On September 7, 1812, Napoleon led the French army to a very difficult and massive tactical victory in the Battle of Borodino, but both sides suffered heavy losses, and the excellent commander of the Russian army, Prince Bagration, and the artillery commander Kulesov were killed.

On September 16, Napoleon entered Moscow.

However, strategically, the commanders of the Russian army, Kutuzov, Barclay and others, abandoned the capital, withdrew with Tsar Alexander I with the remaining senior Russian generals and most of the residents, and gradually penetrated deep into the Russian hinterland, adopting the tactics of clearing the field and fortifying the walls to save the remaining living forces of the Russian army.

Napoleon expected Alexander I to compromise, but he was greeted by a fire of Moscow.

At the same time, the cold winter in Russia has become Napoleon's biggest resistance, due to the lack of supplies of the French army, delayed and scattered troops, the Russian army ushered in a major turnaround, Kutuzov waited for work and took the opportunity to continue to harass the French army, in a few weeks of disaster battles, the French army that was in the upper hand was either killed or frozen to death, and finally returned to France with less than 30,000 people.

After Napoleon's crushing defeat on the Russian battlefield, Alexander I decided to immediately and completely defeat France and dominate Europe.

However, when the Russian army pursued the remnants of the French army, it itself suffered a great blow from the French army, so Alexander I decided to form an anti-French alliance again.

In order to thwart the formation of the anti-French alliance, Napoleon wanted the Swedish crown prince Bernadotte to join the French side, but was refused.

At the same time, he appointed his wife, Princess Louise of Austria, as regent of the empire in order to contain Austria.

However, in 1813, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden formed the Sixth Anti-French Alliance, and the two sides fought fiercely in the Rhine region many times.

Napoleon quickly regained his strength and won many victories such as the Battle of Lützen and the Battle of Bautzen, but the pressure on Napoleon increased, and after a short pause, as Austria fell into the anti-French alliance, the strength of the coalition exceeded Napoleon's French army.

In August, Napoleon won the Battle of Dresden in Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, but was unable to expand his gains due to a lack of cavalry.

In the Battle of Leipzig, the French army concentrated 155,000 people, and the strength of the coalition army was twice that of the French army, although the cavalry of the French Marshal Murat beat the Russian-Austrian and Prussian emperors to flee, but because the coalition army surrounded Leipzig in 6 ways, the Saxon army was on the verge of defection, and at this time the French artillery was also exhausted, Napoleon was forced to retreat.

On the way to defeat, the French army suffered a heavy blow from the Allied forces, and only the remnants of 56,000 men were defeated.

The Confederation of the Rhine soon dissolved, and the coalition forces marched on France.

In 1814, the anti-French alliance again made an armistice, that is, the territory of France was restored to the state of 1790, which Napoleon regarded as an insult and refused to accept it, and he reorganized his army to fight again, but the French army had only 100,000 men, compared to 350,000 Allied troops.

In the city of Brenner, Napoleon commanded an army to defeat the Prussian army, restoring the morale that had been low since the Battle of Leipzig.

At the La Rotier River, the French army and the coalition army fought again, although lost, but the French army showed great courage, Napoleon commanded the French army in Chambaubert, Montmière, Chatotier, Vochamp and other places to defeat the anti-French coalition army one after another, his military talent was greatly exerted, and his tactical talent was fully displayed, but he strategically mistakenly divided the offensive forces into two routes, resulting in the unimpeded road to Paris for the coalition army.

On March 31, 1814, Paris was occupied, and the Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, while Napoleon had to abdicate.

Napoleon wanted his son King of Rome to succeed to the throne in the name of Napoleon II, but was rejected by the anti-French coalition.

On April 11, Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender and signed an edict of abdication at the Château de Fontainebleau in Paris on April 13, and the First French Empire came to an end.

Napoleon himself was exiled to Elba, a small island in the Mediterranean, after his abdication.

Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was confined to the island of Elba.

Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to Elba.

