1. Exchange rate.

Historical Materials:

In 1880, 1 pound = 4.85 US dollars = 3.66 taels of silver

In 1894 1 pound = 6.08 taels of silver

In 1900, 1 pound sterling = 4.5 US dollars = 6.43 taels of silver = 13.5 rubles = 5 francs = 9 yen

In 1906, 1 pound = 5 US dollars = 7.5 taels of silver

Original setting:

In 1896, 1 pound = 3.85 imperial silver dollars = 6.13 taels of silver

In 1902, 1 pound = 5.2 Chinese dollars = 6.92 taels of silver

It is assumed that the exchange rates of the currencies of the major countries were generally stable from 1900 to 1902

It can be estimated that in 1902, 1 Chinese dollar = 0.192 pounds sterling = 2.596 rubles = 0.865 US dollars = 4.808 francs = 1.731 yen

2. Industry

Historical Materials:

According to the 1975 edition of the Soviet Union's History of the First World War, the production of the main industrial products of the great powers is compared as follows (in million tons)

1. Coal

Time: 1870/1900/1913

United States: 30/245/517

UK: 112/229/292

Germany: 34/150/277

France: 13/33/41

Russia: 1/16/36

2. Pig iron

Time: 1870/1900/1913

United States: 1.7/14.0/31.5

United Kingdom: 6.1/9.1/10.4

Germany: 1.3/7.5/16.8

France: 1.2/2.7/5.2

Russia: 0.4/2.9/4.6

3. Steel

Time: 1870/1900/1913

United States: 0.04/10.3/31.8

United Kingdom: 0.3/6.0/9.0

Germany: 0.1/6.4/15.7

France: 0.1/1.6/4.7

Russia: 0.2/2.2/4.9

Original setting:

Chapter 40 states that in 1895, the empire produced 7.63 million tons of coal, 1.41 million tons of pig iron, and 910,000 tons of steel.

Chapter 74 reads:

In 1900, China's coal production rose to 17 million tons, pig iron production to 2.7 million tons, and steel production to 2.1 million tons.

During the same period, Russia's coal, pig iron and steel production were 16 million tons, 2.9 million tons and 2.2 million tons, respectively.

In the United States, 245 million tonnes, 14 million tonnes and 10.3 million tonnes were added.

In the UK, 22.9 million tonnes, 9.1 million tonnes and 6 million tonnes were added.

Germany is 150 million tonnes, 7.5 million tonnes and 6.4 million tonnes.

France is 33 million tonnes, 2.7 million tonnes and 1.6 million tonnes.

In 1902, China produced 25 million tons of coal, 3.6 million tons of pig iron, and 2.9 million tons of steel.

In 1895, the total industrial output of the empire was about 530 million imperial silver dollars, or 333,660,000 pounds, or about 18.9 percent of the national income. By contrast, in 1889 the value of industrial output in the United States had surpassed agricultural output by about twice the value of production.

The relevant descriptions are as follows

Chapter 40 (1896):

Han Lang, who was wrapped in layers of clothes, was no less than Niu Jin at this time, and he rubbed his hands and said: "Last year, the output of basic industrial products exceeded the original plan, the coal output was 7.63 million tons, exceeding the original plan by 16 percent, the pig iron output was 1.41 million tons, exceeding the original plan by 20 percent, and the steel output was 910,000 tons, exceeding the original plan by 15 percent. The gross industrial output of the country is estimated at 500 million to 530 million imperial silver dollars, or 16.6 to 18.9 percent of national income. The city's industry and commerce have developed rapidly, and the registered capital of industry and commerce in the country has reached 167.45 million imperial silver dollars, of which 90 percent are concentrated in coastal or provincial capitals......"

Minister of Communications Chen Baolu then reported: "In addition to the completion of the railway from Beijing to Tianjin last year, the construction of the railway from Beijing to Mukden, Jingshi to Datong, Fengtian to Lushun, Shanghai to Nanjing, and the railways from Beijing to Hanyang and Fengtian to Ningguta are also being planned. In terms of highways, the construction of standard secondary roads between the counties and counties of Zhili has been completed, there are first-class highways connecting Beijing and Tianjin, and other provinces are also openly bidding for the construction of their own highway networks, railway and highway operating companies are operating normally, and the traffic police system is being experimented......"

