Evaluation, Tang Dynasty - Tang Xuanzong has a poem about Bai Juyi: "Sixty years of jade beads, who taught the underworld to be a poet. Floating clouds are not famous, and there is no word for creation. The boy interprets the song of long hatred, and Hu Er can sing the pipa. The article has been full of pedestrians' ears, and Siqing was stunned for a while. This poem can be used as a summary of Bai Juyi's life.

Bai Juyi's poems have been widely circulated, but the evaluation of them has been inconsistent throughout the ages.

Yuan Zhen commented on Bai Juyi's poems: "The writings of great mortals have their own strengths, and the strengths of Lotte can be many. The poems of sarcasm are longer than exciting, the poems of leisure are longer than sending, the sentimental poems are longer than cutting, the five-character poems are longer than the support, the five-character and seven-character poems are longer than the feelings, the endowment, praise, proverbs, and precepts are longer than the when, the tablets, notes, narratives, things, and systems are longer than the truth, the enlightenment, the performance, the table, and the form are longer than the straight, and the books, the columns, the words, the strategies, and the anatomical judgments are longer than the end. All in all, a lot. He admired Bai Juyi.

However, Du Mu's epitaph for Li Hu recorded Li Hu's criticism of Yuan and Bai: "Poets can sing, they can flow bamboo, drums can be silk, women and children all want to be satirical, the national customs are thin, and the fan is like the speed of the wind." Since the Yuan Dynasty, there have been Yuan Bai poets, delicate and unscrupulous, non-Zhuang Shiya, mostly destroyed by them, flowing among the people, neglecting the screen wall, sons, daughters and mothers, Jiaokou professors, obscene words, cold in winter and hot in summer, into the muscles and bones, can not be removed. I have no place, and I shall not use the law to cure it. 」

In later generations, many people criticized Du Mu for his "obscene words" a lot, and they were upset about Bai Juyi, and even thought that Du Mu was pretending to be Li Ji's words and took revenge. However, it can also be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, the evaluation of Bai Juyi has been inconsistent.

Evaluation, Five Dynasties and Song - The evaluation of Bai Juyi in the old and new Tang books is also different. The Old Tang Dynasty Book highly affirmed Bai Juyi's literary achievements: "Xi Jian'an is a talented man. Yongming resigned from the sect, and first let the credit lie in Shen and Xie. Yuan and the main alliance, micro, lotte only.

The system of the minister's view of the yuan, the white recital, the pot of the extreme article, and the root of the chaos. It is not a piece of praise for a ballad, and a novel for Panyu. In terms of literature and practice, it is better to live in an easy-to-live situation, rest assured in the field of self-satisfaction, and place the instrument in a safe place. Youyou died at the age of death. It's not just virtuous. 」

The New Tang Dynasty Book describes Bai Juyi as "precise in his writings, but the most poetic." He also said, "Ju Yi was famous in Yuanhe and Changqing, and he was the longest in poetry. It can't be said to be. However, the New Tang Dynasty Book gave a very high affirmation to Bai Juyi's character: "Guan Juyi began to work hard with a straight path. Fight for safety before the Son of Heaven. Hoping to make meritorious contributions, although he was reprimanded in the middle, he will not fade in the evening. When Jong Min. The power is shocking, and in the end, it is not attached to the enterprising plan, and it is self-exalted.

And the middle road is in danger of becoming the prime minister, and his reputation is ruined. Shout, Juyi is virtuous!" This change in evaluation may be closely related to the rise of the ancient literary movement in the Song Dynasty.

Su Shi's evaluation of Bai Juyi also has inconsistencies. Su Shi once put forward the saying that "Yuan is light and vulgar", and he has a lot of complaints about Yuan Bai's poetic style. However, later he often compared himself with Bai Juyi, for example, "It is like an old monk in Xiangshan, and the world is shallow and deep-rooted." 」

Another example is "Go to Hangzhou for 16 years, and come back and stay for 2 years." In his life, he consciously came from the old and young as Lotte, although he was far from the same name, and he was a few people who were separated from each other. Su Shi's poems on Bai Juyi also have "Bai Gong's poems in his later years are extremely wonderful. Comments.

Evaluation, Liao, Jin and Yuan three generations

According to records, the emperor of Liao personally translated Bai Juyi's satirical poems into Khitan script and ordered his courtiers to read them. Yuan Haowen spoke highly of Bai Juyi's poems, saying, "The state is not a wind basin, and it is a paradise in 500 years. Under the sentence "A word is natural and new" in "Thirty Poems", Yuan Hao asked himself: "Tao Yuanming, Jin Zhi Bai Letian." 」

Evaluation, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Wang Shizhen, the seventh son of the Ming Dynasty, and Wang Shizhen of the Shen Yun School of the Qing Dynasty did not like Bai Juyi's poems.