In Paris, Louis XVIII returned to France and re-became King of the Kingdom of France, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored.

With Napoleon's wife and son under house arrest by the Austrians, and rumors that Napoleon would be exiled to a small island in the Atlantic, Napoleon had no choice but to closely watch the situation in France evolve.

Escaping from the island on February 26, 1815, Napoleon returned to France with 700 soldiers on March 1.

The French army, which had been sent by Louis XVIII to stop him, quickly returned to Napoleon's side when they saw him.

The returning Napoleon was warmly welcomed by the military and civilians.

The king repeatedly sent troops to intercept him, but most of his army turned against him when they saw him.

Ministers of civil and military affairs, such as Combaseres, Davout, Mare, Ney, and Sirte, returned to his side.

When Napoleon returned to Paris on March 20, 1815, he already had a regular army of 140,000 men and a volunteer army of 200,000 men.

The European nations quickly formed the Seventh Coalition against France, which had a total of 700,000 troops, while the French had only 284,000.

Napoleon analyzed the situation and believed that the Russian-Austrian coalition only needed to use a small number of troops to contain it, and the focus was on the Anglo-Prussian coalition forces in Belgium.

He led his army north to Belgium and decided to capture Brussels.

On June 16, Napoleon unexpectedly routed the Prussian army at the Battle of Linny, wounding Blucher, but due to various factors, the remaining Prussian army fled, and the Battle of Linny became a rout, and he had to send Marshal Grouchy to lead his army in pursuit of the Prussian army.

Two days later, the Battle of Waterloo began. The commander of the British army was the Duke of Wellington. 72,000 French troops and 68,000 British troops fought a decisive battle near the small town of Waterloo that changed the 19th century.

The main direction of the French attack was the heights of Mount St. John, and because most of the capable generals in the French army did not participate in this battle, there were many incompetent commanders in the French army, including Napoleon's brother Jérôme, so the heights were never captured.

After a long battle, Marshal Ney led the cavalry to launch a cavalry charge on the heights of Mount St. John, no less than the Moscow Batteries and the Battle of Leipzig, although the cavalry charge had no tactics at all, but they were really unstoppable, the French cavalry almost broke through the phalanx, captured a large number of batteries, the British suffered heavy casualties, and Lahaisheng also fell.

The British still managed to hold off the onslaught of the French army. Although Napoleon's victory was in sight, he saw the Prussian army rushing here at noon, and the savior of the French army, Marshal Grouchy, was delayed.

Both the British and the French suffered heavy casualties, but the French had the upper hand, but at 7 p.m. the Prussian army, led by Deputy Commander Bilow, suddenly came out, and the British reserves on standby at this time also launched a general attack.

The French army was defeated, they desperately fled, although Napoleon and Ney tried to turn the tide, but to no avail, the last French army was destroyed, Waterloo was full of deserters, Napoleon had to go with the army, and the defeat of the Battle of Waterloo brought the Hundred Days Dynasty to a complete collapse.

After Napoleon's defeat, the French people and his ministers strongly demanded that he be dictatorship and overthrow the parliament that had forced him to abdicate, but Napoleon knew that the bourgeoisie had abandoned him.

Therefore, he refused to launch a people's war of resistance. Napoleon announced his abdication, and the British, who were very unkind to him, decided to exile him to St. Helena, and did not leave him the title of emperor.

In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he selected the three counts of Bertrand, Montolon and Las Gas, as well as General Gurgo, to accompany him.

On 16 October, Napoleon arrived on the island of St. Helena, which is separated from the African continent by sea.

When Napoleon came ashore, he temporarily lived in the home of the English merchant Balcombe, and later he had a Longwood estate, where he lived, and he began to devote himself to writing his memoirs, which he dictated and recorded and organized by the Count of Lasgas.

The story of Napoleon's "Chess Escape" is a legend that actually originated from an elaborate set of chess pieces given to him by the British officer Elphinstone to thank Napoleon for his preferential treatment of his captured brother at the Battle of Waterloo.