Tian Zhenghong, minister of agriculture and forestry, also reported on the agricultural situation: "Because the agricultural monitoring and control system has not yet been perfected, we can only estimate the national grain output, but due to the popularization of new varieties of wheat and rice, the total grain output last year reached 130 million to 140 million tons, basically meeting the needs of about 400 million people." The forest cover rate is estimated at 20 to 22 per cent, of which 30 per cent of the primary forest zone has been designated as protected areas......"

Ma Feng, Minister of Science and Technology, briefly introduced the promotion of science and technology: "Due to the weakness of basic industry, it is impossible to put cutting-edge advanced technology into practical use at a lower cost, so we put our main energy on the promotion of basic technology and the improvement of management technology...... Last year, Beiyang Heavy Industry completed the construction of the internal combustion engine plant, which is expected to produce more than 500 internal combustion engines with 5 to 50 horsepower this year, and will double next year...... The practical application of dual-use airships is being studied, and there is no obstacle to the manufacture of aircraft, but for the sake of technical blockade, it was decided to vigorously develop helium airships first, and the development of aircraft will be carried out under the supervision of the military......"

"Well, that's basically the case," Wen Yi pointed at the table with the pencil in his hand, "Now that we understand our foundation, we should speculate on the maximum goal that can be achieved, but we must not use the maximum goal as the starting point of our work, because we can't see the specific changes in the future, and various unknowable factors will affect the progress of the plan." Therefore, it should be prudent to set the basic goals in a compromise way. "

Niu Jin interjected: "As long as the military does not increase its requirements, there will be no problems in the financial aspect, and after the use of paper money in the next year, we will maintain good credit, steadily promote inflation, and then use national debt to support the deficit, and the pressure on us will be lighter." "

Han Lang continued: "At present, the output value of heavy industry is basically generated by government-run enterprises, and government-run enterprises also account for the majority of the total output value of industry and commerce; it is estimated that after the land reform continues, a large amount of capital will be invested in industry and commerce, and in addition to the opening of the securities market, non-confidential government-run enterprises will be gradually privatized, and I believe that private capital will rapidly promote the rapid development of industry and commerce throughout the country." The source of labour is also not a problem, as some of the land zoned as State farms require very little labour because of the implementation of efficient and contiguous specialized production, and the surplus labour is paid severance pay and then supported by employment agencies, and they have no other way out but to come to the cities to earn a living. In addition, in the future, some yeoman farmers who cannot afford to pay the principal and interest of state loans will have to go through employment agencies to come to the cities, and it is estimated that the urban population will more than double within 10 years......"

Wen Yi nodded: "With the comprehensive restructuring of the country, the country will gradually move towards modernization, but there must always be a clear goal to guide the progress of our work, the time limit of this goal is tentatively set at ten years, so as to connect with the military's military expansion plan, I will mention my opinion." Within ten years, the national income had doubled from what it is now, reaching the size of six billion imperial silver dollars. Fiscal revenues also doubled to the size of 500 million to 600 million imperial silver dollars. The total value of industrial output should have reached the size of two and a half billion imperial silver dollars, about five times that of the present one. The total grain output should develop steadily, and while continuing to increase the grain output per mu, we should vigorously develop the production of cash crops, so that the total agricultural output value will increase from the current 23 to 2.5 billion imperial silver dollars to 3.5 billion imperial silver dollars. In terms of transportation, the construction of the initial railway trunk lines should be completed before 1905, including the railway lines from Jingshi to Hankou, Jingshi to Datong and Taiyuan, Jingshi to Pukou, Jingshi to Mukden, Fengtian to Lushun and Dalian, Fengtian to Ningguta and Manchuria, Jiangning to Shanghai and Hangzhou, Wuchang to Guangzhou via Nanchang, Wuchang to Changsha, Nanchang to Fuzhou, Zhengzhou to Xi'an, and Keelung to Kaohsiung. In terms of science and technology, the goal is to complete the start and development of the domestic automobile industry and aviation industry before 1904, the open development of airships, dual-use, and the secret development of aircraft, and the transfer to the army around 1900, and the popularization around 1904. The decryption of other advanced technologies shall be carried out according to the principle of practicability, as appropriate after the conditions of the basic industry have been met. Basically, that's it, what else do you have to say? "

Chapter 74:

In heavy industry, in 1900 the country's available coal production amounted to 17 million tons, pig iron production reached 2.7 million tons, and steel production reached 2.1 million tons (in the same year Russia produced 16 million tons of coal, 2.9 million tons of pig iron, and 2.2 million tons of steel), and two years later, in 1902, coal production increased to 25 million tons, pig iron production reached 3.6 million tons, and steel production reached 2.9 million tons, exceeding the output of the Russian side in the same year. And in terms of the quality of finished steel products, it is far better than Russia, and is exported to Europe and the United States, and Chinese steel has almost become synonymous with "the best quality steel".

