Manchu and Mongolian intermarriage is a common occurrence.

The ancestors of the Jianzhou people had an unclear relationship with the Mongols.

From a macro point of view, the whole of East Asia at that time was roughly in a situation where there were no major events this year.

The Tokugawa family, North Korea is mostly like this. Not only in Mongolia, but also in Han, there were no major civil wars.

From the rebellion of the five feudatories to the Sichuan-Chu rebellion, there were only smaller-scale riots in the Han region.

The biggest one is likely to be Shandong's Wang Lun, but the impact is still small.

The combat effectiveness of the Tibetan areas has also declined.

The military conflict was mainly on the Ming frontier.

Nomadic armies use no or very few firearms, or firearms are very backward.

At the same time, the armies of the northern nomadic regimes did not have much combat effectiveness, except for the construction of slaves.

Even a hundred years later, there has been no major development in these areas.

The Dzungar Khanates, judging by their traditional weapons, were indistinguishable from the Mongol Empire of the past.

But the people of Central Asia were undoubtedly influenced by the modern military revolution caused by firearms, and more and more of them were armed with arquebuses with velvet, and they were able to produce their own gunpowder, apparently taught by Russian or Bukhara merchants.

In 1722-1724, the Russian ambassador to the Dzungar Khanate, Captain Vinchevsky, who represented Peter the Great on behalf of the Dzungar Khanate, wrote in his own account of the proportions of the Dzungar cavalry's arquebuses: 20 soldiers in armor and pointed helmets, armed with sabers and pikes, followed by 15 soldiers in armor, neck guards, sabers and arquebuses. There were 35 servicemen in the queue and 70 in both teams.

It can be seen that the proportion of the Dzungar army armed with arquebuses is close to half.

This is the proportion of firearms equipped with this nomadic people during the same period.

In addition to bows and arquebuses, the Dzungar army also had a certain number of light artillery.

The khanate's humble handicrafts and metallurgy made them unaware of what a gun carriage was, let alone independently cast artillery.

However, during the long conflict with China and Russia, the army of the Khanate captured a small number of artillery pieces and captured some craftsmen, including a Swedish officer, Lenot Lenott, who forged 15 4-pound cannons and 20 10-pound mortars, as well as 5 other light artillery pieces for the Khanate.

The improvement of the combat effectiveness of the Dzungar army by firearms and equipment is not only reflected in the effectiveness of weapons, but also prompts their tactical innovation.

The Dzungars, also known to the Russians as the Kalmyks, defeated the Chechen Khan of the Khalkha Department of Eastern Mongolia with 300 infantry armed with arquebuses and cavalry, capturing 15,000 soldiers and civilians of the Chechen Khan.

Infantry coordination has a great advantage over the traditional single pure cavalry, especially if the difference between the numbers of the two sides is not large.

In terms of firearms technology alone, due to the long-term war exchanges with Western countries in the same period, the firearms technology of Jungar is not low, and even the tactics of firearms use are not low. It even pioneered the tactics of infantry and cavalry coordination.

The progress of firearms technology in the Qing Dynasty compared with that of the Ming Dynasty was mainly due to the unification of the specification and production process of firearms, especially the elimination of the backward and flashy muskets of the Ming Dynasty, such as all kinds of multi-barreled firearms, and the unification of shotguns as standard weapons.

In general, the Qing Dynasty firearms had made progress in the production process, but there was no fundamental technological innovation, coupled with the political corruption in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the armament was slack, and the quality of firearms was much worse than before, and at the same time, the soldiers relied too much on firearms to lead to the loss of hand-to-hand combat ability, and the Western army was very powerless in the face of the rapid technological leap in firearms at the same time.

If you really attribute the victory only to firearms, the firearms of the Ming Dynasty are no worse than those of the Qing Dynasty, how can it spend so much energy on solving the Mongolian problem and have no effect at all.

The Qing Dynasty defeated the nomads by line array, first of all, the Qing Dynasty did use line line tactics, which is indeed true. But it didn't work out very well.

The Dzungar Khanate fought quite well in the field, but the siege was weak due to the lack of heavy artillery, and this shortcoming was vividly reflected in the war with the Qing Empire.

Galdan and Alabutan had the ability to inflict heavy losses on the Qing army in the field, but the Qing army was always able to contain the Dzungars and expand their gains by relying on the fortress line with Hami City as the core, and then the Qing army made a comeback at a speed that Dzungaria could not hope to match.

