On October 3, 1779, Yuan Shoutong, the prime minister of the Qing court, and Bai Nan, the commander-in-chief of the Tang Expeditionary Force, signed the first formal treaty concluded between the Tang and Qing dynasties in Tianjin, known as the Treaty of Tianjin in 1779. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

This treaty is naturally an unequal treaty, and at the same time, the content of this treaty is extremely complicated, with more than 500 pages of the original treaty, appendices, memoranda, etc., and a total of more than 20 parts. The Treaty of Tianjin is also considered by world historians to be the beginning of the semi-colonization of the Qing Empire by the Tang Dynasty.

The first part of the treaty was an armistice agreement, and since the date of the treaty, the Tang and Qing countries were in a state of complete peace and no more war was fought. The second part immediately became a military alliance treaty between the Tang and Qing dynasties, the main content of which was that the two countries reached a military cooperative relationship, and that in the event that any country was attacked by a third party, the parties to the treaty were obliged to participate in the war in all necessary ways. The alliance treaty also stipulated that the Tang army had the obligation to carry out military activities within the territory of the Qing state aimed at safeguarding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Qing state and maintaining its social stability, so the Tang army had the right to station troops and take military action in the territory of the Qing state, and the Tang army had the obligation to notify the Qing court in advance when taking military action and changing the garrison. Third, the Tang Dynasty had the obligation to assist the Qing court in carrying out military modernization reforms, providing military weapons and other military assistance to the Qing state for a fee, and helping the Qing army to train. Fourth, the Ministry of National Defense of the Tang Dynasty funded and contributed to help the Qing army train the Wu Wei Army and the Wu Yi Army, which were subordinate to the Qing Army's combat sequence, accepted the dual leadership of the Tang and Qing Dynasties, and accepted the command of the Tang Army Headquarters in the Qing Dynasty in peacetime.

Part III of the Treaty, as of the date of the Treaty. Those who hold the identity of Datang. You can enter the territory of Daqing without a visa. Engage in legal work, study and life. The citizens of the Tang Dynasty have the right to live, do business, and invest in the territory of the Qing Dynasty. Datang obtains consular jurisdiction in the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing judicial organs have no right to try those who hold Datang status, and need to be transferred to the judicial organs of the Datang Special Administrative Region.

In the fourth part of the treaty, the Qing court leased Tanggu, Shanghai, and Xin'an to the Tang Republic rent-free to establish a special zone. The sovereignty of the three special zones is shared by the Qing Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, and the governing power belongs to the Tang Republic, and the lease term is undetermined. The Qing court did not enjoy the right to garrison troops, judicial power, taxation power, etc., in the three special zones, but could send representatives to the special zones. Indigenous residents of the Special Administrative Region. Automatically obtain Datang nationality and enjoy Datang national treatment. The Qing court customs office was set up at the SEZ customs gate, which was responsible for foreign trade out of the SEZ.

In the fifth part of the treaty, Guangdong Province was temporarily placed under the custody of the Tang Guangdong Theater Command, and the escrow period expired on January 1, 1781. During the escrow period, Datang should pay 10 million taels of silver to the Qing court as an escrow rent, and Datang did not have to pay local taxes to the Qing court. At the end of the escrow period, the new army should be fully trained and transferred to the Southwest Military Region of the Qing Army.

Part VI of the Treaty. The Tang and Qing dynasties fully signed a clause to assist the resettlement of displaced people in the aftermath. The Tang Republic has the obligation to help the Qing resettle the landless and unemployed displaced people in the country, and the two countries have set up resettlement committees for the displaced people. It was jointly managed by officials of the Tang and Qing dynasties, and the funds were provided and managed by the Tang side. Local governments at all levels in the Qing Dynasty need to unconditionally facilitate the actions of the Resettlement Committee.

In the seventh part of the treaty, the Tang Republic borrowed 30 million taels of silver from the Qing State as a turnover, with an interest rate of three cents, and the Qing court used tariffs as collateral, and the arrears were paid off during the period, and the tariff income could only be repaid to Datang and could not be used for other purposes. In the second year, the Qing State still had the right to borrow 30 million taels of silver. Datang guarantees that the interest rate will remain unchanged for ten years, and at the same time, the tax rate cannot be changed privately during the period when Datang manages the Qing Customs. The Qing State was not allowed to prevent any Datang goods from entering its own market for any reason, and weapons, opium and other controlled products were listed in the memorandum separately and were subject to import and export restrictions.

In the eighth part of the treaty, the Qing court's military department purchased weapons and equipment with a total value of 3 million taels of silver from the North Industries Group of the Tang Republic, mainly SC-2 breech-loading rifled guns, SC1776 rifled guns, etc., and related ammunition.

In the ninth part of the treaty, the Beijing-Tianjin Railway was developed and constructed by the Datang State Railway Corporation, which was 100% owned by the Datang State Railway Company and the right to operate it belonged to Tang Railway, which was required to pay railway rent and tax to the Qing court every year. Invested by Datang, the Yangtze River Shipping Corporation was established to carry out the operation of the Yangtze River Shipping, and with the Tang Iron Case, it paid the annual tax on the proportion of revenue to the Qing court.

In the tenth part of the treaty, Datang provided a sum of 1 million tons of food aid to the Qing State free of charge.

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One by one, they penetrated into the empire of the Qing Dynasty from commerce, military, immigration, transportation and other aspects. Even in quite a few clauses, it seems that all of them are Datang's obligations, and the Qing State has taken a lot advantage, but in fact, Datang has achieved its various goals through these clauses.

