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Weapons are divided into lethal and protective.

Weapons of destruction, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, are mainly ge, spears, swords, halberds, bows and arrows, as well as guns, beryllium and crossbows.

Protective weapons, mainly armor and shields.

Weapons are long and short, the sword is a short soldier, and the ge, spear, halberd, and gun are long soldiers. The long soldiers themselves also have strengths and weaknesses. The short one is only about one meter long, which is less than the height; The elderly, who are one and a half times the height, or even two or three times the height, especially those used by chariots, must be longer than the horse's head in order to be effective. But long soldiers, rarely more than three times their height. More than three times will not work. This is a weapon for melee combat. Bows and crossbows are ranged weapons.

(1) Weapons of destruction in close combat.

(1) Sword. In the early days, it was a dagger-style dagger, which originated from the steppe regions of the north, and was both a cutlery for eating meat and a weapon for protecting oneself. Swords and knives are one category, and the difference is only in single and double edges. The so-called "light lu" and "path" of the ancients are this kind of sword. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, long swords became popular. Long swords, especially those of good texture, came from the south, mainly Wu, Yue, and Chu. The long sword is out, and the short sword is not wasted. The long sword is easy to fight, the short sword is good for protection, and it can also carry out terrorist assassination, all of which are weapons that are easy to use closely, so in the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties, samurai often wear swords.

(2) Ge. Ge is a hook soldier, similar to the long sickle in farming. Ge head, the Shang Dynasty's Ge is a zigzag, with a front in front, a blade under it (called aid), and a handle (called inside) in the back, similar to a short knife. The Ge of the Zhou Dynasty was a T-shape, and in order to facilitate binding and fixation, a drooping part (called Hu) was also added.

(3) Spears. The spear is a thorn soldier, the short spear is called, the spear is called a wedge, and the eight spears are called 矟, that is, the lance of Cao Cao's horizontal lance and poetry. The spearhead has a lot of variations, and it is similar to the arrowhead, so it can be compared and studied. The spear handle (called 柲) and the handle of the ge (also called 柲) are different, the handle of the ge is an arc strike, and the same as the handle of the axe, only made flat, can be conducive to controlling the direction of the blade strike, the spear is only used for stabbing, the handle is round, it is convenient.

(4) Halberd. The halberd is a utensil that combines a spear and a spear. Ge and spear can be cast separately or together, and there are examples of multiple Ge heads mounted on a single handle. The halberd spear is called a thorn. In the late Warring States period, the Ge part of the halberd, aiding, inside and left and right, all had blades, called the chicken halberd. Ge and halberd are matched with car battles, which are very Chinese characteristics, but car battles declined and then declined.

(5) Death. It belongs to the class of sticks, and later generations will be called sticks ("Wujing General Essentials Collection" volume 13). It is divided into three types, one with a hammer-like copper hoop and a spear spike that rises up; One also has these two kinds, but there are thorns on the side of the hammer-shaped copper hoop, similar to the mace of the Song Dynasty; There is also a completely different, only the tubular copper head, no edge, the dispatch of the tomb of Marquis Yi is called "Jin Zhen".

(6) Beryllium. It is a short sword mounted on a long handle, similar to a modern bayonet, and later called a gun ("Wujing General Essentials of the First Collection" volume 13). Beryllium was popular in the Warring States Period, both in the north and south, especially in Zhao and Qin. These discoveries, Zhao Beryllium has no beryllium, Qin Beryllium has it, and the ancients called the beryllium with the barium as a beryllium.

(2) Long-range weapons of destruction.

(1) Bow and arrow. The ancients called it a long soldier, and it was a weapon that could kill and injure from a distance. Bows and arrows are the oldest, and they were found in the Paleolithic period. Wood and stone are the oldest weapons, and the bow and arrow are used in combination with wood and stone. The instrument of the sheng arrow is called the 箙, and the instrument of the bow is called tao.

(2) The crossbow is a wonderful invention, and scholars believe that it may have been inspired by animal traps. In our country, in the 4th century BC, crossbows have become popular. The origin of this weapon may be in Asia, especially south of the Yangtze River. The use of crossbows in Europe is relatively late, and scholars suspect that it was introduced from Asia, and the early clues, which are not very clear, are clearly examinable, are crossbows from the 10th to 11th centuries. This late crossbow may have been introduced from Arabia. The crossbow is different from the bow, it has a crossbow arm to set the arrow, the crossbow machine controls the string, and the lookout mountain aims. In the past, martial arts exams were held to test the arm strength of Zhang Gong. However, the strong crossbow kicks the top of the stomach with hands and feet (the so-called kicking), which is difficult to pull away by manpower, and a crossbow bed with a winch is also used. The crossbow bed can be controlled with a single crossbow machine zhì multiple crossbow bows, which is called a repeating crossbow. The repeating crossbow, with its long range and high accuracy, is particularly effective against the horse team impact of the northern peoples. The modern gun is the descendant of the crossbow, the front sight is equal to the lookout, and the trigger is equal to the hook tooth. The appearance of firearms and the decline of cavalry were the continuation of this counter-weapon.