The various types of merchant ships built by the standardized system have low cost, stable performance, large loading volume and short production cycle, which not only fully meet the needs of the domestic shipping industry, but also export to all parts of the world - everyone wants cheap and easy-to-use ships. The total tonnage of Chinese steamships, which was only 190,000 tons in 1896, jumped to 800,000 tons in 1902, a fourfold increase.

In light industry, some key technologies have also been introduced, and key developments have been made in the fields of electric energy, optics, communications, and aviation. By 1902, the Chinese army's radio stations were capable of being distributed to the brigade level (Wehrmacht) and even the regimental level (Janissaries), while by the beginning of 1903, the Russian army had only 12 radio stations. In addition, there are some low-cost, fast-yielding technologies that are used in the production of traditional light industrial products, which reduce costs and improve quality without reducing workers' wages. By 1902, domestically produced (produced by state-controlled enterprises) textiles accounted for 83 percent of the country's textile sales, 86 percent for hardware, and 98 percent for flour. Gone are the days when Chinese even had to buy "foreign nails" for iron nails; on the contrary, some cheap and high-quality light industrial products produced in China have been dumped in a steady stream to Europe and the United States, and some European and American powers have had to erect tariff barriers to prevent China's insanely cheap calico, velvet, stained glass and other goods from flooding into their own markets.

In agriculture, low-cost and high-yield grain varieties have been introduced and popularized, new types of farmhouse fertilizers that can be prepared by themselves have been promoted, chemical fertilizers have been used in some large and medium-sized farms and semi-mechanized production has been implemented, and some areas have been encouraged to concentrate their efforts on planting new varieties of cash crops. From 1892 to 1902, grain output increased by 87 percent, cotton output increased by 116 percent, and the output of other cash crops also increased by a large amount.

3. Finance

Historical Materials:

In real history, the GDP of the Qing Empire in 1894 was about 4.3 billion taels of silver, or 707.2 million pounds.

In the fiscal year 1899-1900, Japan's fiscal revenue was 188,738,934 yen, and its expenditure was 216,594,934 yen, of which the military expenditure of the army and navy was 116,861,361 yen, accounting for more than half of the total expenditure.

In 1900, Japan's tax revenue was 75.6 million yen, half of the year's regular revenue, and 5 million yen more than the 1893 annual budget.

In 1898, the average national income was £3 (27 yen) in Japan, £44 in the United States, and £36 in the United Kingdom.

Japan's total population in 1900 was 45 million, and it is estimated that in 1900, the per capita tax burden of Japan was 1.68 yen (0.187 pounds), accounting for about 6.2% of the per capita national income, and at the same time, the total national income of Japan was 12150000 yen, totaling 135 million pounds. At that time, the fiscal revenue was about 188.74 million yen (20.971 million pounds), accounting for 15.5% of the gross national income, and the military expenditure of the army and navy was about 116.86 million yen (12.984 million pounds), accounting for 9.6% of the gross national income.

In 1898, the US treasury revenue was £89.66 million and that of the United Kingdom £105 million. If Japan's taxation level is reached, its treasury revenue would be £287.6 million and £231.4 million, respectively. In other words, Japan's taxes are 3.2 times heavier than those of the United States and 2.2 times heavier than those of the United Kingdom, and the per capita tax burden of the United States should be 2.2% of the per capita national income of the United States, or 0.88 pounds, and the per capita tax burden of the United Kingdom should be 3.2% of the per capita national income of the United Kingdom, or 1.15 pounds.

According to other sources, the combined populations of the two countries in 1902 were 86 million and 55 million respectively (on the British side, only the population of the United Kingdom was counted).

During the same period, industrial production in the United States grew by 5.4 to 5.9 percent, and in the United Kingdom, it grew by 2.2 to 3 percent. Set a national income growth rate of 5.5% in the United States and 2.5% in the United Kingdom over the same period.

It can be estimated that the gross national income of the two countries in 1898 was about £3,784,000 and £1,980,000 respectively, and in 1902 it was £459948 and £218555 million respectively.

Set:

In chapter 40, it is written that in 1895 the national income of the empire was about 3 billion imperial silver dollars, which was equivalent to 4.8 billion taels of silver, or 779 million pounds sterling, according to the 1896 comparison.

