The peasants of the Ming Dynasty were taxed in kind, from the time of Taizu Hongwu to the time of Xuande, but after the year of Xuande, there were certain changes-

Many people think that Zhang Juzheng only began to make the transition from paying taxes in kind to paying silver after he implemented a whip law, but in fact this is a mistake.

First, even after the implementation of a whip law, many localities still pay taxes in kind.

Second, before the whipping law, there were many attempts and practices, and many places had already changed the payment of taxes in kind to the payment of silver, but at that time it was not called a whip law - but such as the 'rat tail book' and the 'ten duan brocade method'. A whip method, breaking the sky, is also a summary, and it is not so thorough summary.

Even a whip method was not Zhang Juzheng's first initiative - it was mentioned in the speech of Fu Hanchen, the imperial historian in March of the tenth year of Jiajing.

As early as the Xuanzong Xuande period in the south of the Yangtze River appeared a law, and the Yingzong orthodox years in Jiangxi is the appearance of the rat tail book, Yingzong Tianshun years in the southeast appeared ten sections of the Jin law, to the Chenghua years, Zhejiang, Guangdong have appeared in the average level of silver, Hongzhi years, Fujian appeared Gang silver law. All of these projects have the content of transferring the amount of money from forced labor to the acres of land, but these reforms have only been implemented in a few areas.

The implementation of a nationwide whip law began in the ninth year of Jiajing, and the earlier implementation was first recommended in Nanzhili and Zhejiang, which were heavily enslaved, followed by Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, but at this time it was only limited to a certain number of prefectures, prefectures, and counties, and was not widely implemented.

The reason for this is nothing more than this reform system, which usurped the power of the local gentry and landlords, so that they could not evade taxes for personal gain. During the 40th year of Jiajing to the reign of Mu Zonglongqing, it was gradually promoted in more than ten years. During the reign of Zhang Juzheng, the first assistant of Wanli, after a large-scale purging of Zhangzhang, it was implemented nationwide, and the progress was relatively rapid. Ten years after Wanli, it was also implemented in remote areas such as Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest and Shaanxi and Gansu in the northwest. However, even in the Central Plains, some prefectures and counties did not begin to implement it until the Chongzhen period, and even did not implement it until the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

And by the time of the Apocalypse and Chongzhen, a whip law in many places had already existed in name only.

The main essence of a whip law can be summarized in two ways: first, the unified taxation, the unification of taxation and forced labor. Second, the acre of silver levied.

Taxation and forced labor have always been the most bitter for the people. Before the implementation of a whip law, the service was separated, the land was taxed, the service was collected by the household, and in addition to the service, there were a variety of additional assignments such as square objects and soil tribute. After the implementation of a whip law, it was all simplified into one. The service is attributed to the land, and the mu is levied; Forced labor was changed to hired labor, and the government hired people to serve on their behalf.

Feudal Tianfu, since the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, is basically levied taxes in kind, although the Tang Dynasty two tax laws are calculated in currency, but the payment is still converted in kind. The Song Dynasty levied taxes, and it was only occasionally discounted. Although the Yuan Dynasty branch is silver, the accumulated grain is still the real grain and millet. However, since the implementation of a whip law in the Ming Dynasty, not only have all the errand servants been changed to silver, but also Tianfu has been changed to color except for a few areas such as Suzhou and Hangzhou that still levy physical goods for the royal family's consumption. At the same time, the levy of conscription was no longer handled by the chief of the province and the chief of grain, but was directly collected by the local officials and paid into the treasury. Since then, the tax is not levied according to the kind, which saves the cost of transportation and storage; The collection and relief is not handled by the armor protection personnel, which eliminates the disadvantages of erosion and distribution, and makes the collection method more perfect.

At the beginning of the implementation of the whip law, the effect was still very good.

Zhang Juzheng has a cool and strict personality, and he has caught up with a good time - when Emperor Wanli first ascended the throne, he was just a ten-year-old child, what did he know? All the power is in the hands of Zhang Juzheng, the first assistant of the cabinet, Feng Bao, the master of ceremonies, and the Empress Dowager Li, and Feng Bao is Zhang Juzheng's loyal political ally, and the Empress Dowager Li also has a blue eye for Zhang Juzheng, and there are even rumors that she and Zhang Juzheng have a personal relationship.

This series of coincidences created the first minister of the Ming Dynasty in 260 years.

One by one, the whip method clarified 280 million mu of land concealed by the gentry from all over the country!

I'm afraid that he is the only one who dares to shake all the squires and landlords in the world, you must know that behind those squires and landlords, there are all the officials of the Ming Dynasty.

That is, he is the enemy of the gentry of the world!

In the Ming Dynasty, a noble and lowly dynasty, this is almost the power of one person to resist the world.

The original intention of a whip method is good, but in the Ming Dynasty, anything with good intentions will almost end up in a mess. For example, the military household system, for example, the law of opening the middle, for example, the law of a whip.