This means that the Qing Empire has the initiative in the war, and they can switch the strategy of long-term defense or active offensive at will according to their own needs, while the Dzungars can only be dragged by the Qing to take the disadvantage of the Qing field and defend strongly.

In Lord Wei's view, this is similar to the situation of the Ming army in the war between the late Ming and Qing dynasties.

Why did the Ming Dynasty not appear on a large scale in the West, this is what Lord Wei can't figure out, with the intelligence of the Han people, with the number of muskets in the Ming army at that time, the development of the queue shooting formation method is actually a matter of course.

The Qing army's discipline and operational concept were very backward, and this tactic was much behind compared with the West in the same period.

So, how did the Qing defeat Jungar when they were not superior in military concepts and weapons?

First of all, it is not easy to fight Zunger, and it took three generations of emperors to solve the matter.

War is a continuation of politics, a confrontation of state systems, and not just a confrontation of weapons and soldiers.

Behind the defeat of Dzungaria was a very powerful country, and outside was the cooperation between Tsarist Russia and the Qing Dynasty, and the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchu made Dzungar be strangled by the Qing and Tsarist Russia at the same time.

The elimination of Zhunger was a victory achieved by focusing on comprehensive national strength and supplemented by foreign policy.

Because the Ming Dynasty did not consider Mongolia to be a problem at all.

After Taizu, Mongolia did not pose a real threat to the Ming regime, and the Ming Dynasty lacked the motivation to solve the Mongolian problem.

The people in the border areas live or die, the old men of the Donglin Party and the old men of the Eunuch Party don't care, it would be good if the old men could care about the life of the Ming Dynasty.

As for the siege of the capital, if the old man stays in Nanjing according to the old man's idea, then it will not even matter if Beijing is besieged.

In fact, several cheers in the middle and late Ming Dynasty corresponded to the crisis in Beijing, Chenghua corresponded to the orthodox Jingtai, and Longwan corresponded to Jiajing.

An old empire like the Ming Dynasty cannot take action against the status quo without a crisis at the level of a besieged capital.

During the Wanli period, the Ming Dynasty only had four million taels of silver a year, and such a government could not even loot, which was really poor.

The two Song Dynasty, which were really facing the crisis of the collapse of the country, had a stronger ability to loot than the Ming Dynasty.

What's more, the Mongol tribes not to mention that they have the ability to destroy the Ming Dynasty, they don't even have the idea of destroying the Ming Dynasty, and what Altan Khan did is not like wanting to enter the Central Plains to be the emperor.

As for the Qing Dynasty, it itself has a strong grassland attribute, and the Dzungar really caused the Qing Dynasty a danger of shaking the national capital.

Once the Dzungars unified the steppe, then the Manchu-Mongolian alliance that the Qing Dynasty relied on to suppress the Han land naturally collapsed, which was a fatal thing.

Great Halal has money. Qianlong smashed 70 million taels of silver into the Jinchuan Toast just for the size of the Jinchuan Toast.

70 million taels, Wanli has been scolded by the whole world for more than ten years, and the mining tax collected is less than 1 million taels.

Just the money of Jinchuan is enough for Wanli to fight three or four anti-Japanese aid dynasties at the same time.

Moreover, the Qing Dynasty's complete conquest of the Dzungar Department was a certain accident, and in the middle of the 18th century, any emperor other than Qianlong would not necessarily devote all his strength to ploughing the court and sweeping the caves to completely destroy the Dzungaria.

And if you lose this opportunity, I'm afraid there will be no more chance.

Looking at the entire history of China, that is, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Liu Che and Li Zhi not only dared to make this kind of decision, but also were able to get things done.

Kangxi smashed Geerdan, and the quasi-ministry could no longer be used as a border trouble for the Qing Dynasty, so Kangxi was aimed at guarding Inner Mongolia in the later period, and he had no idea of attacking with all his might.

Yongzheng was unable to attack Ili due to ability problems, and Jiadao and Jiadao had no one at all, and they were not as happy as Qianlong, inspiring them to forge ahead.

Qianlong is a person who even climbs the snow-capped mountains and crosses the plains to fight Gurkhas, and he has to do things like Gurkha at all cost, Qianlong has ambition and ability, and what is even more terrifying is that Qianlong really has money in his hands.

The Pingzungar brought a series of corresponding effects, the Hui Department suppressed by the Dzungar Department was blown up by the Qing court, the Tianshan South Road was included in the territory, the Zhun Department crossed the no-man's land and attacked Lhasa, the Qing court also had to enter Tibet in order to solve the religious problem, and the invasion of Tibet had to pass through Qinghai, and the encroachment on the territory of Heshute Mongolia led to the rebellion of Lobzang Danjin, and Qinghai could only become the actual control after the destruction of the radish.