In 1895, the national fiscal revenue was 253.76 million imperial silver dollars, according to the 1896 comparison, equivalent to 406.016 million taels of silver, equivalent to 65.912 million pounds, accounting for 8.46% of the gross national income in the same period, which is 5 times the fiscal revenue of the Qing Empire in real history, which is mainly due to the reform of the fiscal and taxation system, compared with the proportion of Japan's fiscal revenue in the gross national income in 1900 (15.5%) in historical data, the imperial fiscal revenue obviously has room for expansion.

In 1895, the total financial expenditure of the empire was 251.91 million imperial silver dollars, of which 77.95 million yuan was spent on military expenditure, accounting for 30.9% of the total expenditure; the daily administrative expenses were 85.36 million yuan, accounting for 34.2% of the total expenditure; The expenditure on capital construction was 63.43 million yuan, accounting for 25.2% of the total expenditure.

Set the imperial economy to maintain an average growth rate of 10 percent after 1896, eight years later, that is, in 1902, the national income of the empire should reach *300 million imperial silver dollars, equivalent to 10.29 billion taels of silver, due to the implementation of the silver standard after 1900, and taking into account the factor of falling silver prices, the national income in 1902 should be 7.73 billion Chinese dollars, equivalent to 1.487 billion pounds.

It has been estimated that in 1902 the gross national income of the United States was 4,599.48 million pounds and that of the United Kingdom was 2,185.55 million pounds (Note: The British data does not include the colonies and dominions of the British Empire, but is limited to the United Kingdom proper. ）

Thus, in 1902, China's gross national income was 32.3 per cent of that of the United States and 68 per cent of that of the United Kingdom.

The total number of Chinese population that year was about 417 million, and the per capita national income was 18.54 Chinese dollars, equivalent to 3.56 pounds, which exceeded the per capita national income of Japan in 1898 (3 pounds), 8.1% of the per capita national income of the United States in 1898 (44 pounds), and 9.9% of the United Kingdom (36 pounds).

Assuming that the national fiscal revenue accounted for about 10% of the national income in the same period, the imperial fiscal revenue in 1902 was 773 million Chinese dollars, equivalent to 148.7 million pounds, and the fiscal expenditure was 757 million Chinese dollars, equivalent to 145.6 million pounds.

The Empire's financial and economic policies before 1904 were threefold: first, the development of public infrastructure, such as railways, highways, water conservancy, urban renewal, postal and telegraph, and national education; The second is to promote the development of heavy industry with large-scale investment by the state, especially basic industries such as coal, electric power, iron and steel, machinery, petroleum, shipbuilding, automobiles, and aviation; The third is to build a strong military force to cope with the aggression of foreign powers.

Under the guidance of these financial and economic policies, from 1896 to 1902, military expenditures usually accounted for about 30 percent of total fiscal expenditures, while expenditures on infrastructure and industrial investment usually exceeded 35 percent of fiscal revenues.

In 1902, the imperial military expenditure was 235 million Chinese dollars, equivalent to 45.19 million pounds, accounting for 31% of the total fiscal revenue of that year and 3% of the gross national income of that year.

During the same period, the British army and navy spent 2.44 per cent of GNI, France 3.82 per cent, Germany 2.79 per cent, the United States 0.92 per cent and Russia 7.71 per cent.

In 1902, the army spent 171 million Chinese dollars (£32.89 million) on military spending and the navy on 64 million Chinese dollars (12.3 million pounds).

In 1902, the navy spent 22.7 million yuan on personnel maintenance (i.e., military salaries) and training exercises, 19.47 million yuan for weapons and equipment maintenance and base construction and maintenance, and 21.83 million Chinese dollars (4.198 million pounds) for weapons and equipment research and development and procurement.

4. Prices and wages

Historical Materials:

In the late 40s of the 20th century, 1 US dollar is equivalent to 12-16 US dollars at the beginning of the 21st century.

Estimate: At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, 1 US dollar was equivalent to 30-40 US dollars at the beginning of the 21st century, from which it can be estimated that 1 Chinese dollar was equivalent to 26-34 US dollars at the beginning of the 21st century, which is 215-280 yuan according to the current official exchange rate of 8.27.

The unit price of the Dingyuan-class ironclad ship of the Beiyang Naval Division in 1879 was about 400,000 pounds sterling (including ferry fees and ammunition parts).

Historically, the Mikasa battleship (4 305 mm main guns, 14 152 mm secondary guns, 18 knots, 15,140 tons) purchased by Japan from Britain in 1897 was priced at 1.09 million pounds (including ferry fees).

