Peter I Alekseevich was known as Peter I in history, and later generations honored him as Peter the Great, the son of Tsar Alexei I, the fourth tsar of the Russian Romanov dynasty, and the first emperor of the Russian Empire.

One of only two "Great Emperors" in the history of Russia.

During the reign of Peter I, Westernization reforms were carried out in the fields of politics, economy, military and science and technology, making Russia one of the great powers of Europe.

Peter the Great is generally considered the most outstanding emperor of Russia.

Peter I ascended the throne in 1682, seized real power in 1689, sent a mission to Western Europe in 1697 to learn advanced technology, and himself under the pseudonym Corporal Peter Mikhailov accompanied the delegation to study shipbuilding and navigation technology in Saldan and Amsterdam in the Netherlands and London in England, and hired a large number of scientific and technological personnel to work in Russia.

After returning to China, he actively set up factories to develop trade, culture, education, and scientific research, and at the same time reformed the military, established a regular army and navy, and strengthened the centralization of feudal autocracy.

Then it launched a war and seized the Baltic Sea to lay a solid foundation for Russia to go to sea and participate in world affairs and advance in the direction of a great power.

It can be said that the history of the political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological development of modern Russia all originated in the time of Peter I.

Wei Bao was able to modernize the regions under the Tiandihui and surpass the development speed of Russia under the leadership of Peter I, which is already remarkable.

Wei Bao is still relatively confident in this, after all, he is a reborn crossing giant, and he must be a little more powerful than Peter I's foresight.

It's just that these hereditary emperors inherited a whole set of teams and a country that has been condensed for a long time.

All they have to do is to improve and develop.

And Wei Bao has too many things to do, and his society is completely created by him.

It's like launching a plank into the water, and then starting to build a big ship with that plank, it's all construction in the water, and the difficulty can be imagined.

If Wei Bao was reborn and traveled to Peter the Great, or the Emperor of the Apocalypse, Zhu Youxiao, many things would be much simpler.

Peter the Great lived with his mother in the village of Preobrazhensky on the outskirts of Moscow as a child, and was fond of military games, so he established the Cadet Army, which was organized into the Preobrazhensky Regiment and the Semenovsky Corps, which later became the Russian Janissary Guard.

He was a frequent associate with foreign expatriates in the vicinity, where he learned seafaring knowledge and shipbuilding techniques, and was deeply influenced by Western European culture.

In 1689, he led the boys' army to quell the rebellion of the shooting army instigated by Sophia, and imprisoned Sophia in the convent.

He handed over state affairs to his mother, uncle, and others, and he still concentrated on training the boys' army.

In 1695, he led an expedition of 30,000 troops to Azov, Turkey, but was defeated due to the lack of a fleet to cooperate.

Drawing his lesson, he established a shipyard in Voronezh-on-Don and soon built a small river fleet.

This was the first fleet in the history of Russia.

In 1696, the second expedition to Azov was carried out, and with the cooperation of the fleet, Azov was finally captured.

In 1697, he sent a large delegation to Western Europe to try to establish and expand the anti-Turkish alliance, and at the same time to learn the advanced science and technology of Western Europe.

Under the pseudonym of Corporal Pyotr Mikhailov, I went on a tour with the delegation and successively studied shipbuilding and navigation technology in Saldan and Amsterdam in the Netherlands and London in the United Kingdom, and hired a large number of scientific and technological personnel to work in Russia.

He returned from Vienna in the summer of 1698 to quell the rebellion of the Shooting Corps and disbanded it.

Subsequently, the reform of Europeanization was carried out in an all-round way, and in the economic aspect, the development of factory handicrafts was encouraged, domestic and foreign trade was revitalized, canals were dug, commercial ports were opened, and exports were expanded, which laid the foundation for modern Russian industry.

On the political front, the Duma was abolished, the Grand Imam was abolished, the Privy Council was established, conservative forces were cracked down, and even the crown prince was executed, and the centralized power headed by the tsar was strengthened.