Its original intention was to equalize the enslavement and relieve the people's hardship, and at the beginning of the implementation of a whip law, it did play a role in reforming the disadvantages of the old law, and it was also welcomed by the small people.

"If the law of self-whipping is practiced, then there is indeed a quota for summer taxes, autumn grains, and levies. There is no reason for Li Xu to fly, there is no way to avoid the traitors, and it is simple and even", "the father and the elder have no pain from personal service, no risk of production, no sorrowful sighs, and no trouble of bribery and fishing". Generally speaking, there are fewer reasons for the establishment of clever names in the localities, and there are fewer phenomena of embezzlement of the people by the chief grain chief and the small officials.

But this phenomenon did not last long.

After the implementation of a whip law, the old apportionment from a fairly high level has not been eliminated, for example, the apportionment at the level of the political envoy and the government is still indispensable, and the goal of eliminating the harm of miscellaneous labor has not been achieved. "The law of the whip is extraordinarily divided and increased, and it is very difficult to scratch the people."

Moreover, those treacherous and cunning officials soon discovered that there were many loopholes that could be exploited by a whip method, and they could cling to it and reap more benefits than before.

For example, the collusion between officials and businessmen to lower food prices, such as the collection of fire consumption.

Why was a whip law implemented so quickly? Especially after Zhang Juzheng's death.

It was because the local officials and squires and landlords found that in addition to clarifying the land in the world, the remaining few of the whip laws would make them more profitable.

There are more than 300 households in Lingyidu, of which about 70% pay silver, and the remaining 30% pay grain.

It's really strange that such a palm-sized realm has to be divided into two categories.

What should I do if I have to pay the money, but I don't have the money? I had to sell it to grain merchants. In the past, the people of Lingyidu were in groups of three or five households, and went to the grain stores in the county town to sell grain. Relying on a river of water, the water and soil conditions of Lingyidu are much better than those in other places, and it is hardly plagued by drought. And without the drought hardship, there is no need to worry about locust plagues, although the Xiaoice River era is still the same, but there is always some harvest every year, but it is only a little better than those displaced or forced by the government to rebel.

was exploited by the grain merchant once, and then the government was exploited again, and basically the rest was barely starved to death, and it was wishful thinking to buy a new piece of clothing.

As a result, after they went there this year, the price given by the grain store made them dumbfounded - five coins and one stone.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the price of grain soared all the way, and the price of grain for the people purchased by the grain store continued to rise. And as much as you want.

Obviously, this year's situation is not very good, it is worse than last year, why did it fall to five coins and a stone? Can this still live?

Although they didn't know what market research was, they weren't stupid, so a few people went separately to investigate, and the results they got made them all stupid - they received five dollars of silver, and sold them for four taels of silver!

At this moment, these honest farmers who had become accustomed to being submissive were all angry. I don't ask you to pay a high price, it's the same as last year, right?

So they simply set up a stall on the side of the road, sold grain directly, and had the courage to pay the price of one stone and one or two or five cents, but they did not expect to be robbed by those people in the city, but they were very happy.

As a result, within half an hour, the thugs from the grain store arrived and beat them violently, and some of them broke their legs on the spot. After a while, the government also came, and directly confiscated all their grain, and the people were arrested in the county office, saying that they were selling grain illegally and plotting against them, and they were tortured when they came up.

Three were beaten to death.

It was Su Dahu who went to the county to intercede, so he could be regarded as bringing out the rest of the people, and they were all so frightened that they didn't even dare to say what it looked like.

Later, the people searched around, and the grain stores in various places were all purchased at the price of five cents of silver. I heard that some grain stores gave higher prices, but the stores were smashed and the proprietor was killed.

The people didn't know what was behind it, but they knew it was over, and if it was at this price, there would be nothing left after paying the grain. They were not reconciled, so they dragged it on.

A few days ago, someone from the county came again, saying that if he didn't pay the tax again, he would come down to urge the levy. Urging - this is almost the word that the people are most afraid of, if they really come down to urge, I am afraid that every household will have to lose a layer of skin. I don't know how many people will be arrested and crushed to death in front of the county government with a flail.

And at this time, news came from Su Dahu's family that he was willing to buy grain for seven coins per stone, and it was set for today, in the wheat field of Lingyidu.

When the people heard the news, they were all relieved, although the seven coins of silver, although it was a little lower than last year, it was much better than the five coins, and it could always support and support.

And approaching, the Su family announced that Shangtou County Zun had sent someone to urge him again, the autumn grain had been in arrears for too long, and if he couldn't hand it over, he would have to come down to get someone. As the local grain chief, the Su family collects taxes on the same day.

Early in the morning of this day, Lingyidu came back to life. Families all pushed small carts out of their homes, and those with better families drove ox carts full of grain bales, and people rushed to the wheat field with sad faces. And the villagers and people in the surrounding ten miles and eight towns who received the news also rushed one after another.

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