At the beginning of World War I, the construction cost of a Queen Elizabeth-class battleship (8 381mm guns, 16 152mm secondary guns, 24 knots, heavy armor, 27,500 tons of standard rows) was £2.4 million.

In the middle of World War I, a large Tsibelin combat airship cost about £300,000.

A German-made 76mm Krupp shrapnel from the Russo-Japanese War sold for 17.5 rubles (£1.3) for Russia.

Price and wage setting:

1. The price of military supplies:

The full cost of the battleship Ruizi (6 305 mm main guns, 10 150 mm secondary guns, 17 knots, 14,800 tons in standard rows) was 1.05 million pounds (5.46 million Chinese dollars).

The total cost of the Suzhou-class armored cruiser (4 305 mm main guns, 10 150 mm secondary guns, 22 knots, standard row of 11,800 tons) was £750,000 (3.9 million Chinese dollars).

The first production of the Chiyun giant airship is 400,000 pounds, and the unit price can be reduced to 250,000 pounds (1.3 million Chinese dollars) for orders of more than 6 boats.

The domestically produced 90mm shrapnel costs £0.24 (1.248 Chinese dollars or 3.24 rubles) per shot.

2. Prices and wages

The price of a kilogram of inferior rice in the Jingshi area is about 0.01 yuan (one cent), which is equivalent to 2.1 to 2.8 yuan at the beginning of the 21st century.

A kilogram of pork in the Jingshi area costs about 0.06 yuan (six cents), which is equivalent to 12.6 to 16.8 yuan at the beginning of the 21st century.

The average monthly wage of industrial workers in the Jingshi area is about 2 yuan, which is equivalent to 420-560 yuan at the beginning of the 21st century.

The average monthly allowance of a soldier of the Praetorian Guard is 6 yuan, and the average monthly allowance of a soldier of the Wehrmacht Army is 2 yuan, both of which exceed the average monthly salary of industrial workers in the Jingshi area, which not only improves the economic status of the soldiers, but also enhances the sense of honor and self-esteem of the soldiers, and at the same time enhances the enthusiasm of the people to join the army to a certain extent.

The monthly salary of an army lieutenant is 10 yuan, the monthly salary of an army major is 20 yuan, the monthly salary of an army major general is 100 yuan, and the monthly salary of an army general is 200 yuan.

The above figures are converted into 2,100-2,800 yuan, 4,200-5,600 yuan, 21,000-28,000 yuan, and 42,000-56,000 yuan at the beginning of the 21st century.

Depending on the length of service, a service allowance is also paid to servicemen at the end of the year. Since 1902, soldiers have been paid an additional 1 yuan per year for every three years of service; Officers below the brigadier general level will receive an additional 3 yuan per year for every 3 years of service, and officers at the brigadier general and above will receive an additional 10 yuan per year for every 3 years of service.

In addition to the monthly salary and service allowance, the Navy also has an allowance for going to sea and a substitute allowance.

Fifth, the comparison of national strength

(1) Historical data: Population and land in 1902

Note: 1 mile = 1.609 km, 1 square mile = 2.589 km²

Category: Total Territory and Colonies/Whites/People of Color/Total Population

United States: 3.75 million square miles/66 million people/20 million people/86 million people

Britannia: 11,894,000 sq miles / 55 million people / 333 million people / 388 million people

Subtotal: 15,648,000 square miles/121,000,000/353,000/474,000

Russia: 7,547,000 sq mi/12,100 people/12 million people/133 million people

China: 4.35 million sq mi/slightly / 417 million / 417 million (set here)

France: 384,500 sq mi / 39 million / 46 million / 85 million

Germany: 1,238,000 sq mi/55 million people/15 million people/70 million people

Latin America: 8,215,858 sq mi/15 million people/60 million people/75 million people

Other countries: 13,293,000 sq miles / 134 million people / 129 million people / 263 million people

(2) The strength of the East Asian Alliance

Set the exchange rate for 1902: 1 pound = 5.2 Chinese won = 10 yen = 15 won

The strength of the three main members of the East Asian Alliance in 1902:

China has 417 million people, a per capita national income of 3.56 pounds (18.54 Chinese dollars), a gross national income of 1.487 billion pounds (7.73 billion Chinese dollars), and a fiscal revenue of 148.7 million pounds. The gross tonnage of merchant ships is 800,000 tons. The standing army is 800,000 men. There are 90,000 standing navy (including 54,000 marines) and a total tonnage of 453,240 tons (1903).