In the social and cultural aspect, schools were built, newspapers were run, beards were shaved, long clothes were cut, stereotypes and bad habits were eliminated, attention was paid to cultivating and selecting talents, and meritocracy was advocated.

On the military front, a conscription system was introduced, a unified establishment was established, a regular army composed of infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineers was established, and the naval fleet was expanded.

In parallel with the comprehensive reforms, the war to seize the Baltic Sea was launched.

In order to deal with Sweden, a Nordic power that dominated the Baltic Sea, it established a Northern Alliance with August II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and King Frederick IV of Denmark.

In early 1700, Peter the Great declared war on Sweden in August after the outbreak of the Northern War.

After the defeat of the Russian army in the first battle of Narva in November, it further carried out military reform and developed the military industry in order to facilitate the resumption of the war.

From 1701 to 1704, taking advantage of the main force of the Swiss army to fall into Poland, he led his troops to attack the Baltic coast, capturing Notteburg, Niyenschanzburg, Narva and Ivangorod.

In 1703, construction began at the mouth of the Neva River and the new capital of St. Petersburg was established.

At the beginning of 1708, when King Charles XII of Sweden led his troops to attack Russia, he commanded the Russian army to implement a strategic retreat, luring the enemy into depth, clearing the wilderness, and constantly harassing, attrition and exhaustion of the Swiss army with small forces.

In October, he personally led the Russian army to annihilate the Swedish reinforcements commanded by Lewenhaup near Lesnaya, annihilating more than 9,000 enemies and capturing all their artillery and baggage.

In July 1709, in the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the Russian army to annihilate the main force of the Swiss army, turning the tide of the war.

Charles XII fled to Turkey with more than a thousand men.

After Turkey declared war on Russia, in the summer of 1711, he led his army south to Turkey, and was surrounded by the Turkish army and the Crimean Khanate army on the banks of the Prut River.

Forced to beg for peace due to the exhaustion of ammunition and food, an armistice with Turkey was made on the condition that Azov was returned and Charles XII was allowed to cross the border and return home.

Subsequently, the offensive against Sweden was resumed.

In August 1714, he personally led the vanguard of the Russian fleet to defeat the Swedish fleet at the Battle of Cape Hanko, achieving the first victory since the establishment of the navy.

In September 1721, the Peace of Nystat was signed with Sweden, seizing large tracts of land and gaining access to the Baltic Sea.

In October, he was crowned the Great and the Father of the Fatherland by the Privy Council, and the name of Russia was changed to the Russian Empire.

From 1722 to 1723, he launched a war of aggression against Persia, seizing parts of the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea; At the same time, it continued to expand to the Far East, encroaching on Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

In his later years, he attempted to lead his troops to invade and occupy the area north of the Great Wall of China, but failed due to limited forces.

Peter the Great suffered from serious illnesses such as uremia due to years of hard work.

When he had not recovered from a serious illness, he jumped into the sea desperately to rescue the soldiers who accidentally fell into the water, so his condition worsened and he died.

One autumn day in 1724, Peter the Great saw a ship stranded on a sandbar in the Gulf of Finland, and several soldiers were in danger of drowning.

Peter suffered from a cold and became seriously ill in the winter.

But he continued to work, and it was at this time that the order to send Bering to Kamchatka for an expedition was drafted and issued, and the waters connecting Alaska and Russia were later named the Bering Strait.

Due to the limited level of medical care at that time, Peter the Great died in St. Petersburg on February 8, 1725, at the age of 52.

He left behind a vast empire from the Baltic Sea to the Bering Strait, from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea.

When several ministers came to greet Peter the Great, who had returned from a long journey, Peter suddenly picked up the scissors in his hand and cut off their beards, thus opening the prelude to a series of reforms.

These reforms were carried out mainly in the context of the Northern War with Sweden.

On the military front, Peter introduced compulsory military service, introduced new foreign weapons and strategic technologies, and built a powerful navy.

