The interpretation of prices as seen in the Han Jian
Author: Mr. Wu Gou Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Subject: The Interpretation of Prices as Seen in Chinese Simplified Chinese
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The interpretation of prices as seen in the Han Jian
Since the beginning of this century, historical archaeologists have successively discovered and excavated more than 30,000 pieces of Han Dynasty texts in Gansu and Inner Mongolia provinces and regions, of which more than 90 percent were excavated in 1930 and 1972 to 1974 near Heicheng in Ejina Banner of present-day Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and near Jinguan in Jinta County, Gansu Province, that is, Juyan County of Zhangye County in the Han Dynasty, and only a few were found in Dunhuang, Wuwei and other places in present-day Gansu Province. In addition, after the liberation, there were also a lot of Han Jane unearthed in Yinque Mountain in Linyi, Shandong, Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan, and Phoenix Mountain in Jiangling, Hubei. These Han Janes, especially the Juyan Han Janes, are a number of very precious ancient cultural relics, and they are also very important historical materials for studying the society, history and the relationship between the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities in Northwest China. Most of these brochures are the daily correspondence of the soldiers guarding the frontier at that time, the running accounts of money and rice, and the registers of the grain, weapons, and utensils distributed by the garrison organs, which are very authentic and reliable first-hand materials. There are extremely rich records on the prices of various items, which provide us with very valuable information for studying the economic life and prices in Hexi and the interior. This article intends to make some preliminary explanations on the prices of some of the Han Simplified Chinese Characters (more than 20,000 Chinese Simplified Chinese Tablets newly unearthed in the Juyan area from 1974 to 1976 are still being sorted out, and the discussion in this article only involves the published parts of these Han Simplified Characters) and the literature.
a gold money comparison
The prices contained in the Chinese Simplified Chinese are all calculated in coins, and there is no comparison of the price of money. However, many prices in Han Dynasty literature are calculated in gold, so before we discuss the prices seen in the Han Jian, it is necessary to make some explanations of the Han Dynasty money comparison, so that we can convert them when we discuss various prices later.
The Qin Dynasty unified the currency and implemented a second-class currency system in which gold and copper coins were parallel. In the more than 400 years of the Han Dynasty, except for a short period of confusion in the currency system, it has not exceeded the scope of the second-class currency system of gold and copper coins.
Gold as currency in the Han Dynasty was calculated in catties, and one catty of gold was also called one gold. "Book of Han" volume 24 "Food and Goods" said: "Han Xing, thinking that Qin money is heavy and difficult to use, even made the people cast pod money, a pound of gold. Yan Shigu note: "To the catty name gold." In addition, the "Historical Records" volume 30, "Pingzhunshu" and "Justice" quoted Chen Zan also said: "The Han Dynasty takes a pound of gold as a gold." "The court of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty often rewarded noble ministers with a large amount of gold, all of which were calculated in catties without exception.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the shape of the copper coin changed repeatedly, but after the five-baht coin was introduced from the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it became customized, so the coins outside the five-baht coin were not in circulation for a long time. Han money is calculated in money, and thousands of dollars are called consistent or yi. Han Jian is a cultural relic after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and most of the prices are calculated in five baht coins, which makes it very convenient for us to interpret the prices in Han Jian today.
In the Han Dynasty, there were very strict rules on the price comparison of gold and money coins: one pound of gold was equal to 10,000 copper coins. All Han dynasty texts reflect such ratios. For example, under the "Book of Han", volume 24, "Food and Goods", it says: "A pound of gold is worth 10,000 dollars." "Historical Records" Volume 7 "Xiang Yu Benji" and "Justice" said: "Han takes one pound of gold as a thousand gold, and it is 10,000 yuan." The word "thousand" here should be a mistake of the word "one", that is, a pound of gold is a gold, and it should be 10,000 dollars. And how to take a break from "Ram Interpretation" Yin Gong for five years: "Gold weighs one catty, if it is ten thousand dollars today." He Xiu's "present" refers to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Li Jiannong once said: "In the Han Dynasty, gold and money were both legal tender, and one catty of gold and ten thousand dollars were also legal bonds. (1) This opinion is quite correct. Whether the "gold" and "gold" in the Han Dynasty documents are what we call gold today, the historians have different opinions on this, but there is no doubt that the gold of the Han Dynasty as a currency, one catty is equal to 10,000 yuan.