Japan has 45 million people, a per capita national income of 2.8 pounds (28 yen), a gross national income of 126 million pounds (1.26 billion yen), and a fiscal revenue of 13.1 million pounds. The gross tonnage of merchant ships is 270,000 tons. The standing army has 155,000 men. The standing navy (including marines) has 12,000 people and a total tonnage of warships of 138,060 tons (1903).

North Korea has 26 million people, a per capita national income of 1.8 pounds (27 won), a gross national income of 46.8 million pounds (702 million won), and a fiscal revenue of 4.4 million pounds. The gross tonnage of merchant ships is 80,000 tons. The standing army has 75,000 men. The standing navy (including marines) has 4,000 people and a total tonnage of warships of 60,330 tons (1903).

The total strength of the three major members of the East Asian Alliance:

Total area: 1130 + 37 + 22 = 1189 (10,000 square kilometers)

Population: 4170000 + 4500 + 2600 = 48800 (10,000 people)

Gross national income: 14.87 + 1.26 + 0.468 = 16.598 (pound sterling)

Total revenue: 14870 + 1310 + 440 = 16620 (10,000 pounds)

Gross tonnage of merchant ships: 80 + 27 + 8 = 115 (10,000 tons)

Total standing army: 80 + 15.5 + 7.5 = 1.03 million people

Gross tonnage of the Navy: 651,630 tons (1903)

(3) Comparison of the national power indices of the British Empire, the United States, China and the East Asian Federation in 1902 (historical data plus settings):

1. Area

United Kingdom: 121,000 sq miles (313,000 sq km including Ireland)

Colony: 11,773,000 square miles (30,480,000 km²)

Total: 11,894,000 square miles (30,793,000 square kilometers)

United States: 3.7 million square miles (about 9.58 million square kilometers)

China: 4.35 million square miles (about 11.3 million square kilometers)

East Asian Union: about 4,592,500 square miles (11,890,000 square kilometers)

2. Population

United Kingdom: 55 million

Colonies: 333,000,000 people

Total: 388,000,000 people

United States: 86 million

China: 417,000,000 people

East Asian Union: 488,000,000

3. Fiscal revenue:

United Kingdom: £120 million

Colony: £110,000

Total: £230,000

United States: £139 million

China: £148.7 million

East Asian Union: £166.2 million

4. Railway

United Kingdom: 21,659 miles (34,849 km)

Colony: 54,000 miles (86,886 km)

Total: 75,659 miles (121753 km)

United States: 184278 miles (about 296,500 km)

China: 26,000 miles (41,834 km)

(Note: During the same period, the length of railways in France was 25,814 miles, and in real history, the length of railways in Japan only reached 8,000 kilometers in 1913.)

East Asian Alliance: 30,450 miles (about 49,000 km), including 5,000 km from Japan and 2,100 km from North Korea

5. Fleet

United Kingdom: 9.164 million tonnes

Colony: 1,019,800 tons

Total: 10,183,800 tons

United States: 4.864 million tons

China: 800,000 tons

East Asian Union: 1.15 million tons

6. Trade volume (total import and export value)

United Kingdom: £815 million

Colony: £201,000,000

Total: £1,106,000

United States: £380,000

China: £156 million

East Asian Union: £187 million, including £25 million for Japan and £6 million for North Korea

(4) Comparison of other data of the major powers:

*Total National Debt:

France: £1,299 million

711 million pounds in Russia

In the United Kingdom, it was seven hundred and six million pounds

651 million pounds in Germany

Austria-Hungary was £569 million

Italy is £518 million

£221 million in the United States

*Percentage of residents who have participated in the military:

In Russia, it was 32.9 percent

In France, it was 17.9 per cent

In Germany, it was 17.5 per cent

Austria-Hungary - 10.9 percent

Italy is 9.8 per cent

Eight percent in the UK

Three percent in the United States

* Maximum absolute number of peacetime Army personnel (including reserves):

Russia is 3.5 million people

193,000 in the United States

*For every 100 francs of income for the Army and Navy:

2.44 francs in the United Kingdom

3.82 francs for France

2.79 francs for Germany

Italy is 4.13 francs

0.92 francs for the United States

Seven hundred and seventy-one francs in Russia

Sources:

Studies in the History of War

Modern Chinese History

History of the First World War (Soviet Edition)

Outline of the Diplomatic History of the Russo-Japanese War (Soviet Edition)

Some of the sources are online.