On the economic front, Peter strongly encouraged the development of industry and commerce, allowing business owners to buy entire village serfs to work in factories, and authorizing foreigners to set up factories in Russia.

Politically, the purpose of the reform was to establish a complete centralized rule and improve work efficiency.

deprived the aristocratic lords of the Duma of their functions and replaced them with the Senate, which had 11 committees under it, which was in fact equivalent to the "ministries" of Western countries, responsible for specific work; depose the Imam and replace him with a religious institute, making the Church part of the state power; The country is divided into 50 provinces. Peter also promulgated a "rank list" that divided civil and military officials into 14 different ranks, and all officials, regardless of their family background, were to start at the lowest level and be promoted by merit.

Culturally, Peter vigorously introduced Western books and lifestyles, and ordered that all subjects should not wear traditional robes and beards; It was stipulated that the children of the nobility must go to school when they reached a certain age, otherwise they would not inherit the title, and selected foreign students to study in Western Europe. He also simplified the Russian alphabet, introduced the Western calendar, established Russia's first library, hospital, theater, museum, printing office, and published the first newspaper, of which he himself served as editor-in-chief.

Peter I's reforms were so broad that, in breadth, surpassed almost any of the civilizational epochs in the history of the world, and he was criticized for the extremely brutal methods he adopted in the process, "not hesitating to deal with barbarism with barbarism." His son, Alexei, rose up against him with the support of the old-fashioned aristocracy, fled the country, and returned to Russia with the promise of forgiveness, only to be tortured and died in prison.

During the reign of Peter, Russia's administrative system was much more backward than that of Western European countries, and Russia had long adopted small group administration, mostly composed of cities or surrounding areas of residence, which showed that resources could not be evenly distributed and were clumsy and difficult to manage, and in 1708 Peter abolished this old system and established a system of provinces.

In 1713 an edict was issued to establish Misbach, a word derived from German to mean parliament, and each province was established, with a total of eight to twelve professional public servants to assist in the administration.

In 1719 the Executive Council was formed, Peter the Great once again re-divided the administrative divisions, and the new system of Russian provinces was modeled after Sweden, in which the larger or more politically important regions were given more autonomy, while his vast rural areas were directly governed by the state.

The popularity of the questionable elite and the opposition to the reform reached its peak in 1722, the year when the rank list was introduced, a formal list of classes was used in the Russian military, government, and royal courts, and the rank list was created by mixing a system of titles and honorifics, each of which was divided into many ranks (I to XIV) to indicate a special level of loyalty to the Tsar, and the rank list was mainly used in the military organization, which also symbolized the modernization and innovation of Peter's reign.

The establishment of the rank list can be said to be a rather bold measure of Peter's reforms, which directly hit the power of the aristocracy, and symbolized the change of Russian society, in the past, the relatively high ranks were hereditary inheritance, but after the establishment of the rank list, even ordinary people, because of hard work or superb skills, entered the system of technocracy, a new generation of technocrats quickly replaced the class of the old aristocracy, and won the support of the people in Russia, this system was used all the way to the Russian Revolution in 1917.

The need for unprecedented economic resources to cope with the Great Northern War, such a huge fiscal deficit and old infrastructure, which meant that the country could not raise as much military spending in the urgent situation of wartime, Peter's government was overwhelmed by the problem of funding, and had to monopolize some of the strategically important industries such as salt, wine, oak and tar, Peter also began to tax Russian cultural practices, such as bathing, fishing, beekeeping, and beard cultivation, and leving stamp duty on paper products, However, with each new tax, there are loopholes that can be exploited, which shows that these methods are not enough.

The solution was to add a broad poll tax, which was used to replace the household tax levied on farmable households, which had been levied on several peasant households into a single family, but each peasant was levied a tax of 74 kopecks, which had to be paid in cash, but this was even more onerous than the previous tax system, making the treasury between 1680 and 1724 six times as much as before, but "it must not be concluded from this." The burden of taxes on the peasants in 1724 was three times heavier than in 1680".

