readx; The post-war economic crisis after 1919 greatly affected the import and export trade of China and the two countries, and the traditional import and export trade of China and the two countries is very similar, both of which are obtained through the export of raw silk and other agricultural products and primary industrial products, and then use these foreign exchange to import machinery and equipment. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

During the war in Europe, Britain, France, and Russia handed over a large number of orders for light industrial products to China and China, and even some arms orders were also handed over to China and China, for example, Britain ordered a number of destroyers from China and China during the war, and the shipbuilding industries of China and China also received many orders for merchant ships from Europe and the United States. Not to mention the fact that China has received most of the orders for supplies from Russia.

These wartime orders gave the economies of both countries a boost to take off, and China's fiscal revenues rose from one billion before the war to as much as 1.9 billion, an increase of almost 200 percent. However, as soon as the war ended, without the support of a large number of external orders, the revenues of various enterprises plummeted rapidly, especially the military industrial enterprises.

In order to protect the domestic industry, Chen Jingyun did not hesitate to take measures to increase the import tariff on the light industry, especially the textile industry, compared with the 5% import tariff in the former Qing Dynasty, and has reached 35% through the successive increases in recent years. This ratio is close to the proportion of tariffs on luxury goods, and such a high proportion of tariffs is already a veritable trade barrier.

Chen Jingyun lane this trade barrier is to block foreign textiles into the Chinese market, especially the British and said 'this foreign cloth, before the war Britain almost occupied 80% of China's foreign cloth market, after the First World War Britain almost all withdrew from the Chinese foreign cloth market, said 'this is gradually expanding the proportion, although China's domestic foreign cloth also seized a part of the market but not much, and after the first World War British cloth comeback, to the "foreign cloth and domestic cloth have caused a great impact, in the face of the domestic textile industry crisis, In order to avoid large-scale unemployment caused by the closure of a large number of textile factories, Chen Jingyun directly raised the import tariff on foreign cloth from 15% to 35% in early 1923. This move almost made imported foreign cloth lose its price competitiveness in an instant.

Chen Jingyun's efforts to protect his country's industry and commerce and raise tariffs, especially on textiles, hit the textile industry even harder.

And even if China raised tariffs, it only alleviated the crisis, but it did not really solve the crisis.

There are many ways to solve the economic crisis, and at this stage, the most effective way to stimulate domestic demand, light industry is okay, the domestic market is not that there is no market, but domestic enterprises need to compete with imported goods in this market. But for China's heavy industry, especially for military industry-related industries, without the stimulus of war, there is no way to survive without orders, and Chen Jingyun has also thought of many ways to keep these military enterprises alive.

In addition to increasing investment in infrastructure, Chen Jingyun also adopted the fastest and shortest method to achieve results, that is, to stimulate the demand of heavy industry through armaments, place orders for warships from shipyards, purchase a new generation of aircraft from aircraft factories, and purchase a large number of weapons from several other arsenals in China.

The Chinese Army began to be reorganized in 1915, and after 1917, it was transformed into brigades and divisions, which directly increased the strength of the army to more than 1.5 million. Although the plan was huge, after four or five years of rectification, all units were already fully staffed, whether it was guns or artillery, there was no shortage of guns, and even the local garrison units had been fully equipped with 1916-style rifles, and the original 7.92-millimeter caliber 1912-style, 88-type, Hanyang-made rifles and other rifles had been fully retired from the Chinese army.

In other words, by 1923 there was nothing for the army to invest in, but after losing orders from the army and the Russian Defense Forces, the survival of a large number of domestic military-industrial enterprises became a problem.

In order to allow the army to spend money to support these enterprises, Chen Jingyun did not even wait for the army to take the initiative to ask the army to make changes to the existing establishment, demanding that the experience of the European war and the Russian civil war be used to further increase the firepower of the troops, and that the light machine guns be delegated to the squad; this alone will directly increase the number of light machine guns in each division from more than 100 to more than 300, and China now has more than 60 infantry divisions, cavalry divisions, motorized infantry divisions, and armored divisions. This move will be able to bring orders for more than 20,000 light machine guns to domestic military enterprises, which is enough for those arsenals that produce machine guns to tide over several difficult periods.

In addition to adding a large number of light and heavy machine guns, it is also required to increase heavy firepower, and the number of 60-mm mortars has increased from more than 60 to more than 90, and each company is required to have three 60-mm mortars.

In addition, it is more important to add a 12-gun 105-mm howitzer battalion to each division, and the army has always wanted to equip the 105 howitzer to the division. In the past, due to military spending restrictions, it has not been realized, but now in order to support the military industry, Chen Jingyun finally decided to equip each division with 105 howitzers.

The army's large-scale increase in firepower is to bring a large number of orders to the army's relevant military industrial enterprises.

The Army massively increased its firepower and changed its strength in the light of post-war experience, as did the Air Force. The current main force of the Chinese Air Force is still developed before World War I, the F1 fighter in service in 1916 has been in service for seven or eight years, and the surname Neng has long lagged behind the new fighters of the world powers.