On the contrary, there are always some problems when it comes to materials that one gold is not equal to ten thousand dollars. The first article is found in the "Historical Records" volume 97 "Lu Jialie Biography" and "Justice", cloud: "Han system, one gold straight thousand." "Qianguan, that is, millions, a pound of Hanjin will not be so expensive anyway. Predecessors have pointed out that the word "thousand" is a mistake of the word "ten". One gold straight ten times, that is, 10,000 dollars, is already the legal ratio.
The second article is found in the seventh volume of the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic": "Today there is a total of gold, and the man gives four hundred, and the surplus is three thousand four hundred; Three hundred people are out, and one hundred are profitable. Q: The number of people, what is the price of gold? Answer: Thirty-three people, the price of gold is nine thousand eight hundred. "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" was probably written in the Western Han Dynasty. Although the prices of the various articles cited in its examples generally reflect the price situation at that time, they are all hypothetical arithmetic problems, not direct records of market prices, and at the same time, this question says that the price of gold is 9,800, and does not specify the unit and amount of gold, so it cannot be concluded that what is bought here must be a pound of gold.
Therefore, it is certain that there are strict rules on the comparison of money between the two Han Dynasty: one pound of gold is equal to 10,000 copper coins. At least at the official price. In the following we will discuss the various prices in the Chinese and the literature, that is, this ratio is used.
Ertian house price
In the Juyan Han Jane, there are two Janes that record in detail all the family properties including the field house of the Hou Chang Lizhong and the [Team Tian] Chang Xu Zong, and indicate the local prices of these family properties, which are transcribed as follows:
First, page 455 of Lao [Che Yu] "Juyan Han Jian's Examination of the Interpretation of the Text":
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(1) Li Jiannong, "Manuscripts of the Economic History of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties", p. 183.
Hou Chang [Jiaole] got the Guangchang Li Gong Cheng Zhong Nian
Two small slaves are 30,000, five horses are straight, 20,000 are straight, and one house is 10,000
The eldest maid is 20,000 per person, the ox cart is 2 taels straight, 4,000 straight, and the field is 50,000 acres
The carriage is 10,000 straight and the ox is 26,000
150,000 [(146)37, 35]
Second, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences compiled the 181B Jane of Juyan Han Jianjia:
2. [Pile of Heaven] [Team Qiang] lived in Yanxi Daoli for a long time, and Xu Zongnian was fifty
Wives and wives are three thousand wives and wives in one district
One man, 50 acres of land, 5,000 men, two men
Two men have two sons, two oxen and five thousand, and two children
Two women have two men have two women
Homosexual duo
The prices of farmland, cattle and horses, slaves, etc., are clearly recorded here. As for the prices of cattle, horses, slaves, etc., we will talk about it later, and first discuss the prices of farmland.
"50,000 acres of land", "50,000 acres of land", the price per mu is 100 yuan, which should be a very cheap price in the Han Dynasty. Next, we will talk about that after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the parity price of a stone of grain was 100 or 100 yuan, and this kind of field price that was only equivalent to the price of a stone of grain was probably due to the fact that Juyan was located in the border fortress and the land was very barren.
The price of land in the mainland is also as low as tens of dollars or more than 100 yuan per mu, which is a very barren and barren "bad land". Volume 7 of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" says: "Today there is one acre of good land, and the price is three hundred; Seven acres of bad land, the price is five hundred. The "good land" mentioned here is only 300 yuan per mu, and it should also be very barren land.
Although the land price of the two Han Dynasty is different due to the different soil quality and the different regions where they are located, and the difference between the high and the low is very large, judging from the literature, the general price per mu should be between more than 1,000 yuan and 3,000 or 4,000 yuan. During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Li Cai "sat on the edict to give the tomb to Yangling, which deserved 20 acres, and Cai stole 3 hectares, which was sold for more than 400,000 yuan." "(1) If all the three hectares of land stolen by Li Cai were sold, then the price per mu would be between 1,300 and 1,700. The land vouchers of the Han Dynasty have been handed down, and there are several tons of land prices that record the transaction, which is also this general price. For example, "Han Fan Li's family buys land lead coupons" cloud: "The field is five acres, the mu is three thousand and the straight is 15,000." (2) Another example is the cloud of "Han Wang Weiqing Buying Land Coupons": "The price per mu is 3,100, and it is 9,300." (3) This reflects the general price of medium land in the Han Dynasty.
In recent years, the prices recorded in the remnants of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Pixian County, Sichuan, have the following kinds of examiners:
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(1) "Book of Han", Volume 54, "Li Guangchuan"
(2) (3) Luo Zhenyu, "Zhensongtang Collection of Ancient Relics", vol. 15.