The so-called obligation to maintain the territorial sovereignty integrity of the Qing State is actually a preventive shot, every inch of land in the Qing State now, the future is the Tang Dynasty, if there is no existence of this alliance, then the Western powers who see the weakness of the Qing State, everyone wants to come up and take a bite, and those border separatist forces with different intentions may also bring all kinds of troubles. With this covenant, Datang has the legitimacy to interfere and avoid losing even an inch of land in the future.

As for the one million metric tons of grain that looks like it was given away for free, there is nothing wrong with this being given away for free, but considering the actual situation, due to the continuous development of agriculture in Jiazhou, agricultural mechanization, and the adoption of new agricultural technology, the Datang Republic has produced grain that it is far from being able to consume. Warehousing can't even solve these problems, because there is too much savings, and Datang's agricultural output is doubling every year. Even though the Tang Dynasty continued to expand the overseas market for grain and became the main supplier of grain to the colonies of New Spain, the large amount of grain produced was still a problem. Due to the increasing number of local immigrants, the Ministry of Agriculture will never dare to carry out any agricultural production reduction, so the next target of Datang's grain exports is the Qingguo market.

Even with the addition of transpacific freight, the price of Datang grain is far cheaper than that of Qing grain. In addition, due to the turmoil in the Qing Dynasty, grain production faced many problems, and this million tons of grain can be said to be the life-saving food of the Qing Dynasty, which can prevent thousands of people from starving to death. Of course, Datang didn't want to starve the people to death, and their best way out was, of course, to take life-saving food and then board a ship to emigrate.

Another major attempt was that by pouring large quantities of grain into the Qing market, the Tang could disrupt the grain production and trade of the entire Qing country. Since the main agents of Tang grain were actually a small number of official and imperial merchants, they could naturally make a lot of money with cheaper grain, while the local small farmers who could not compete faced bankruptcy. After going bankrupt, they either became urban craftsmen or chose to emigrate. Of course, they may also vent their resentment on those monopoly officials, businessmen and governments, and continue to accumulate the people's hatred for the Qing government.

There are many similar methods, some of which appear clearly in the Treaty of Tientsin, which can be deduced, and some of which are implemented subsequently. The core concept of the later stage of the Cuckoo Plan was to put the Qing court at the forefront to attract all kinds of firepower, constantly intensify social contradictions and trigger social changes, and the Tang Dynasty secretly reaped the benefits on the one hand, and paved the way for the success of the new society on the other. These things are not only the contribution of Bai Nan alone, there are many smart people in China, and everyone has thought of many aspects. To say that Taqing is also sad, he was calculated by so many bad people.

Paiknam's tasks had been completed, and he was to return to China at the end of the year to report on his duties and participate in the cabinet change in 1780. There will be no him in the new cabinet, and he will not stay in China for a long time, and then he will go directly to Shanghai to serve as the first "Governor of the United Special Region of China of the Tang Republic". His governor's territory is not as good as Borneo, not as good as Guweiling, and even inferior to the Kingdom of Hawaii, but in terms of rank, he is far superior to ordinary governors, and he has directly reached the level of vice-governor.

Xue Yue will also return to China, but this time he is expected to ascend to the sky and take over as Minister of Defense. The duties of the acting governor of Guangdong will be handed over to Hu Fakui, who will step down as governor of Borneo and be replaced by Huang Xian, a civil official.

The Northern Theater of Operations will be handed over to Zhu Ting and the withdrawal of troops will begin gradually. Although Cathay and the Mixed Yuan Sect still need to be pacified, Yuan Zong judged that it is basically impossible for them to make any bigger trouble. The Wuwei Army has basically gained combat effectiveness, and in cooperation with the relevant units of the Tang Army, it will launch offensives against Guotai and Mingyuanjiao in the winter and spring of the following year. At that time, the Tang Dynasty apparently reformed the prisoners of war and rebellious people of Cathay and the Mixed Yuan Sect, and then sent them to emigrate.

After the war is basically over, the Dangkou Regiment will be the first batch of troops to return to China, and the Shenwu Regiment will also return to China after handing over the defense of the Great Wall defense line. The Tiger Regiment, the Zhaolie Regiment and the Xiao Cavalry Regiment will continue to be stationed, some of which will be stationed in Tanggu, but more will be stationed in the Beijing-Tianjin area. In the future, the Tang army in the north will maintain a regular army strength of more than 3,000 people, and at the same time maintain a good military guard.

The Shanghai Special Administrative Region will have the Tang Army's Longxiang Regiment and an infantry regiment of the Fourth Brigade, the Navy will establish the Third Marine Regiment to be stationed there, and the headquarters of the Navy's Western Pacific Fleet will also be built in Shencheng. The Wu Yi Army will also be formed in the Jiangnan region.

Since Guangdong is in a state of escrow, it needs more troops, and the current scale of troops will be maintained for the time being, and even Hu Fakui will use local military resources to expand the Borneo Army, if nothing else, the Ministry of Defense will reorganize the Borneo Army into the fifth to seventh brigades of the army, and if the scale is expanded, there may be the eighth and ninth brigades. The Borneo army is basically Hakka in Guangdong, so they are stationed in Guangdong, but they are more cordial than in Borneo.

After the Tang Dynasty ruled Guangdong for a year, even if the Qing government returned, its control over the local area would decline sharply, and the Tang army would be stationed in the local area, so it was safe to obtain troops from the local area. (To be continued.) )