In contrast, San Yuan of the public security faction has a very high evaluation of Bai Juyi. Yuan Zongdao took "Bai Su Zhai" as his name and wrote a poem entitled "Yong Huai Xiao Bai"; Yuan Hongdao compared Yuan Bai Ousu to Li Du Banma; and Yuan Zhongdao also agreed with his brothers.

Yuan Mei, who advocated the theory of sexual spirituality in the Qing Dynasty, also gave Bai Juyi a very high evaluation. In addition, the "Poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties" compiled by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty gave a very high evaluation to Bai Juyi's poetry and personality, believing that Bai Juyi "has the talent of the world", and that officials should take Bai Juyi's poem "to save troubles is not as quiet, and to make up for clumsiness as diligence" as a motto.

Evaluation, Modern China

Hu Shih praised the literary reform movement led by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, believing that poetry could be used to create public opinion and help improve politics.

Because Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi advocated the New Literature Movement, Bai Juyi's poetry was highly regarded under the atmosphere of advocating the vernacular and not avoiding vulgar words and colloquialisms. Including Chen Yinke, Liu Dajie, Qian Jibo, etc., all gave Bai Juyi a very high evaluation. However, Qian Zhongshu's evaluation of Bai Juyi is not high.

Evaluation, other countries - Bai Juyi's anthology is highly regarded in Japan. During the Heian period, Sugawara Michizane wrote Chinese poems, and when the people of the Bohai Kingdom saw Michizane's poems and thought they were very similar to Bai Juyi's poems.

One of the guardians of the Demon Hero, the Demon Hero - Lu You

Lu You (November 13, 1125-1210) was a poet and lyricist of the Southern Song Dynasty. The concept of word affairs, the number of Weng, Yuezhou Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) people. Later generations always regarded Lu You as the crown of poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Lu You once asked for the abolition of Ling Chi, "Please Remove Ling Chi's Punishment" cloud: "The muscles are exhausted, but the breath is not stopped, the liver and heart are connected, and the vision is especially visible." Sentimentality leads to peace, and the loss of benevolent government is not suitable for the holy world", but it was not accepted by the imperial court.

Lu You was born in a family of eunuchs who "lived in poverty and studied hard to advance". Lu You's ancestor was Lu Zhen, the Taifu of Song Renzong, his grandfather Lu Dian, and his father Lu Zai. At that time, the Song Dynasty was corrupt and repeatedly invaded by the Jin (Jurchen). The following year after his birth, Jin Bing captured Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and he was displaced with his family in his infancy.

Although the feudal family brought Lu You a good cultural edification, especially patriotic education, it also brought unhappiness in marriage. He married Tang Wan when he was 20 years old, and the husband and wife were very affectionate. However, his mother didn't like the Tang family, and forced them to separate, the Tang family remarried Zhao Shicheng, and Lu You also married another Wang family.

After the divorce, Lu You was very sad, Shaoxing twenty-five years (1155) when he was 31 years old when he traveled through the Shen Garden, he met Tang Wan and his wife, Lu You wrote the words "Hairpin Phoenix" on the wall of the Shen Garden to send deep affection, and then repeatedly wrote poems and nostalgia, until the age of 75, he also wrote the famous love poem "Shen Yuan". Tang was grief-stricken after reading Lu You's hairpin head phoenix, and made a hairpin head phoenix. He died soon after.

Lu You's "Twelve Years of Poetry". Learn the sword and study the book of war. At the age of 29, he went to Lin'an Province to take the test and ranked first. In the following year, he took the Ministry of Rites examination, and because of his rank, he was ahead of the grandson of Qin Hui, the lord and the powerful minister. And because he did not forget the national shame, he "rejoiced about restoration". Requested, "The matter of endowment is the first rich room. The matter of taxation is overshadowed by the big merchants", which was deposed by Qin Hui.

Juniper died, and in the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing, he served as the chief secretary of Ningde County, Fuzhou. In the thirtieth year of Shaoxing, he was summoned to the Imperial Decree Office and was the official of deletion. Xiaozong is the emperor, and he was born as a jinshi. Later, due to the persuasion of Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition, the disagreement between his subordinate generals occurred, coupled with the obstruction of the Lord and the faction, the court was immediately shaken, and Lu You was also dismissed from his post on the charge of "settling with Taiwan, drumming and singing right and wrong, such as Zhang Jun's use of soldiers". Six years, the sentence was passed to Kuizhou.