Peter adopted protectionism on trade, imposing heavy import trade tariffs and allowing Russian products to be sold in favorable conditions.

One of the purposes of Peter's reforms was to enrich the country and strengthen the army in order to win the "Northern War" with Sweden.

As early as during his expedition to Western Europe, Peter formed an anti-Swedish alliance with Denmark and Saxony.

In 1700, the three kingdoms united and declared war on Sweden.

But at the beginning of the war, Sweden forced Denmark to withdraw with lightning speed, and then defeated the Russians at Narva.

However, Peter the Great could not admit defeat, and after reforming and gaining strength, he regrouped and defeated the Swedish warlike king Karl XII at the Battle of Lesnaya in 1708 and the Battle of Poltava in 1709, especially in the Battle of Poltava, Peter personally went to the front and dealt a devastating blow to the Swiss army.

In 1721, the Russian-Swedish Treaty of Nestad was signed, and Russia seized the coveted large areas of land on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Riga, thus gaining access to the sea. Peter the Great's prestige reached its peak.

Peter I also conquered the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea during the invasion of Persia in 1722-1723.

But his war against Turkey was fruitless, and at a time when the Ottoman Turks were still a great power, the task of seizing the Black Sea could only be left to Peter's successors.

In addition to Peter the Great, Lord Veris also admired Napoleon Bonaparte.

But Napoleon Bonaparte did not end very well.

Napoleon Bonaparte, also known as Napoleon I, was born in Corsica, a great French military strategist and statesman in the 19th century, and the founder of the First French Empire.

He served as the First Consul of the First French Republic and the First Emperor of the French Empire.

Napoleon was crowned emperor on November 6, 1804, turning the republic into an empire. During his reign, he was called "Emperor of the French" and was the second French emperor in history to enjoy this title since Charles III.

Internally, he repeatedly suppressed the rebellions of reactionary forces, promulgated the Napoleonic Code, perfected the world legal system, and laid the foundation for the social order of Western capitalist countries.

Externally, he led his army to break the anti-French alliance formed by Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia and other countries, won more than 50 large-scale battles, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system of European countries, and defended the achievements of the French Revolution.

During his reign in France, he expanded abroad many times, launched the Napoleonic Wars, and became the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Confederation, the arbiter of the Swiss Confederation, and the colonial lord of the French Empire, including the French colonies, the Dutch colonies, and the Spanish colonies.

At its most glorious period, all the countries of Europe, with the exception of Great Britain, submitted to Napoleon or formed alliances.

The vast Napoleonic empire was formed, creating a series of military and political miracles and short-lived brilliant achievements.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, under the original name Napoleon Buwannaba, and was renamed "Bonaparte" in 1796.

Napoleon initially considered himself a non-French, hoping to one day make Corsica independent from France.

He left his homeland for France on December 15, 1778. He entered Orton High School on January 1, 1779.

Under the arrangement of his father, Carlo Bonaparte, Napoleon entered the French military academy of Brienne at the age of 10.

Napoleon was a studious man, but as an "outsider" from a remote colony of Corsica, Napoleon's diminutive stature was often bullied by other native students, but he was tenacious and tenacious, and through his tireless efforts eventually earned the respect of many of his native students.

During this period, Napoleon showed great talent in mathematics, especially geometry.

On October 19, 1784, after graduating from Brienne with honors, Napoleon was selected to study artillery at the École des Officers in Paris, France.

At the age of 16, his father died, and Napoleon, who came from a poor family, graduated early, entered the Raphael Regiment and was awarded the rank of second lieutenant in artillery.

During his time in various parts of the army, he indulged in all kinds of books, including works on Alexander's war history, applied physics, mathematics, architecture, records of the customs and customs of various countries, etc., as well as many works of thinkers during the Enlightenment, among which Rousseau's ideas had a great influence on him.

In 1789, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, Napoleon returned to Corsica in the hope of promoting Corsica's independence, but was strongly opposed by another pro-British faction.