This fact gradually became a later version of the legend that St. Helena was far from the mainland and was under closer surveillance by the British army, while Napoleon's old men had died or were attached to Bourbon, and he himself had no intention of fighting on the continent.

On May 5, 1821, Napoleon died on the island.

On 8 May, the conqueror was buried at the sound of a cannon salute next to the Tobet Spring on the island of St. Helena.

The cause of Napoleon's death varies, with a doctor's autopsy report in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland indicating that he died of a severe stomach ulcer; Some studies have found that the arsenic content in Napoleon's body exceeded the index by 100 times, and historians have found minerals containing arsenic from the wallpaper used by the aristocracy at that time, speculating that arsenic is infiltrated in the environment because of the humid environment;

It is even said that the Comte de Montolon was bribed by the British and was anxious to inherit a part of the inheritance left to him by Napoleon, and put arsenic in Napoleon's wine for a long time, causing Napoleon to be chronically poisoned.

In 1830, nine years after the death of Napoleon the Great, the Orléans dynasty, under pressure from the people, re-erected the statue of Napoleon on top of the Vendôme column.

In 1840, Louis Philippe, King of the July Dynasty of France, sent his son to bring back Napoleon's coffin.

On December 15 of the same year, Napoleon's coffin was welcomed back to Paris, France, and after passing through the Arc de Triomphe, it was ceremoniously buried in the retirement home for the old and disabled soldiers on the banks of the Seine River in Paris, the Paris Honorable Soldiers' House.

A coup d'état, the seizure of power, the realization of a centralized absolute monarchy, the development of capitalism, the protection of the bourgeoisie.

Napoleon was a well-deserved bourgeois revolutionary.

He repeatedly repelled the invasion of the anti-French coalition and suppressed the rebellion of the reactionary forces at home and abroad, protected the gains of the French Revolution, and overthrew the old autocratic regime.

Napoleon defended the gains of the period of the Revolution in the French Republic and protected the vested interests of the bourgeois revolution in the French Republic.

When the absolute monarchy in France was finally restored in 1815, it was opposed by the people.

Napoleon's measures of rule had a significant and far-reaching impact not only on France but also on his conquering powers.

Through his conquests, Napoleon spread the fruits of the victory of the French bourgeois revolution to varying degrees everywhere the French army went.

The social impact of the bourgeois revolution in France has become an unstoppable force in the developing countries of Western capitalism.

Napoleon made important contributions to the establishment of the political system of the bourgeoisie and the development of capitalism.

Napoleon's hegemonic ambitions were a concentrated expression of the nature of the French big bourgeoisie, and his domestic and foreign policies represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and protected the development of the capitalist economic base.

Napoleon also had a huge indirect impact on the history of Latin America.

His invasion of Spain weakened the local government, preventing it from controlling its colonies in Latin America for years to come.

Based on the present period of actual autonomy, the independence movements of Latin America began.

In addition to this, Napoleon was also the first to put forward the idea of the United States of Europa and tried to achieve it by force.

Although he himself did not succeed in realizing this dream, Europe in the twenty-first century is moving towards the goal of integration.

In agriculture and trade, Napoleon the Great adopted a liberal policy, which tended to state intervention in the later years of the empire, and the government could take a series of measures as needed.

A series of economic associations were established to guide and supervise economic activities.

In 1801, the National Economic Promotion Association was established, in 1803 the Manufacturers Association was established, in 1810 the "Factory and Workshop Management Committee" was established, and in 1811 the Ministry of Industry and Commerce was established.

Resumption of industrial exhibitions, encouraging the development of animal husbandry, breeding horses, cattle and other livestock, encouraging the cultivation of potatoes, sugar beets and cotton.

The economy has become a political appendage, and all economic activities are subordinated to political needs.

In 1800, Napoleon the Great carried out a fiscal reform to raise taxes such as land tax and real estate tax.