In the past, the Air Force did not replace new aircraft on a large scale, and that was because the Chinese Air Force in the Far East really had no opponents. At that time, in order to avoid the embarrassing situation of being outdated in less than a year after being equipped with a new type of aircraft on a large scale, the Air Force and the Navy Airlines did not replace the new aircraft on a large scale, but were prepared to wait for the end of the war in Europe to come to a second place.

After the end of the war in Europe, the Chinese Air Force immediately began the post-war aircraft refitting plan according to the experience of European air warfare, and launched a series of aircraft development plans such as new fighters, bombers, reconnaissance planes, etc., according to these years of uninterrupted technology accumulation and experience in European air warfare, China's first post-war fighter, that is, the successor model of the F1 fighter, the F2 fighter, was designed from 1919, and was formally finalized in 1922 after two years of design and test flights. And a certain type is to get an order from the Air Force for up to 300 aircraft. The carrier-based version of the F2 fighter, which is based on the Air Force's F2 fighter, has also received orders from HNA for hundreds of aircraft, ready to replace the F1 fighter jet in service with China's three aircraft carriers.

The F2 fighter did not continue the wooden structure of the F1 fighter and many European air forces, but adopted an all-metal structure. All-metal aircraft appeared in Germany in 1915, and Germany also served a lot of all-metal aircraft in World War I, this technology was quite secret, but with the defeat of Germany, China also got Germany's aluminum alloy technology when the countries divided German technology, thus solving the most difficult technology for China to manufacture all-metal aircraft, you must know that in recent years, although the Chinese Air Force has established an aluminum factory, a lot of research has been carried out on aluminum alloy, but aluminum alloy is simple to say, However, without detailed training but experimenting little by little, it is impossible to develop it in a short period of time, and with aluminum alloy technology, it is not a problem to manufacture all-metal aircraft.

Shut down

After the breakthrough of all-metal aircraft, it was not only applied to fighters, but also to bombers, the Chinese Air Force from the day of its establishment has attached great importance to bombers, not only the Air Force, but also the HNA is the same, otherwise it would not have carried out various modification tests on the extremely primitive B3 bombers, the two torpedo bomber squadrons of the HNA unit were modified from the B3 bombers, although the results of many sea torpedo bombing tests were very disappointing, in the face of more and more intensive anti-aircraft fire on the warship, The slow-moving B3 bombers were simply not able to effectively break through the anti-aircraft fire on the warship, and even if they dropped torpedoes when they got closer, the aerial torpedoes rarely hit the target. After the torpedo bombers did not exert the power expected by the generals of the HNA Army, they put their hopes on horizontal bombing again, because the high-altitude bombers were safe but could not bomb the warship, so they still used the B3 bombers to carry out low-altitude bombing after loading heavy aerial bombs, and drove in and dropped bombs at a height close to the mast of the warship, and this altitude hit rate came up, but the officers of the HNA were very desperate to find that the planes carrying out low-altitude bombing could not break through the air defense network on the warship at all. Even torpedo bombers are easier to penetrate than it.

It has to be said that these experiments have caused the navy quite frustration and disappointment, otherwise Chen Jingyun insisted, the navy group would have given up the plan of sea bombing long ago, and instead regarded the aircraft carrier as a pure reconnaissance aircraft carrier, only providing reconnaissance for battleships and carrying out bombing of fixed targets on land.

At Chen Jingyun's insistence, the Navy continued to continue the sea bombing test, but now it is pinning its hopes on the dive bomber in Chen Jingyun's mouth, after the breakthrough in all-metal aircraft technology, the first is applied to the F2 fighter, and the second is applied to the dive bomber project of HNA, but compared with the smooth progress of the F2 fighter project, the progress of the dive bomber project is very slow, because although the dive bomber has become an all-metal manufacture, but in the process of pulling up after the diveThe huge pull of the fuselage is not a joke, even if it is an all-metal aircraft, it will disintegrate on the spot. In the actual test, an all-metal dive bombing test plane of the Navy disintegrated again in a dive bomb test at a height of 3,000 meters at a vertical level of 75 degrees, resulting in the death of the test pilot. This accident made the HNA troops extremely helpless, and they could only suspend the test, review the design loopholes and technical defects, these things were delayed, the Air Force and the HNA F2 fighter have been put into service, but the HNA dive bomber is still far away.

Neither horizontal bombing nor torpedo bombers could break through the air defense network of warships on their own, and dive bombers were far away, which caused the development of bomber forces in the navy to be extremely slow. Compared with the slow development of the bomber unit of the HNA, the development of the bomber unit in the air force is extremely smooth, especially after Chen Jingyun proposed to the air force that the bomber needs a larger bomb load and a longer range, the air force has made great efforts to develop large bombers, and several modifications have been made after many improvements to the B3 bomber, and it can be said that the latest model of the B3 bomber in 1923 is already two different things from the B3 bomber before World War I, and the bomb load, range and even speed have been greatly improved.