The political situation in France in 1791 was unpredictable and turbulent. In the early years of the French Revolution, the constitutional monarchists, representing the interests of the bourgeoisie and the liberal aristocracy, took power, and they established a constitutional monarchy.

In 1791, King Louis XVI colluded with feudal reactionary forces abroad, and as a result, the conspiracy was revealed and the royal government was abolished.

In 1792, the Girondists, representing the great industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, came to power, and on September 22, the Kingdom of France was changed to the French Republic.

In 1793, Louis XVI was executed, Britain and others formed the first anti-French alliance, and the French Revolution began to face a serious crisis.

In June 1793, the Jacobins, the democrats and Jacobins, led by Robespierre and representing the interests of the French petty bourgeoisie, took power, and the French Revolution reached its climax.

In December, the young Major Napoleon tried his best to defeat the Royalist forces and the British and won the Battle of Toulon, so he was appreciated by the Jacobins and promoted to brigadier general for the first time in European military history.

In 1794, Napoleon, who was involved in the Thermidorian coup, was investigated for his close relationship with Robespierre, his brother, and was subsequently removed from the rank of brigadier general for refusing to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian Legion.

In 1795, he was commissioned by the Governor of Paris to successfully suppress an armed rebellion of the royalist forces, which became known as the Royalist Campaign. Napoleon rose to the rank of brigadier general and commander of the Paris garrison overnight, and began to make a name for himself in military and political circles.

Napoleon was an excellent military strategist, who studied the military knowledge of the time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry.

On March 2, 1796, at the age of 26, Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian Front of the French Republic, and on March 9, he married his noblewoman Josephine Beauharna, and then hurried to the front.

In Italy, Napoleon's French army defeated the Austrian Empire's generals such as Wirmzer, Alvinzi, and Bolieu several times, and finally forced them to sign an armistice treaty in favor of the French Republic.

After the great victory in Northern Italy, Napoleon's prestige grew, making him a people's hero of the French Republic. His rise made the Directory of Paris feel threatened, and he was appointed commander of the Arab-Indian Front of the French Republic (Army of the East) and sent to the Middle East to curb British expansion in the region and to try to control the Suez Canal and the sea routes to Asia.

In Napoleon's expeditionary force, in addition to 2,000 cannons, he led 175 scholars from all walks of life, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment.

During the expedition, Napoleon famously ordered: "Let the donkeys and scholars with their baggage walk in the middle of the procession." ”。

In 1798, Napoleon made an expedition to Egypt and captured Alexandria, and in the face of the brave Mamluks, Napoleon showed extraordinary military talent and military excellence.

In July, in the shadow of the pyramids of Giza, "Soldiers! Forty centuries watching you from the pyramids! The shocking results of the Battle of the Pyramids cleared the way to Cairo and gave it a name of terror among the Mamluks and Ottomans.

Although he commanded the French to a sweeping victory on land, the French fleet was destroyed by the British admiral Horahio Nelson at the Battle of Aboukil in August, leaving the land forces trapped in Egypt.

Napoleon marched into Syria and repeatedly repelled the Turkish army, but encountered difficulties such as plague, extreme heat, and supplies. In the end, it was blocked by the long-lost city of Aker.

On 17 May, he returned to Egypt and besieged the Turkish army at Aboukir.

Napoleon, who continued to regret the failure to capture the castle of Aker until his death, said in his memoirs on the island of St. Helena: "If the castle of Aker falls sooner, it will change the face of the world."

By the time of Napoleon's expedition, the anti-French coalition in Europe had been formed, and the royalist power in the French Republic was growing.

In August 1799, Napoleon decided to immediately and secretly rush back to Paris.

On a dangerous return voyage to the Mediterranean, Napoleon wittily avoided the Royal Navy's patrol fleet and landed two months later.

In October 1799, Napoleon, who had returned to France, was welcomed as a "savior". On November 9, Napoleon, who had the support of many people, launched a successful coup d'état, ending the alternating horrors of the Revolution and becoming consul of the First French Republic.