In 1800, the Banque de France was founded to unify the currency and encourage the development of capitalist industry and commerce.

This series of measures is conducive to the stability of the military and government and the development of capitalism.

Napoleon's policy of "continental economic blockade" was not conducive to the later development of the European continent, but when capitalism was taking root in the Western countries, the continental economic blockade protected the early development of capitalism.

Napoleon was the representative of the French big bourgeoisie, and he protected the dominance of the French big bourgeoisie with the policy of "continental economic blockade".

At the beginning of the 19th century, France kicked off the Industrial Revolution.

Napoleon was always supportive of the Industrial Revolution.

At that time, the cotton textile industry in France was booming, and a large number of British Jenny machines were purchased, and the output increased fourfold.

The Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) was promulgated in 1804, the Commercial Code in 1807, and the Penal Code in 1810.

The Napoleonic Code, formerly known as the Civil Code of the French Republic, is a typical bourgeois civil code, divided into 3 parts, 35 chapters, 2281 articles, the code was introduced in 1804, and most of the articles Napoleon personally participated in the discussion.

It is said that in the more than 100 meetings held on the formulation of the civil code, Napoleon personally attended more than 90 times, and the "Napoleonic Code" is no longer simply a legal work, but represents a distinct color of the times and politics, and it is precisely because of Napoleon's outstanding contributions that the "French Civil Code" is also called the "Napoleonic Code".

The Napoleonic Code includes criminal law, criminal procedure law, civil law, civil procedure law, constitutional law, and commercial law, establishing a relatively complete legal system, constituting the French six-law system in the Napoleonic era and even for a long time in the future.

The enactment of these codified codes greatly contributed to the legal norms of the French legal society at that time and for a long time to come.

The Napoleonic Code also includes property rights, creditor's rights, marriage, inheritance, and many other civil law concepts that have been used today, and is the first civil law to completely inherit the basic principles and essence of the time to modern society.

The Napoleonic Code, which legally guaranteed the newly established system of land tenure for small farmers.

It ensured the sanctity of private property ownership, established the order of commodity trading and value under the conditions of a market economy, further disseminated the victorious fruits of the French bourgeois revolution, and safeguarded the basic human rights of ordinary French people.

The conceptualization and concretization of the Declaration of Human Rights on basic human rights such as the right to property and the right to reputation is why many consider the Napoleonic Code to be an important symbol and product of the end of the French Revolution.

The Napoleonic Code was forcibly implemented in the territory occupied by Napoleon's army, so it was widely circulated in history, and almost all the laws of European capitalist countries borrowed from this code, which regulated the social order of Western capitalist countries, represented the interests of the bourgeoisie, and embodied the principles and essence of the French Revolution.

When Napoleon was defeated and exiled to St. Helena, he said: "My true glory is not that I won more than forty battles, but more than fifty times, and the battle of Waterloo erased all memory of all this." But there is one thing that will not be forgotten, and it will be immortalized: my French Civil Code. ”

During the First French Empire, a national education system was established that has survived to this day, and public secondary schools and French universities were established to train talents and encourage the rise of scientific research and technical education.

In December 1797, Napoleon, triumphant from Italy, was awarded the title of Academician of the Académie Française.

During Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, he also established the Egyptian Academy of Sciences, appointed Monge as its president, appointed himself vice-president, and often brought people from the academy together to discuss issues.

The expedition began the scientific study of the ancient civilization of Egypt, and many precious artifacts, minerals, flora and fauna were transported to France, and the famous Rosetta Stone was discovered during this expedition.

Napoleon was extremely concerned about the cause of science and culture.

After taking power, he regularly attended the institute's meetings, invited academicians to report on scientific progress, and awarded many awards to scientists, including foreign scientists such as Volt and Davy.

In the early days of his administration, he called the Paris Polytechnic Institute, Artillery, Road and Bridge and other colleges and universities "big schools", which were divided into two types: basic and applied.

