army recruitment, and garrisoning, and his functions and powers are also quite important. The first privy envoy of the Privy Council was Situ Liang, and Yang Wangqing, Liu Wenqi, Zhang Yuanjing, Li Huaiyuan, Cao Bin and others were the privy deputy envoys.

The nine departments to which Shangshudu Province belongs are responsible for handling administrative affairs such as politics, finance and literature, military punishment, money valley, education, and commerce.

Among them, the Ministry of Officials is in charge of the government of the selection, honors, and examinations, and the four divisions of the Ministry of Officials, the Department of Seals, the Division, and the Examination of Merit. Zhao Law stipulates that those who are above the third grade can only be personally selected by the emperor (King Zhao), and those above the fifth grade are nominated by Shang Shuling and submitted to the emperor for approval, and the officials listen to the aid officials; Those below the sixth grade shall be recorded and instructed by the Ministry of Officials according to their stature, qualifications, ability, merit, virtue, speech, and judgment, and shall be reported to the province for review and re-examination by the 'door'.

The officials of the four divisions are in charge of the following officials, and they are in charge of the civil official ranks. Chaoji, Lu Ci, give false accusations, and false envoys, one of them is in charge of selecting and supplementing foreign officials. There are two outsiders, from the sixth grade. One person sentenced Nan Cao, both of whom were the deputies of Shangshu and 'Shi' Lang. Si Feng Langzhong, the level of the command, the court, and the gift. Si Xunlang, in charge of the rank of official; In the examination of merit, he holds the examination of the merits of hundreds of officials, good and evil, and their behaviors. If an official dies, the historian should set up a biography for him, and if he wants to be inscribed on the stele, he will discuss with the hundred officials the deeds that should be recorded and reported, and then report to his family in the examination of merit.

Among the six departments, the Ministry of Officials ranks first, and the most fundamental reason is that it is in charge of the promotion of officials. Mastering all these 'doors', one person will naturally attain the Tao, and the 'chicken' dog will ascend to heaven. Many 'traitor' ministers are making 'waves' by concurrently serving or controlling this official.

In Dazhao, all military generals are promoted, and the Privy Council and the Ministry of Officials jointly assess and verify their merits, and they can only be promoted after studying at the Military Academy.

The household department is in charge of the world's finances and civil affairs, including marriage, money valley, tribute, etc. There are four divisions of the Ministry of Households, the Degree Branch, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Finance. Among them, the household department is in the middle and the outside of the staff, and the head of the household is enslaved, contributed, exempted, reinstated, married, and heirs; Du Zhi Lang Zhong and Yuan Wai Lang are in charge of the world's rent and property, and the year is out and the branch is adjusted, and the province of the Zhongshu 'door' agrees to play: Jin Lang Zhong and Yuan Wai Lang are in charge of the world's treasury and cashier, weigh the number of measurements, and manage the two capital cities, palace markets and other 'trade' matters. and provide clothes for palace people, princesses, officials, slaves and maids; Kurabe Langzhong and Wai Lang are in charge of the world's treasury storage, cashier's rent and tax, grain, and food gifts.

Therefore, because of his power, he generally occupies the second place among the three provinces and six ministries. Originally, the Ministry of Household also controlled the land and water and land in the world, but Zhao Xun was ready to separate it and set up a separate department as the Ministry of Land and Water Resources. The household department controls too much, and Zhao Xun is not worried about its problems, but is worried that its 'essence' is limited, so he separates it.