Napoleon then carried out a number of major reforms in the military, educational, judicial, administrative, legislative, and economic fields, the most famous of which still had a profound impact until two centuries later, was the promulgation of the Napoleonic Code, which was drafted and formulated by Napoleon on his orders, and many of the articles were discussed and finally promulgated by Napoleon himself.

The Code had a significant impact on the legislation of Western capitalist countries such as Germany, Spain, and Switzerland.

In the third week after the coup d'état, Napoleon solemnly issued a proclamation to the people, in which he proudly declared: "Citizens, the Revolution has returned to the original purpose from which it began, and the Revolution has ended." In addition, Napoleon established the system of national education, which has survived to this day, as well as the Legion of Honor.

In June 1800, Napoleon, who was the first consul, personally led his army across the Alps to victory over Italy

Won the famous Battle of Marengo.

The Battle of Marengo was the first major battle commanded by Napoleon after his reign.

The victory in this battle became a model for the consolidation of the fragile bourgeois regime in France and for the strengthening of Napoleon's dominance.

On March 27, 1802, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in Amiens, France, and Britain and France made a temporary truce, and the Second Anti-French Coalition went bankrupt.

Napoleon changed the eight-year constitution of the republic to the Napoleonic constitution, which was changed to rule for life. In May, the Anglo-French contract was torn up and Britain declared war on France.

On November 6, 1804, a plebiscite adopted the twelve-year constitution of the Republic, and the French Republic became the French Empire.

Napoleon was crowned emperor, took the crown from Pope Pius VII and put it on the heads of himself and his wife Josephine, meaning "the throne that he fought for", and became "the emperor of the French".

In the same year, Napoleon appointed Kevin as Auxiliary Minister of the Cabinet to oversee the military affairs of Paris.

A year later, he was crowned King of Italy by the Pope and annexed Genoa, making his stepson, Eugène de Beauharne, Vice-King of Italy.

From 1803, Napoleon began to conceive of crossing the English Channel through the French Navy in order to land in Britain. He was against the aggression of the British

A battle plan was painstakingly planned, and a number of "experienced" commanders were appointed on the naval side, and a large fleet of French, Spanish, and Dutch troops was assembled.

However, Napoleon's own lack of proficiency in naval warfare and the appointment of the wrong commander, combined with the stubborn resistance of the British Royal Navy, ultimately led to the failure of the plan.

In the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the commander of the British Royal Navy, Nelson, was killed, but the commander of the French army, Wernerve, was captured, and the huge combined Franco-Spanish fleet was also destroyed.

From then on, France lost the opportunity to compete with Britain for supremacy at sea.

Because Britain began to provoke Austria, Russia and other continental European countries to form a third anti-French alliance in order to understand the siege of the sea, Napoleon had to abandon the war plan to invade Britain.

The British military theorist Fuller commented in "A Military History of the Western World": "In that respect, the Battle of Trafalgar is a battle worth remembering, and it has a wide influence on history.

The war completely shattered Napoleon's dream of conquering Britain.

The 100-year Anglo-French naval battle for supremacy came to an end.

It made Britain a maritime empire that lasted for more than a century. ”

It established Britain's maritime supremacy for the next 100 years, and gave a shot in the arm to the monarchs of Prussia, Russia, and Austria, who had been terrified by Napoleon.

In August 1805, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia formed the Third Anti-French Alliance. At the end of August, the Russian general Kutuzov and the Austrian coalition advanced towards Ulm, Bavaria.

Napoleon left Paris on 24 September and marched eastward, and on 12 October the French captured Munich.

On October 17, after a fierce battle between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire at Ulm, the Battle of Ulm was won, and the anti-French coalition surrendered.

Subsequently, on December 2, the first anniversary of Napoleon's coronation, the First French Empire defeated the superior strength of the Russian-Austrian coalition army of 90,000 horses with a weak force of 70,000 horses, won a major victory in the Battle of Austerlitz, severely damaged Austria and Russia, and reversed Prussia's attitude towards France. Because the Emperor of the French Empire, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Emperor of the Russian Empire all personally participated in this battle, the battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors".