(3) Arrowhead. Arrowhead is arrowhead, Stone Age, the so-called fine stone tools, many are stone arrowheads. Bronze Age with copper arrowheads. Later, there were also iron axes. There are many kinds of arrowheads, with horses, with belts, winged, wingless, double-edged, triangular and quadrangular, square and round, thick and thin, each with its own use. The arrows used in the exercise are blunt in front, and they are called head arrows in the Song Dynasty.

(3) Protective weapons.

(1) A. In ancient times, all countries had their own armor, which was much the same. Greek and Roman infantry, divided into heavy infantry and light infantry. The hoplites, who wore two pieces of bronze armor on the front and back: the cuirass and the dorsal armor, which looked like turtle shells, and the shin armor on the lower legs, which were relatively bulky; The armor of the light infantry is conjugated with copper sheets, which is relatively light. These are the two most basic. The Romans also used chain mail, which is generally believed to have originated from the Celts, but the earlier source was the Scythians. It is lighter and more suitable than the second type of armor. In the early Middle Ages, chain mail was popular in Europe, which was a brute style armor characterized by its lightness. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the situation turned back, and the knights changed to bulky armor, various iron armor (black armor, white armor), covering the whole body, every part. China also has these three types of A. The first type, called Liangdang armor, is the earliest sample from the Western Zhou Dynasty. The second category, the scholar called Zajia (decorated with armor, hence the name), is found the most. Warring States Qin and Han dynasties, unearthed and found, mainly the leather armor (that is, leather armor) of Zeng and Chu. Leather is the main material of ancient protective gear, which is used by people, horses, and cars. The golden jade clothes of the Han Dynasty, the ancients called the jade box or jade sheng, which is actually the jade armor. Iron armor, also called Xuan armor, is similar to the black armor of the West. chain mail, introduced very early, the Three Kingdoms called ring chain mail, it is estimated that it was introduced from the west; In the Tang Dynasty, it was called chain mail, and it was a tribute from Sogdia. In addition, there are wooden, cloth and paper armor (in the south, iron armor is easy to rust, so this type of armor is used). The ancients sewed multiple layers of cloth or paper together, or pressed them into shape, which is slightly the same as body armor. Body armor is not hard-hitting, but overcoming rigidity with softness, the most intelligent.

(2) Paraphante. That is, the helmets of the later generations, with bronze, leather and iron. Leather and iron, unearthed and found, some of them are also connected with armor. 胄, also called a dough. Scholars believe that Dou is a loanword from the Turkic system.

(3) Shield. The small ones can only protect their arms, and the big ones can cover themselves. The long shield that can cover the body was called a oar by the ancients. This kind of oar is different from the oar of the building car and the nest car (in detail), and the ancients called it the oar ("Liutao 61 Longtao 61 Agricultural Tools"). Siege the city, brave the arrows and stones, and the small shield is good. Fight in formation, big shield is good. Shield, Chu tomb found more, such as Baoshan No. 2 tomb out, divided into two kinds, one is a wooden shield, about 92 centimeters high, like the Song Dynasty infantry side card, but not big enough; One is the leather shield, which is only half the height of the former. The long shield that can hide the body is not found, but it is on the frescoes of the Assyrian palaces. Shield, the Han Dynasty is also called Peng Pai ("Shi Ming 61 Shi Bing"), Han Jing often writes "Sifang" as "Si Peng" or "Si Bian", "Zizhi Tongjian 61 Jin Ji 38" Hu San Provincial Note has pointed out that Peng Pai is the side row of the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there were two kinds of shields, one kind of long can cover the body, stand on the ground, and call the infantry next card; One is applied to the arm, called the cavalry side card ("Wujing General Essentials of the First Collection", volume 13: page 23). Side cards and side rows are the same thing. Today's people call the shield a shield, which is a combination of shield and brand. The shield, now out of the blue, is still used by the riot police, made of bulletproof glass, to hide in the back so that the front can be seen.

(4) Others. There are many more, and I can't introduce them all here. It is worth noting that ancient weapons, some of which were used by honor guards, are different from practical weapons. The symbol of power in the West is the scepter (mace), and in China it is the mackerel. Yue is a big axe, originally a torture tool (for decapitation or waist beheading), not a weapon, the ancient military punishment is a combination, often use Yue to symbolize the power of conquest, we don't think of it as Li Kui's plate axe.