(1) 500 acres: "8 acres of field, 4,000 quality (straight)." β
(2) About 1,000 mu: "Zhang Wangtian is β‘ mu, and the quality is 30,000." β
(3) 1,000 mu: "Yuan Shitian 8 β‘β‘, quality 80,000." According to the lack of text, it is suspected to be the word "ten acres".
(4) More than 1,600 acres: "Therefore, Wang Wentian is 90 acres, and Jia (price) is 10,000." β
(4) 2,000 acres: "30,000 acres of land, 60,000 quality." Again, "The field is fifty acres, and it is ten thousand." ββ
Except for item (1), the price per mu is between 1,000 and 2,000 yuan, which is also the general price of medium land in the Han Dynasty.
The price of land in the two Han Dynasty can reach one gold per mu, that is, 10,000 yuan, and this kind of land is called anointing, or it is considered a cemetery with good feng shui. For example, the "Book of Han" volume 65 "Dongfang Shuo Biography" said: "Between the drunken, the number is soil plaster, and its price is one gold per mu." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" volume 110 "Du Du Biography" contains his "On the Fu" cloud: "The paste of the soil is priced at one gold per mu." Wang Fu's "Theory of the Hidden Husband" also said: "In the counties of Zhongzhou, half of the land can not be expanded, and the households are one million, and the acres of land are complete." Wang Zongyan said: "It's all gold, and it's called straight." (2) It is also a price of 10,000 per mu.
This kind of price of one gold per mu can also be found in the heirloom vouchers. For example, "Hantang Yi Ling Fei Feng Tablet" cloud: "The ancestral industry is good land, and the mu is worth one gold." (3) Yiyun of the Eastern Han Dynasty Yanguangzhong's "Li De's Land Purchase Voucher": "Buying more than one mu of land is worth 12,000 dollars." ββ£
Of course, whether it is in the literature or in the tablet coupons, the price per mu is generally said to be expensive, not that the price per mu is not more or less, but it is exactly 10,000 yuan.
From this, it can be concluded that the land price of 100 yuan per mu contained in Han Jian refers to the desert and barren land in the border area, and cannot represent the price of better land in the hinterland, or even ordinary land.
In the Han Dynasty, the house was calculated in the district (block), not only the good and the bad, but also the size of the difference, so the noble can reach more than one million yuan in a district, and the cheap one is only worth thousands of dollars, and the price difference is very far. The two family properties listed at the beginning of this section are:
House 1 district, 10,000.
One district of the house, straight three thousand.
The latter should be quite a cheap house price. In the third volume of Wang Chang's "Jinshi Cui Compilation", there is a "Stele of Zheng Zizhen's Mansion" from the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the inscription contains a list of the prices of houses, which can be compared with the prices contained in the Han Jian. Ming
ββββββββββ
(1) Xie Yanxiang, "The Remnant Tablet of the Eastern Han Dynasty Unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", Cultural Relics, No. 4, 1974.
(2) "The Theory of the Hidden Husband: The Real Side" by Wang Jipei.
(3) Hong Shi: "Lishi" volume 9.
(4) See Zhu Jiang, "Four Unpublished Land Vouchers", Cultural Relics, No. 12, 1964.
Cloud:
The house where he lives is a district of one million, so Zheng Zi really starts to make money in one district (the next is missing), so Zheng Zi
In the real house, there is 70,000 in one district, so Pan Gai Lou and two districts are eleven (missing, suspected to be 10,000 words), so Lu
50,000 yuan in the first district of the building, 25,000 in the first district of the Xianglou, 30,000 in the first district of the β‘β‘ Fenglou, and 1 district of the car house
10,000, 20,000 in the first district of Fenglou in β‘β‘, and 10,000 in the first district of β‘β‘ Zixinshe.
There are a total of 11 districts of houses listed here, of which the price of one district is incomplete, the second district is suspected to be worth a total of 110,000 yuan, the first district is worth one million, and the price of the remaining seven districts is more than 10,000 yuan and less than 70,000 yuan, which should be better houses. As for one of the districts, it is rare and expensive.
The remnant monument of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan Province is also cited, and there are four people who can test the house price:
(1) The back building of the middle pavilion, Jia 40,000.
(2) Su Boxiang's house, Jia 170,000.
(3) The six districts of She, straight [twenty twenty] forty-three thousand.
(4) Kang Xuan Building, 5,000 quality.
