readx; After the outbreak of the economic crisis in 1929, it had a major impact on the countries of the world, and this influence was passed by the United States Congress in 1930. After the Smoot tariff bill, which was formally signed into law by President Hoover in June, it was dramatically expanded, and almost every country in the world, including China, sent letters of protest to the United States. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

And what exactly is this tariff bill that has caused protests from all countries around the world? It was a bill that aimed to raise tariffs on all imported goods. The law amended the tax rates on more than 1,100 imported goods, increasing the tax rates for 890 goods, and adding 50 goods that used to be exempt from import duties, but now have to pay import duties. Although the bill also reduced the tax rate on more than 200 goods and changed more than 70 taxable goods to tax exemption. Overall, however, U.S. import tariffs have increased dramatically.

The average tax rate on raw materials for crops has been raised from about 38 percent in the past to nearly 50 percent now, and the average tax rate on other commodities has also increased from about 31 percent to more than 34 percent. However, according to the actual tax collection situation of the year, the average tax rate reached more than 53 percent.

In recent years, the United States is not only the world's largest exporter, but also the largest importer, whether it is China, European countries, or even Latin American countries, all have important international trade activities with the United States. Other countries do not mention that, taking China as an example, raw silk and other products originally exported to the United States were affected by the economic crisis in the United States and the export volume was greatly reduced, but now the United States has raised import tariffs, which makes it even more difficult for China's raw silk and other export commodities.

In this case, China, as a quasi-ally of the United States, has also sent a strong diplomatic protest letter to the United States, and not only China, but also Canada and the United Kingdom are also fiercely protesting.

However, the protests of other countries have not changed the views of American trade protectionism, because in recent years, trade protectionism is the norm in various countries, but some countries have done it more ruthlessly, while others have done it lightly, so the United Kingdom, which claims to be free trade, actually has certain trade protection measures.

It's just that before June 1930, although everyone had trade protectionism, but on the whole it was okay, everyone did not completely tear off the skin, the total global international trade in 1928 was as high as about 65 billion US dollars, but in the first half of 1930, the total global international trade plummeted to about 25 billion US dollars, and now the United States Hawley? As soon as the Smoot tariff law is implemented, the total trade volume in the second half of the year will definitely not reach 20 billion yuan, so it will be difficult to calculate the total global international trade volume of 40 billion dollars in 1930.

It can be seen that the protectionist trade-fighting doctrine among countries has not only failed to save the economies of countries in this economic crisis, but has further exacerbated the situation.

But even if they knew that this would be the case, all countries had to keep up with the pace of the United States, first of all, Canada took the lead in raising tariffs on the 16 categories of products exported by the United States to Canada, which is not counting, and it also pulled Britain and even the entire Commonwealth and the United States to start a tariff war, and also pulled France and Germany into the water one after another.

At this time, China could not remain indifferent, anyway, in the early 1930s, China had already raised import tariffs, but at that time the increase was mainly for light industrial products such as textiles, and the increase was limited. In 1930, China was forced to raise import tariffs on almost all imported goods, not only for light industry and luxury goods, but also for high-precision products and grain, which were previously subject to lower tariffs.

All countries have raised import tariffs substantially, and in just a few months, trade barriers have been formed around the world, and almost all countries' import and export trade has been hit hard.

Although China has been hit harder, it has benefited from the construction of a large domestic infrastructure and the appropriate expansion of armaments, and although the domestic economy continues to be sluggish, it has not completely collapsed and can barely survive, and the situation is much better than that of other countries.

Needless to say, there are bank bankruptcies in the United States every day, and although President Hoover racked his brains, he could not make the situation better, but because of his own proposed trade tariffs, the US export market was further hit hard, the number of unemployed people increased day by day, and the streets were full of people looking for work, even in the middle-class families that Americans were once proud of, many people began to receive relief food.

Europe is also in turmoil.

At this time, China's neighbors, enemies of the past 100 years, said, 'The situation over there is even more miserable.'

Speaking of which, in fact, he was quite unlucky, although he made a lot of profits during the First World War, but he was also traumatized in the post-war economic crisis, and in those years, China adopted a hostile attitude towards the "Ben" and imposed high taxes on the goods exported to China, especially the foreign cloth, which made the "Ben" very sad in those years. In addition, there is another very important reason, that is, "Ben has invested too many resources in order to develop the navy, which has put a heavy burden on Ben, whose economic development is not good."

However, the real tragedy came from the Sino-Chinese War in 1923, to be honest, if it was only a hundred thousand casualties, it would be nothing for a modern country, and it would not break the bones, but after a Sino-Chinese war, it was forced to return Taiwan to China, and in addition, it also lost a lot of interests in the northeast region.