École Polytechnique was originally born in the republican period, and after Napoleon was crowned emperor, at the military parade the next day, he personally awarded a pennant embroidered with the words "For the Fatherland, Science and Honor" to the students of the École Polytechnic who participated in the review, thus winning their loyalty.

Every time Napoleon went on an expedition, he was accompanied by polytechnic graduates.

Among the graduates of the Polytechnic during the First French Empire, 16 later became members of the French Academy of Sciences.

Napoleon's focus on science and culture contributed to the prosperity of science in France, and it can be said that the Napoleonic era was one of the most scientifically successful eras in French history, with a large number of dazzling scientific stars such as Laplace, Lagrange, Monge, Sadie Cano, Fourier, Guy Lussac, Lamarck, Cuvier, etc.

Napoleon reorganized the Academy to make it the official representative of French culture and to serve the national interest.

Following the blueprint drawn up by the Enlightenment thinkers, the Institute since the French Revolution was subordinate to the national education system, while Napoleon laid the foundation for the centralized national education system that continues to this day.

Among them, universities were established to oversee the entire education system, and the central government has absolute control.

The Head of State directly appoints the Superintendent, who is governed by the Superintendent of the University District, who oversees the universities, primary and secondary schools in the municipalities.

Teachers became part of the state bureaucracy, thus achieving a state monopoly on education.

In 1808, Napoleon's royal decree restored the École Normale Supérieure as a model school for the training of teachers in national secondary schools, and vocational and vocational schools for the training of well-trained staff for the army and the government.

The centralized science and education system can promote the prosperity of science to a certain extent, but only when the scientific results are fully applied by the whole society can the country truly become strong.

During the 23 years from the Battle of Toulon to the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon personally commanded nearly 60 major battles, including more than 50 victories and countless small battles.

He repeatedly repelled the invasion of the anti-French coalition and suppressed the rebellion of the reactionary forces at home and abroad, and fought seven wars with the anti-French coalition, which is of great significance in military history.

His continuous foreign expansion broke the balance of power in European countries, countered the feudal system of European countries heavily, defended the achievements of the French Revolution, and safeguarded the interests of the bourgeoisie.

But not all the wars waged by Napoleon were just, and the nature of the war changed from self-defense and counterattack to aggressive expansion.

Roughly the year 1810 was the demarcation point, and the war before that was preceded by justice, he repeatedly repelled the invasions of the anti-French coalition and suppressed the rebellions of the reactionary forces at home and abroad.

The First French Empire, which he founded, defended the achievements of the French Revolution, fought back heavily against the feudal system of European countries, and laid the social order of Western capitalist countries.

A just war of self-defense and counterattack to defend the gains of the French Revolution.

After that, it was a war of aggression and expansion, Napoleon invaded Spain, the continental economic blockade of Britain, and the march into Moscow, Russia.

The armed forces violated the sovereignty and independence of many European countries, plundered the property of many European countries, provoked the resistance of the local people, and led to the final defeat of the war.

Concentrating superior forces and destroying the enemy individually was a tactic that the French Revolutionary Army used but did not pay attention to, and Napoleon used and developed it to form a classic rule.

The secret of military art lies in the fact that, in the necessary place and at the necessary time, one's own military power is superior to that of the enemy.

Marx, speaking of Napoleon's two principles of warfare, pointed out: "First. Do only what you can, only do what you have the most certainty of victory, and secondly, the main force is used only for the main purpose of the war to destroy the enemy. ”

Napoleon himself said: "There are many good generals in Europe, and they want to see many things at once, but I look at only one thing, the enemy's soldiers, and try to destroy them." ”

When Mao talked about the defeat of the powerful army and the victory of the weak army in history, he also took Napoleon's most battles as an example of winning with fewer defeats and superiority against superiority, and pointed out that "they all first use their own local superiority and initiative to the enemy's local disadvantage and passivity, win in one battle, and then break through the rest, and the overall situation is thus turned into an advantage and an initiative."