In the eighth year of Gandao (1172), Wang Yan, the main battle general, hired Lu You to the shogunate to manage military affairs, which made great changes in Lu You's life. Military life made his arms open, and he wrote many enthusiastic and unrestrained patriotic poems.

"Flying frost sweeps the face and cold pressure fingers, and an inch of Dan heart only serves the country" can be said to be a portrayal of his life and mood during this period. Although Lu You is full of sincerity to serve the country, due to the corruption of the imperial court, he only wants Gou An to be enterprising, and his ambition to restore the country has not been able to be stretched.

In the second year of Chunxi (1175), Fan Chengda invited Lu You to join his staff and served as the senator of the Chengdu Road Pacification Division. Lu and Fan were friends of poetry and literature, so they did not adhere to the etiquette of officialdom, which caused ridicule from their colleagues, and because their ambition to restore the country and their personal fame could not be extended for a long time, they often engaged in more indulgent and frivolous behavior, and were accused by colleagues of "not following the rules of etiquette and drinking and decadence".

So Lu You simply called himself "Fang Weng", and laughed at himself in the poem. Chunxi five years, lifting Fujian Road Changping tea salt. In the sixth year of Chunxi, Jiangnan West Road was re-raised. Chunxi thirteen years, Zhiyan Prefecture. Chunxi served as a military superintendent for fifteen years.

After many promotions and promotions, for more than 20 years after the first year of Guangzong Shaoxi (1190), he hiberned in the countryside of his hometown in Shanyin for a long time. 」

Because of his health skills, he is addicted to barley and fungus, and in his old age, he is still deaf and clear-sighted. In the fifth year of the Qingyuan Dynasty (1199), Lu You wrote "The Story of the South Garden" for Han Yanxuan, and it is said that Han Yanxuan ordered the fourth lady to dance with Ruan Qin.

In encouraging Han Yanxuan, don't forget to resist Jin Zhongxing. During this period, although he still proposed to the imperial court to fight against Hu, he was always criticized. In the second year of Jiading (1209), he died at the age of 85.

Lu You was a lifelong advocate of the Northern Expedition, although he was repeatedly squeezed out and attacked by the main peace faction, but his patriotism was unswerving until his death, and he was also known as the "Four Great Poets of the Southern Song Dynasty" along with You Yuan, Yang Wanli, and Fan Chengda.

Before he died, he wrote a must in "Shi'er": "When you die, you know that everything is empty, but you can't see the same sorrow in Kyushu." Wang Shi set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Naiweng. It can be called the masterpiece that can best express the creative spirit of Lu You.

He was prolific in his poems, and he continued to write tirelessly until his old age. In fact, more than 10,000 songs were created, and more than 9,300 songs were still written after he deleted and eliminated them himself.

"Night Singing" has been studying poetry for more than 60 years, and the depth of kung fu is unique. Under the cold light of a smile at night, it was the time when Jindan changed bones.

"Shi'er" died and knew that everything was empty, but he was sad and did not see Kyushu. Wang Shi set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Naiweng.

The poems can be roughly divided into three periods:

The first phase is from teenager to middle age (46 years old), with the longest period but the fewest surviving works, about 200 songs, because Lu You deleted and eliminated his early works of "but want to work algae painting".

The second phase is for 46-54 years old, with more than 2,400 poems. During this period, due to the in-depth military life, the style of poetry became bold and magnificent, and the patriotic ideology was further enhanced. The maturity and richness of poetry during this period established his lofty status as a generation of scholars.

The third period is from the time he lived in his hometown to his death, and there are 6,500 poems in existence. The reason why there are more of them is because he did not have time to eliminate them in his later years. During this period, he had more contact with the peasants, coupled with the ups and downs of the Huan Hai and the troubles, and his advanced age, so the style changed to a clear and distant pastoral style and a desolate life feeling.

However, even though the style of poetry has changed three times, his poems are still full of strong patriotic feelings, which is also his greatest characteristic and the reason why it has been praised through the ages. Others are more prosaic, beautiful, and even bizarre (there are hundreds of dream poems in the poetry collection), but they are a few.

"Guan Shanyue", "Book Anger", "Golden Wrong Knife", "Farmer's Sigh", "Huangzhou", "Long Song Xing", etc., are all his representative works.

In addition, it also works in words, the delicate place is similar to Qin Guan, the male place is similar to Su Shi, and the super cool place is more Xiao Xin abandons disease. He is most famous for "Appealing to the Heart" (when he was looking for the Marquis of Feng) and "Fortune Operator" (by the broken bridge outside the post).

His literary theories are also quite influential, advocating poetry as a weapon to vent people's depression, and advocating nourishing qi in order to work. (To be continued......)