Until the appearance of the 500th chapter of the Great God's Light VIP, it was a simple biography of their gang of people, which was found by anyone on the Internet or in a book.

This book is also a big biography of the author, because it is the author who is of course the author's largest, and it covers them to enrich the lonely, boring and boring daily life that the author thinks is, what is life? What do thinkers say, what do writers say, what do great men say, what do heroes say, what do beauties, geniuses, kings, heroes, and ordinary people say?

It's better to say it yourself, what do you say?

The author said I don't say it, haha!

One of the guardians of the Devil, Machiavelli

Niccolò and Macchiavelli (1469-1527) Italian political philosophers. He was an important figure in the Italian Renaissance, and his book The Monarch presented a realist political theory, while his other work, On Livy, referred to the theory of republicanism.

Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, to a former lawyer. Not much is known about Machiavelli's childhood, but it is clear that he had a fairly complete education in Latin and Italian.

Machiavelli was born in troubled times, when the Pope was the most powerful military power, and the wealthy Italian city-states were conquered one by one by foreign powers such as France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.

At that time, the alliance between the major powers was constantly changing, mercenary legions often switched sides overnight, and local governments were often established or collapsed in a matter of weeks.

In 1527, the city of Rome was also sacked by the forces of the Holy Roman Empire. It was the first time since the 12th century that Rome was invaded by German troops.

Prosperous Roman cities such as Florence and Genoa suffered the same fate in the same year, although Machiavelli died after being sacked in Florence. It was in this environment that Machiavelli developed the wisdom to analyze the political and military events that took place around him and throughout the world.

In 1494, the Medici family, who had ruled Florence for 60 years, were overthrown, and then the Republic was founded by Savonarola, which lasted for four years, and was condemned to be burned at the stake by heretics due to many problems. After that, Sodlini continued to rule the Republic.

In 1498, Machiavelli became the prefect of the Second State Office of the Florentine Republic and secretary of the ruling council of the Republic, responsible for foreign affairs and defense. Frequent travel to various countries. He met many political leaders in power, and thus became the confidant of the Chief Consul of Florence.

He saw that the mercenary discipline of Florence was lax and strongly advocated the creation of a national army of his own.

In 1505, Florence passed legislation establishing a national army. A nine-member Command Committee of the National Army was established. Machiavelli served as secretary of the Committee. And in the war for the conquest of Pisa, he led the army and went to the front line to direct the battle. Eventually forced Pisa to surrender to Florence in 1509.

During the conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope, he lobbied everywhere in an effort to reconcile the Holy Roman Emperor and avoid dragging Florence into war, and to strengthen his arms in order to defend himself.

It was also during this period that Machiavelli became acquainted with another Italian politician and soldier, Cesare Borgia, and admired him after appreciating the various tactics and methods of rule he employed in expanding his territory.

In 1512, when Machiavelli traveled to Pisa, after a series of complicated battles and diplomatic wrangling, the Medici family was supported by the army of Julius II and the republic collapsed.

Giovanni de' Medici became Grand Duke of Florence, and Machiavelli, a high-ranking official of the Republic, lost all his positions.

In 1513, he was imprisoned and tortured on charges of plotting treachery, but was eventually released. Destitute by this time, he went into seclusion in the countryside and began to write, as he described in a letter to a friend:

“

In the evening, I returned to my desk at home, and at the door I took off the clothes of the dusty peasants, changed into the court clothes of my nobility, and now returned to the old court, where I met the people I had seen in the past, who welcomed me warmly and offered me food for one.

I spoke to them without any inhibitions, asked them about their reasons for various political actions, and they answered me graciously. During these four hours, I did not feel a trace of tiredness and forgot all my worries. Poverty did not discourage me, death did not frighten me, and I became part of the world of these great men.

Because Dante once said that the knowledge that comes from learning will last forever, and nothing else will come to fruition.

I took note of my conversations with them, and I wrote a pamphlet about the monarch, and I poured all my thoughts, and at the same time discussed what a monarch really was, taking into account their subjects.

What types of monarchs are there??How to understand them?How to keep the position of the monarch?Why do you lose the throne?For the monarch, especially the new monarch, if I have any new ideas that can make you happy forever, it will certainly not displease you, it will definitely be welcomed. ”

During this period, he completed two famous works, "On the Monarch" and "On Levi".

After Lorenzo's death, Bishop Julie Medici ruled Florence and consulted Machiavelli with the determination to reform politics.

In 1523, Julie was elected Pope and became Clement VII, reusing Machiavelli to write the History of Florence. Machiavelli later dedicated the new book to the Pope, received a reward of 120 gold coins, and appointed him as secretary of the city defense committee, and joined the Pope's army to fight against the Holy Roman Emperor.

In his History of Florence, he describes the Florentines of his time:

“

They have more freedom than their forefathers in dressing and daily life, spending more in other things, spending more time and money on leisure, games, and women, and their main purpose is to have better dresses and more elegant conversations. Whoever can hurt others in the most shrewd way is the most capable person. ”

In 1527, after the fall of the Medici family and the restoration of the republic in Florence, Machiavelli wanted to continue to serve the republic, but because he had served the Medici family, he was not appointed by the republic, and finally became depressed and died at the age of 58.

Machiavelli's most famous book is The Monarch, in which Machiavelli explains what kind of ruling a monarch (ruler) should use in order to maintain his power.

Machiavelli's main concern is the "new monarch" part, because hereditary monarchs are less difficult to rule because the people have become accustomed to the old regime than the new monarchs, and all the hereditary monarchs have to do is to be careful to maintain their existing institutions.

But it is not easy for a new monarch to construct a new and permanent power structure in order to maintain the land he has seized.

In order to stabilize the regime, the monarch must maintain a perfect reputation in the public, but in private he must resort to many intrinsically evil political means.

Unlike other writings, The Monarch does not tell the reader what an ideal monarch or kingdom should look like.

Macchiavelli illustrates which monarchs have succeeded in ruling and maintaining power through numerous examples, derived from his observations of the political situation and the study of ancient history as a Florentine diplomat.

His writings also represent the culmination of the Italian Renaissance, and he draws heavily on historical examples from ancient texts.

If one does not carefully study Machiavelli's arguments, the reader will often think that the central idea of The Monarch is that "the means can be done to achieve the end"—a teleological philosophical view, that is, as long as the ends are justified, all evil means are justified.

However, this is only a misreading of Machiavelli, because Machiavelli also points out some limitations of evil means, first, he points out that only the maintenance of stability and prosperity is a legitimate goal that the state can pursue, and that the unscrupulous means of individuals for their own interests are not legitimate goals, and it does not justify evil means. (To be continued......)