In November 1805, Napoleon was furious at his brother-in-law Murat, who had set the main objective of the battle as the destruction of the enemy's living forces, and in November 1805 he was furious at his brother-in-law Murat for not taking Vienna, which had been abandoned by the Austrians, rather than immediately pursuing the enemy, and rebuked Murat, saying: "You have delayed me for two days in order to gain the vanity of entering Vienna first." Honor can only be earned in places fraught with danger, so what honor is there to enter a defenseless capital? ”

Napoleon had always focused on the coordinated development of infantry, artillery, and cavalry in order to adapt to the operational characteristics of the time and the new methods of warfare.

In 1814 and 1815, when he was on the defensive, he dared to go on the offensive and won victories, much to the praise of Engels.

Although the former ended with Napoleon's exile to Elba, and the latter with the defeat of Waterloo and the fall of Paris, the unfavorable outcome of these two wars did not in any way detract from their merits in terms of general intent or the significance of their local actions. ”

He once pointed out: "The art of the whole war is to first make a reasonable and careful defense, and then to launch a quick and bold attack."

He also paid attention to the unity of attack and defense as organically linked, saying: "Defensive warfare does not exclude attack, and offensive warfare does not exclude defense."

He also believes that "switching from defensive warfare to offensive warfare is the most delicate combat action."

The world's first command dedicated to operational command was the General Staff Office, established during the Napoleonic period.

Before the 19th century, the military command structure included not only operational command, but also logistical work and political work, which appeared in the form of a three-in-one.

After the world entered the 19th century, the rapid development of science and technology greatly promoted the development of the military industry.

In the army, new guns replaced old firearms, iron ships replaced wooden ships, automobiles and trains replaced horse-drawn carriages, and so on.

Major changes have taken place in the size of the army's establishment system, many new characteristics have emerged in warfare, and operational command has become increasingly complex. The original three-in-one simple organization can no longer meet the needs of war, and the command structure must be changed.

Napoleon fought dozens of battles in his life, and in the later period, he felt that he could no longer command the whole army.

In 1807 he appointed Bertier, who had been chief of staff on the Italian side, as his chief of staff.

Berthier was a scholar of staff work and was the author of the book "The Operational Program of the General Staff Officers of the Alps".

After some intensive research, Betier proposed to Napoleon the idea of establishing a staff office, which was supported by Napoleon.

In 1812, the world's first staff office was created to assist the commander-in-chief in carrying out operational command, and the operational command was better adapted to the needs of the war at that time.

The General Staff Office is headed by the Chief of Staff and consists of four sections. The first section is in charge of the establishment and strength of the army, organizing troop movements and reviews, collecting and formulating military laws, and dealing with prisoners of war and deserters. Section II is in charge of troop equipment. The third section conducts subjective reconnaissance, formulates operational plans, and organizes communications and liaison and internal affairs.

With the implementation of the command of the army, the headquarters system has been gradually improved.

The reform of the military system in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries was essentially a transformation of the armed forces from privatization to nationalization, and the army was essentially only the personal private army of the monarch or lord, and this transformation began with the introduction of the "conscription system".

The real revolutionary change came from the French Revolution, when the royal family was overthrown, and there was no longer the title of "king's army", and under the siege of the anti-French alliance, the nature of the war was changed to a "people's war" carried out "to defend the motherland", not for the glory of knights, nor for the sake of making money, as citizens of the country have the obligation to join the army, this change is actually very hasty, completely forced by the situation, under the inspiration of the spirit of "patriotism" spontaneous behavior.

Through the French Revolution, the idea of the so-called "nation-state" began to dominate, and the army of the state was also the "people's army".

In short, from the French Revolution to the Napoleonic era, the army gradually completed its evolution into a bourgeois army.