Qinghai is restless, and another road into Tibet needs to be opened, and the large and small Jinchuan in western Sichuan will have to be beaten.

The Dzungar Ministry colluded with Tsarist Russia, and in order to break off contact, it had to start diplomacy with Tsarist Russia, and the outer northeastern border had to be confirmed.

If he really changed people to do the reconquest of the Western Regions, Lord Wei thought to himself that he might not be able to do as well as Kangqian, because for the Western Regions, taking care of Mongolia and Tibet is only the starting point, and getting Central Asia and Tsarist Russia is the end of the problem.

This end point was not reached until the disintegration of the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

Qianlong's ability to accomplish this starting point on the eve of the Western forces' entry into East Asia was a great contribution to China.

Lord Wei would never deny Kangqian's efforts for the frontier because of the brutality, shamelessness, and harmfulness of the people of the Qing Dynasty itself.

The Qing court's control of Mongolia, and even a series of high-level methods of the Empress Cixi, were admired by Wei Bao.

The army of Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty drove the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty to Mobei, but they still couldn't cut the grass and eradicate the roots, and the grassland was always a wave of nomads.

Later, the Ming Dynasty simply formed the practice of burning wasteland, sending people to the north of the Great Wall to set fire to it every autumn.

"Yingzong Record" said: "The imperial captives are not good at burning wasteland, covering the horses that the captives rely on, and the grass that the horses rely on." In recent years, the famine has been burned, the far one is only a hundred miles, the near one is fifty or sixty miles, and the captives and horses come to invade, and it can be reached in half a day. The beggar border general, Yu Qiushen, led his troops to set fire to hundreds of miles away on the same day, so that the captured horses had no water and grass to fear. In this way, although I have a temporary labor, I can sit and lie down in peace for a winter. ”

The Ming Dynasty was in the "Burning the Wasteland" cloud: "The Han family has no miracle strategy, and the wasteland is burned out of the north of the country every year." The big moraine Pingchuan bird flies away, and the reckless dragon court is dark at dusk. The autumn breeze is Xiao Xiaobian, the grass is yellow, and the Hu'er herds horses to take advantage of the autumn coolness. The general ordered the grass to be burned, and the title was sent at night. The side road is full of lost tracks, and the yellow fox and red rabbit stand like a person. The heart is frightened, the horse is silent, the moon is dark, the sand is wet with cold dew. The yin cliff lifts the fire because of the wind, and the furnace knot is like a cloud. Thousands of captives migrated north, and the flames shone red on the Yin Mountain at night. The hill suddenly rode and flew arrows, and several people died in the fire. The white bones are scattered and scattered, and Hu Tian is a wronged ghost. The east wind blows the green old roots, and the universe looks back and returns in spring. Only the wandering soul can't return, and the smoke flies in the sky every year. ”

Before the Longqing Peace Conference, the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia had continuous wars, and Ming Yingzong himself was defeated and captured in the pro-conquest.

In order to prepare for the Mongol army to invade the border every year, the Ming Dynasty set up nine important towns (later increased to eleven towns), which were specially designed for Mongolia.

Longqing Peace Negotiation seized a good opportunity, the right time, place and people, and reached a good agreement that both parties were satisfied with and did not lose face.

Altan Khan nominally paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and the border was exchanged with each other, and there were no major wars until the end of the Ming Dynasty, when the Qing army entered the customs with the Mongols.

The reason why the Qing Dynasty took over Mongolia was very simple, because the Qing Dynasty was a small clan and a big country, and Mongolia was a friendly army, pulling the Mongolian Eight Banners to be the conqueror and the uncle, riding on the head of the slave and doing whatever he wanted.

The Qing court's means of governing Mongolia and governing the Han land are different, Mongolia is basically autonomous, in order to prevent Mongolia from sitting on the throne, the leaders of the large and small tribes are all enshrined as Mongolian princes of foreign vassals, not subordinate to each other, and are not allowed to encroach on each other, the Mongols marry the Qing Dynasty's Gege from generation to generation, and the Mongolian princes are all foreheads, and the Qing court is straightforward.

Therefore, after the Manchurians entered the customs, they asked the Han people to shave their heads and keep braids, but they never thought of coming to Mongolia and Tibet.