However, limited by the basic mechanism of the B3 bomber, the B3 bomber, which has been in service for ten years, can no longer meet the needs of the Air Force for future bomber units, for which the Air Force has also designed a new generation of B4 bombers.

The B4 bomber, like other new-generation aircraft projects, is made of all-metal, has two high-power engines, and has an unprecedented bomb load of 1,500 kilograms, and more importantly, the B4 bomber has a range of 1,500 kilometers. Such a long range makes it impossible for the B4 bombers to carry out long-distance bombing, and the escorting F2 fighters, which have a range of only 800 kilometers, cannot provide them with full escort. In order to increase self-defense capabilities, the B4 bomber had to be equipped with several self-defense machine guns.

Due to the need for orders from the military to continue to maintain the survival of domestic military industrial enterprises, the proportion of military spending in the 1923 budget was still maintained at 35%, and the total military budget reached 650 million.

And this proportion is very high in peacetime, especially in times of economic crisis, China uses military investment and increased investment in infrastructure to stimulate domestic demand, and said that "Ben also adopted a similar method, although the Washington Naval Treaty stipulates that battleships are not allowed to be built now, but other small warships are not restricted, so this navy has placed a large number of orders for 10,000-ton heavy cruisers, light cruisers, destroyers and other auxiliary ships to domestic shipyards." In addition to developing the navy, it was also said that "it has also increased the army's military expenses to purchase new equipment."

Originally, it was a great development of armaments, and the outbreak of the [***] dispute between the two countries in early 1923 because of the Lushun dispute exacerbated this situation. What was supposed to be just normal army building in both countries was quickly replaced by pre-war mobilization.

"Yesterday there was another demonstration in Guangzhou, and the students rushed into a lot of people who said, 'This enterprise and the business house, and more than 20 people died!'" Chen Cai respectfully reciprocated in front of Chen Jingyun.

Chen Jingyun also frowned when he heard this: "The spearhead of the situation must be controlled, and these students must be prevented from being used by people with intentions!" ”

A few years ago, when Weihaiwei and Guangzhou Bay were just recovered, the demonstrations also broke out out of control, and Chen Jingyun directly ordered the local garrison to calm down the situation and completely banned newspapers from publishing relevant news. It can already be seen that if Chen Jingyun did not want to see these demonstrations appear, then he had the ability and means to suppress this demonstration, but he did not do so.

The economic downturn in recent years has caused the people to accumulate a lot of emotions, and this time the people in the Lushun incident have found an outlet for their emotions, and it is much better to transfer the contradictions to themselves than to let them aim the contradictions at themselves and the National Socialist Party.

Moreover, the Lushun incident is also very sensitive, if Chen Jingyun makes a slight concession in this matter, the tough attitude that Chen Jingyun has maintained for so many years will come to naught, and even make people wonder whether Chen Jingyun has the ability and determination to rejuvenate China. Therefore, at this critical juncture, no matter whether war breaks out or not, Chen Jingyun cannot shrink back.

According to the predictions of these economists, the domestic economic problems have just begun, and they will fluctuate in the next three to five years, and the economic problems will become more serious with the land reform, because before the land reform, China was a typical small-scale peasant economic system, and foreign trade and even domestic trade will not have much impact on the national economy. However, as the land reform is slowly completed, industry and commerce are slowly developed, the number of workers gradually increases, and the proportion of urbanization increases, the more vulnerable it is to the external economic crisis. In addition, because the source of the economic crisis is not in China, it is no longer said that it is "in itself, but in the United States, as the world's largest economy and China's largest trading country, the economic situation of the United States is directly related to China's import and export trade, and if the import and export trade shrinks, the domestic industrial development will stagnate, the enterprises will have no orders, they will not make money, they will lay off employees, the industrial rate will increase, the urban residents will lose their jobs and have no money, they will not be able to sell their agricultural products, and the goods of enterprises will not be able to sell. This creates a cycle of bad surnames.

To solve the economic crisis, in addition to directly raising tariffs too high to create trade barriers, the most important thing left is to stimulate domestic demand, which is one thing, but to see results faster, there is no more effective way than war.

Stimulating domestic demand through war, recovering Lushun, and completely driving Ben out of the mainland, these ideas kept appearing in Chen Jingyun's mind, so that Chen Jingyun could not resist these temptations.

As the Luda Treaty was about to expire in May, and Ben still refused to return Lushun and increase the number of divisions and regiments to Korea, Chen Jingyun had already ordered the troops in the northeast region to enter a state of combat readiness in April, and all units were transferred from a peaceful establishment to a wartime establishment, and the logistics personnel were increased, so that the troops could reach full strength.

On April 25, 1923, Chen Jingyun published a signed article, reiterating that Lushun was Chinese territory and that "Lushun must be returned in accordance with the Luda Treaty." In response, he said, 'Ben sent a fleet, including two battleships, into Port Arthur, and also brought a brigade of reinforcements and a large amount of military supplies for Arthur.

On May 1, 1923, Chen Jingyun signed the second-level mobilization order!