The defeat in the war and the Great Kanto Earthquake in September 1923 made the economy even worse, and in that year, the Honsho issued a large number of "disaster relief bills" in response to the Great Kanto Earthquake. This was a check from the stricken area, which was directly provided by the political axe and discounted by the bank, and this measure can be said to have become a nightmare for the economy throughout the mid-to-late twenties, and directly led to the outbreak of the financial and economic crisis in 1927, which not only led to the bankruptcy of the new chaebol Suzuki Shoin, but also plunged the entire banking community into a panic.

However, in 1929, an economic crisis broke out in the United States, which directly hit Ben's import and export trade, and the total import and export trade of nearly 4 billion yuan in 1928 dropped to less than 3 billion yuan in 1930. The industrial output value has dropped from a high point of more than 7 billion yuan to only about 5 billion yuan. In 1930, nearly 1,000 enterprises went bankrupt, and more than 60 banks went bankrupt or ceased operations.

It can be said that the impact of the current economic crisis is far more serious than that of China, and the fundamental reason for this is that the economy is poor in resources and markets, and the industrial economy is heavily dependent on international trade, so when the export market shrinks, the impact on the economy will be fatal.

This can be seen from the fact that the prices of agricultural products in the country have been lowered, and the main sources of income for the peasants are the agricultural products and silkworm cocoons, which are relatively commercialized, and after the economic crisis, the prices of these commodities have fallen year after year, and in the first half of 1930, the price of rice per quintal was about 27 yuan, but after the second half of the year it was only 17 yuan. However, the production cost of each load of rice is about 27 to 28 yuan, so although there is a bumper grain harvest, the peasants' incomes are still sharply reduced and even bankrupt. The same is true of cocoons, whose price fell by more than 50% between 1929 and after 1930.

This is also the reason why China, China, Europe, the United States, and other countries have successively raised import tariffs on agricultural industries, because the prices of agricultural products have dropped by a large margin, both abroad and at home, and in order to ensure the interests of the peasants, China must raise the tariffs on agricultural products, raise the prices of domestic agricultural products, and protect the interests of the peasants.

As a result of the economic crisis, the economy is on the verge of a total collapse, and in this case, despite the many measures taken, it has not been able to solve the problem fundamentally. Because China is different from the so-called 'Ben', even though China's export industry has been hit hard, it is still supported by some domestic demand, which has been rapidly inflated after Chen Jingyun implemented large-scale infrastructure construction. However, it is said that it is a country that lacks resources and even lacks an internal market, and its economic system is mainly based on international trade, so it is not feasible to simply expand domestic demand, because if he produces products, he needs raw materials, and the purchase of raw materials requires foreign exchange, but if there is foreign exchange, he has to export, and when countries implement trade barriers, it is almost impossible to export on a large scale in exchange for foreign exchange, so this is a dead loop.

He said, 'There is almost no other way than to greatly demand resources from North Korea and New Guinea!'

The economic crisis could not be alleviated, but it caused turmoil in the society, and a large number of people affected by the economic crisis began to express serious dissatisfaction with the current cabinet, and the then prime minister of the cabinet, Kuma Hamaguchi, was pushed to the forefront of the storm, just like Zheng Zuyin in China and Hoover in the United States, the leaders of these countries were badly criticized by the domestic people.

He said, "Not only are the ordinary people seriously dissatisfied with the political axe, but even the military is seriously dissatisfied with the political axe, especially after the army has been reduced in military spending again, and some lower-level officers in the army have already shouted that they will punish Hamaguchi Kushin."

At this time, in November 1930, a large-scale armed conflict broke out between the Chinese and Chinese armies on the Korean border, and a patrol squadron that secretly infiltrated the military buffer zone was carrying out the task of attacking the guerrillas of the Korean Reading Volunteer Army, and collided with a certain company of the Chinese Army that came to secretly support the Korean Reading Volunteer Army. Although both sides were in the name of Koreans at the time, it is a fact that the armies of the two sides actually fought each other.

After the battle, dozens of people were killed and wounded on both sides, and the next day, the military of both sides began to accuse the other side of breaking the relevant provisions of the Korean military buffer zone in the London Treaty of mid-1923. He said: "The military headquarters has found that the military headquarters has not given an order to march into the Korean military buffer zone, but it says, "The army has already had two divisions and regiments going north."

Under such circumstances, the Chinese army naturally would not sit idly by and say, 'This army will go north, so two divisions will soon cross the Yalu River and move south, and within a few days, the two sides will be engaged.

He said: "The unauthorized actions of the lower-ranking officers of this army have pulled Ben into the abyss of war once again!"

Just when the whole world was suffering from the economic crisis, in November 1930, after a lapse of seven years, war broke out again!