As for what the Qing Dynasty implemented to reduce the number of people and promote the Yellow Religion, it can be said that the Mongols themselves had already chosen the Yellow Religion, and as early as the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols began to believe in Lamaism, and Tibetan Buddhism was too much in line with the appetite.

The Mongols who remained in Europe in later generations, the Kalmyks still believed in the Yellow Religion on a territory surrounded by Orthodox Christians and ***, and the Manchurians just pushed the boat along the river.

If you want to talk about reducing Ding, the Tibetans themselves have been reducing Ding, how many people were there when Tibet was strong, and how many people are left in Tibet in later generations.

There has been a huge disparity in the number of Tibetans in all periods of history.

There were about 10 million people under the rule of the Tibetan Dynasty in the seventh century, but by the time of the Yongzheng Dynasty there were only about 2 million in Tibet, and the population had decreased by 8 million in less than a thousand years.

The decline of Mongolia is also inevitable.

First of all, the problem of combat effectiveness, before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Mongolian tribes had been subdued, and before Huang Taiji became emperor, he had been honored by the Mongolian tribes as Bogda Chechen Khan, and became the commander of the Mongolian tribes.

The Qing Dynasty relied on marriage, but the rule of mere intermarriage was not solid, for example, the Inner Khalkha Department was always wavering, and the Qing Dynasty sent troops to punish it many times, and finally the Inner Khalkha Department was stabbed in the back by Lin Dan Khan, and it was completely wiped out in the pinch.

Ye Hebu was also exterminated on the charge of assisting the Ming Dynasty, and this was all a real fight.

Therefore, in addition to intermarriage, the most important thing in the conquest of the Mongol tribes was the strong combat effectiveness of the Qing court.

Lin Dan Khan to Genghis Khan self-style, many times to the south invasion, the Ming Dynasty was powerless to stop, had to open the "city reward", after the rise of the Jin Dynasty iron-blooded Ming Dynasty is to develop the "control of Dongyi in the first paragraph of the West" of the great strategic concept, want to rely on Lin Dan Khan to fight against the Houjin, want to give Lin Dan Khan 4,000 taels a year in exchange for its assistance in defense of Guangning, but Lin Dan Khan did not even see the Ming envoy, the next year the Ming Dynasty obediently raised to 40,000 taels of silver. At the same time, the envoys sent by Lin Dan Khan to Houjin were directly hacked to death because of their lack of respect for words, and Lin Dan Khan didn't dare to let go. Interestingly, after Chongzhen succeeded to the throne, Lin Dan Khan was beaten by Houjin on the battlefield and had no power to fight back, but because of the "city reward" problem, Lin Dan Khan could easily attack Datong and kill tens of thousands of Ming soldiers and civilians.

However, Lin Dan Khan still couldn't defeat the Houjin, and was finally hunted down and killed in Qinghai, and the descendants descended to the Jin, and Mongolia was completely conquered by the Houjin.

The strategic vision of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty to the civil and military ministers is too superficial, and it is not a little bit different from the Qing Dynasty.

As far as the Mongolian issue is concerned, where is the most critical strategic point, Lord Wei believes that it is Jizhou.

Jizhou did not experience any wars during the Apocalypse, and it was lively in the era of Huang Taiji and Chongzhen.

In the view of Lord Wei, the most critical role of Jizhou is to deter and control the Yanshan area, and the Qing Dynasty set up the Rehe capital, and throughout the Qing Dynasty, the highest governors of the Rehe region were military attachés, thus achieving great strategic advantages.

The Luanhe River goes up to the direction of Shangdu, and the core area of the grassland is under control, and the emerging forces in Mongolia can make a quick response and prevent trouble.

At the same time, it also mastered the important waterway transportation lines in Shanhaiguan, before the emergence of railways, the inland river transportation supply capacity was extremely strong, and the strategic value was extremely high, so that the Yanshan fortress could be fully supplied, and it also became a barrier to protect the North China Plain. The eastern tributaries can deter the Liao River, so that troops can be quickly deployed to the Northeast Plain and the Eastern Mongolian region.

The so-called good attackers moved above the nine heavens, and the Qing court geographically occupied a great strategic advantage over the Mongolian region.

That's why during the Qing court, Mongolian princes and nobles came to hunt in late spring and early summer every year.

In addition to hunting and eating meat to connect with each other, the Qing court also had to show off their muscles and tell Mongolia not to be disobedient, and disobedience is death.