This battle was the pinnacle of Napoleon's life and led to the collapse of the anti-French coalition once again.

Napoleon caused the Austrian Empire to revoke the title of Holy Roman Empire, and the long history of the HRE Empire came to an end.

Napoleon then united the vassal states of Germany to form the "Confederation of the Rhine", which was placed under his protection.

In the autumn of 1806, Great Britain, the Russian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia formed the Fourth Anti-French Coalition.

On October 14, 1806, Napoleon led his army against Prussia.

In the Battle of Jena, he gathered 90,000 troops to attack the Prussian army, but did not encounter the main force of the Prussian army.

At Olstant, the 20,000 inferior forces of the French Marshal Davout encountered the main force of 50,000 led by the Prussian king himself, and Marshal Davout fought hard to command these 20,000 horses to defeat the Prussian army, and the Prussian army was almost completely annihilated, and Frederick William III and Queen Louise fled in a hurry.

Napoleon seized most of Germany's territory and captured the capital Berlin.

In June 1807, the French defeated the Russian army at the Battles of Eylau and Friedland in Poland, and Napoleon met with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and a peace treaty was signed.

Emperor Napoleon I was also King of Italy, Patron of the Confederation of the Rhine, Arbiter of the Confederation of Switzerland, and crowned his brothers Joseph Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, and Jérôme Bonaparte as kings of Naples, the Netherlands, and Westphalia.

From then on, the hegemony of the First French Empire on the European continent was established.

In 1808, King Carlos IV of Spain was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Ferdinand VII on March 19 of the same year.

In March 1808, in the name of protecting Spanish territory and resolving royal conflicts, French troops entered Spain and occupied the capital Madrid.

Napoleon forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate and made his eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain from Naples, and a massive riot broke out in Spain.

The French invested a large number of troops in Spain, but they were met with strong resistance from the Spanish army and civilians, and the French army suffered greatly from scattered forces, constant guerrilla warfare and harassment, and Napoleon had to invade Spain to suppress the Madrid uprising.

Britain intervened in the Spanish dispute in 1808 and landed on the Bay of Montego on 8 August and occupied all of Portugal on 30 August.

The Duke of Wellington, with the support of local nationalists, then gradually drove the French army out of the Iberian Peninsula. The French army was in a dilemma of fighting on two fronts, the western front fighting in the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern front fighting against the anti-French alliance.

Just as the French army was bogged down in Spain, the Fifth Anti-French Coalition was formed in early 1809. The Austrian Empire attacked French territory in the Rhine region behind its back, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Spain and lead his army to the east. The French army in April 19 ~ 23 five battles and five victories, defeated the Austrian army, on May 13 occupied Vienna, Napoleon and the army commanded by the Grand Duke Karl in the Battle of Asperne-Essling, the French army was defeated, the right-hand man Marshal Lana was killed, the French army suffered more than 30,000 casualties and captured, and was forced to withdraw to Lobau Island, the Austrian army suffered more than 20,000 casualties.

In the Battle of Wagram on July 5~6, Napoleon successfully turned defeat into victory and led the French army to a decisive victory again. Captured the Austrian capital Vienna and forced Austria to sign the Treaty of Vienna, ceding land again.

In 1810, Napoleon decided to rest his troops and marry Princess Marie Louise of Austria, and the Franco-Austrian alliance was formed, and the First French Empire reached its zenith. Napoleon became the hegemon of Europe, becoming the same name as Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great.

Napoleon was constantly thinking of ruling all of Europe, and only Russia on the European continent was not controlled by him, and Napoleon understood that he could conquer Britain only by trampling Russia under his feet.

In May 1812, Napoleon led an expedition to Russia with 570,000 troops speaking 12 languages.

Napoleon won the battles of Smolensk, Valutino, and Vitesk successively, crushing the Russian forces that stopped him.