In terms of military service, the mercenary system was mainly shifted to the compulsory military service system, and the bourgeois principle of equality before military service was basically realized, and Napoleon I reformed the army established by the French Revolution, implemented the universal compulsory military service system, established divisions and corps composed of infantry, cavalry and artillery, and formed a strong reserve.

In the practice of war, Napoleon always put the question of building the army in an important position, and sought to build a powerful bourgeois army capable of fighting well.

"If you want to govern the army, you must first choose a general."

Napoleon famously said: A lion army commanded by reindeer can never be a lion army again.

Therefore, the selection of generals is regarded as an important condition for building a strong army.

On the question of how to select generals: he dared to hire new people and create opportunities for young officers.

It is reported that most of the 18 marshals promoted by him in 1805 were under the age of 40, about 7 were under the age of 37, and Davout was only 34 years old.

At the same time, it completely broke the traditional concept of paying attention to the aristocratic background, and paid attention to meritocracy.

This is Napoleon's selection criteria: that is, to pay attention to young and promising; Strive to be eclectic and emphasize quality and talent.

"A soldier who does not want to be a marshal is not a good soldier". He once said: "Every soldier has a marshal's baton in his backpack". Advocate that everyone strive to be a general and a marshal.

From the beginning of the Italian War of 1796, Napoleon deeply realized that it was mainly mental strength, not quantity, that determined the outcome of the war.

"It is not the number of troops that brings strength to the army, but loyalty and pride that add to the fighting spirit of the army."

First of all, try to arouse the sense of honor among officers and soldiers.

He believes that bravery cannot be bought by money, and that every effort should be made to motivate officers and men to sacrifice their lives for reasons that are not usually understood.

Second, reward with a lot of money. Although Napoleon said that money could not buy bravery, in order to boost morale, he did not hesitate to spend a large amount of plundered gold and silver as a material reward.

"Grasp with both hands, and be hard with both hands".

Napoleon put education and training in an important position in the building of the army, believing that good education and training is an important condition for building a good army, and untrained troops will only cause trouble.

In terms of political education, the military is required to have patriotic sentiments and a sense of national pride, and it is strictly forbidden to defect to the country and dedicate the defense area to outsiders.

Those who surrender are considered rebellious and are punished with capital punishment. And advocate the use of honor instead of whips.

Inspire a sense of honor through the establishment of a "corps of honorary officers" and use military tribunals to punish criminal acts.

He was particularly good at using the ideological slogans of the Enlightenment that had been popularized in the French Revolution to arouse the soldiers' sense of national glory, honor, and self-confidence, so that the soldiers could devote themselves to the upcoming battle with great enthusiasm.

In terms of military training, Napoleon believed that the art of military command was first and foremost manifested in the ability to quickly arm, train and build a large army.

He trained officers through military schools and in secondary schools, and after graduation, students passed examinations to enter higher specialized military schools.

In order to strengthen the training of troops, a special training camp has been set up, and the training persists in proceeding from actual combat and opposes formalistic pomp and rigidity in training. At the same time, the form of training recruits with the battalion was adopted.

Napoleon was fond of mathematics from an early age, and while studying at the military academy his mathematics teacher later became his Minister of the Interior.

In his free time from marching and fighting, he often studied plane geometry.

He arranged a special group of people, that is, a team of scientists, in the ranks of the army to fight in order to plunder cultural relics, monuments, scientific and technological achievements in the conquered countries.

An important feature of Napoleon's military practice was that he regulated the management and command of the army through the form of legislation, brought the building of the army into the orbit of the legal system, and formed certain norms, which were fundamentally different from the army of the feudal monarchy under the "I am the state", thus maintaining and consolidating the leadership and control of the bourgeoisie over the army.

Napoleon's military regulations were mainly scattered in the specific systems and measures he formulated, and although they did not present a system, they had the characteristics of a norm.

The first is the establishment of a strict bourgeois hierarchy within the armed forces through the legislative process.

To learn from the Qing court is to push the feudal system to the top, and to learn from Napoleon is to push the capitalist system to a new height.