At the same time, the Qing court also built many lama temples, both civil and military, completely solved the border problems of the Mongolian steppe for thousands of years.

On the other hand, the iron-blooded Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty abandoned the Yanshan area, and then built the Great Wall on the plain.

Both the Luan River and the Liao River were ceded to others.

So the Ming court has been beaten by the Mongols and can't hold its head up.

Wei Bao couldn't figure out the strategic level of the Ming Dynasty, and even in the most powerful Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di periods, they were stupidly bubbling, and the places that should be controlled were not well controlled, and he divided the strategic place into two with the Great Wall.

I can't fight and fight, and I can't keep up with my strategic thinking, so it's best to only have iron and blood to hang the water, it's too cold.

The Qing Dynasty had multiple systems in one country.

The most labor-saving and efficient way to unite people of different ideologies in a country is not to massacre, but to allow them to govern themselves.

Liu Bang of the Western Han Dynasty created the county system of transfer of rights and the sub-feudal system in parallel with one country, two systems.

However, under the fundamentalism of Confucianism, the subsequent Han regimes moved towards the road of great unification, so that the Han regimes of successive dynasties could only spin around in the scale of the Han and Tang dynasties, and there was no breakthrough or outbreak.

Too much emphasis on a high degree of ideological unity and too much emphasis on the supremacy of Confucianism is naturally not conducive to the expansion of territory.

The Han people possess the great weapon of Confucianism, and although they can maintain the Han civilization for thousands of years, the exclusivity and uniqueness of this ideology are also very disadvantages.

As a result, the two great expansions of China's territory in later generations could only be realized by the Mongols and Manchus, who were not bound by Confucianism.

The foundation of Confucianism lies in the belief in the concept of etiquette.

The Manchu emperors were completely unreasonable, and the emperors of the past dynasties passed on the throne and selected the virtuous and capable among the sons.

Similar to the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, the many national capital shakes caused by the establishment of the prince did not occur at all in the Qing Dynasty.

In the Manchu court, Han Chinese Confucianism was never truly revered.

In the three hundred years of the Qing Dynasty, there were no famous ministers and no Confucians.

The basic consensus of the Manchu emperors was that Confucianism was only suitable for use to rule the Han people.

The Qing Dynasty only used Confucianism to govern the Han people, and did not require all kinds of Mongolian, Tibetan and Hui people.

The Manchus were proficient in Chinese but could not speak Manchu, and they were scolded by the emperor to the point of blood.

Later generations thought that the Manchu people only knew how to close themselves off and keep themselves, but in fact, the foreign trade of the thirteen lines of the Qing Dynasty was amazing, far ahead of the previous generations.

The so-called closed country is effectively managed in the eyes of the Manchurians. The foreign trade commodities of the Qing Dynasty spread all over the world, and the global trade volume of the ten Ming dynasties was compared with that of the Qing Dynasty.

Any country that positions its ideology as one will inevitably lose its de-expansionism in the international competition.

Only countries that embrace pluralism and inclusiveness can have a global perspective and can use military force frequently.

If the culture of other countries is excluded, and the ideologies of the people of other countries are unified, then the cost of using troops is already very high, let alone the cost of governance.

The achievements of the Mongols and Manchus are destined to be impossible for the Han people to learn and impossible to achieve.

Lord Wei actually understands these truths, but Lord Wei does not want to give up his absolute control over the Heaven and Earth Society and the areas under the rule of the Heaven and Earth Society, which is equivalent to a copy of the Han regimes of previous dynasties, at most he has a little innate advantage in science and technology.

In terms of system, it is said that capitalism is promoted, but Lord Wei's capitalism has not gone through primitive accumulation and is directly tossed in the stage of monopoly capitalism.

This is a deformed product, and Wei Bao himself knows it well.

Wei Bao himself wants to have absolute control of the power and make himself like a feudal emperor.

Wei Bao also wanted to obtain a high degree of freedom, negotiate a prosperous, technologically advanced, and extremely expansive form of state.

But the two are incompatible.

However, Wei Bao is not very worried about this problem.

Because Wei Bao is a mortal after all, and the lifespan of a mortal is limited.

At this stage, Wei Bao absorbed a lot of experience from the later Qing court in terms of system, and then absorbed the experience of Peter the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Wei Bao did not feel that there was anything incompatible with the many pinnacles of feudalism in the Qing court with Peter the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

And in chronological order, Lord Wei feels that the three are coherent.

Relying on the development history of the Qing court to lay the foundation, the remaining two are advanced versions of Lord Wei.