Items (1), (2) and (4) above do not specify the units of the house, but from the article, it should refer to the price of a district. If this judgment is good, then the cheap area is 5,000, and the noble area is 170,000. This can also prove that 10,000 yuan in Han Jian's cloud district should be an ordinary house price, and 3,000 yuan in the district is very inferior and cheap.
3. Food prices
It can be seen from the Han Jian that the grains in the Hexi region of the Han Dynasty were mainly millet, wheat, and grain (rice). The price comparison of these kinds of grain is not far apart, generally the price of stone (a stone in the Han Dynasty is also known as a hu, ten buckets or 100 liters) 100 yuan to more than 100 yuan.
(1) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 188 Jane:
Hong, Shengzhi Xie Xian said: will sit on the literary department to use self-sufficiency, please have the responsibility today. Hongwei is not responsible,
The victory has obtained three stones, straight three hundred and sixty; Su three stones, straight three hundred and sixty; It is three hundred and fifty dollars, where
It has been given one thousand and one hundred, and it is less than two thousand four hundred and three.
According to this brief commentary, see also page 173 of the Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary [(149) 26, 9], the former "straight three hundred and sixty", the book "six" is "nine". Judging from the words of Hou Yun Fan who got one thousand and one hundred, it should be regarded as "nine". The price of millet here is one hundred and twenty and one hundred and thirty yuan.
(2) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 268 Jane:
Three buckets of millet rice, straight money.
The price of the stone is one hundred and fifty.
(3) "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary", page 281:
Su one stone, straight one hundred and ten. γοΌ178οΌ167γ2γ
(4) Ibid., p. 301:
In addition to [Hebian] [Hehuang] two hundred and four dollars to be taken as β‘, buy grain, straight hundred. γοΌ285οΌ198γ118γ
Although the unit of the valley is not explicitly stated here, the cloud is worth a hundred dollars, which should refer to a stone in the valley.
(5) On pages 317~318A of the same book, there is a simple bill for the price of grain, which is transcribed as follows:
β‘β‘ received six hundred money, one hundred and fifteen yuan of koji, five buckets and twenty-three
The money is 200, 200 stones, 2 stones, 110 stones, β‘6 stones, 10 stones, 10 stones, 10 stones
The money is 210 and 2 stones, and the money is 25 and 25 and 1 bucket
Pay 110 pounds of barley and 110 stones
Whoever gives six hundred and eighty-six [(373) 214, 4]
The "millet millet" in the fifth sentence of the brief text should be a misspelling of "millet millet".
(6) In the newly unearthed Juyan Han Jian in 1974, there is a volume (1) of the third year of Emperor Wang Mangdi's "Laobian Envoy Crossing the Border" (1):
Eight buckets of rice, straight one hundred and sixty, three stones of corn, straight four hundred and fifty. οΌοΌ₯οΌͺοΌ΄21οΌ3γ4οΌ
Based on the above six food prices, the table can be as follows:
Liang rice stone price 200 money (6)
Millet stone price 150 gold (2)
Corn stone price 150 gold (6)
Millet price 130 (1)
Millet price: 120 gold (1)
Millet stone price 110 money (3)
Liangsu stone price 110 money (5)
Barley stone price 110 gold (5)
Liang millet stone price 105 money (5)
Valley stone price 100 gold (4)
Now what we want to discuss is, what kind of price is the price of this kind of grain, which is more than 100 yuan in stone? What is its relationship to the documented price of food? To do this, we must first find out the parity of grain in the Han Dynasty, and then we can
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(1) See "Cultural Relics", No. 1, 1978.
Compare with the price of grain in Hexi.
We know that the grain parity of the Warring States is clearly documented. "Historical Records" volume 129 "The Biography of the Goods and Colonies" quoted "Ji Ran" as saying: "Fu Guang, twenty sick peasants, ninety sick ends. If the disease is terminal, the wealth will not be produced, and the agricultural disease will not be cured. If the upper is not eighty, and the lower is not reduced by thirty, then the end of agriculture will be profitable, and there will be no shortage of closed markets. "Ji Ran" is said to be a book in the late Spring and Autumn Period (some people think that Ji Ran is a personal name), in fact, it is about the situation of the Warring States period, that is, the parity of grain in the Warring States period is between 30 and 80 yuan. This is consistent with Li Kui's calculation of the expenses of a family of five, when he converted the stone price of millet into 30 yuan. Thirty coins of corn, that is, the lowest price in the parity.
However, there is no record of grain parity in the Han Dynasty in the literature. There is a lot of information about grain prices in Han Dynasty literature. These materials can be roughly divided into two categories: one is the occasional good year, the price of grain is very low, and historians use this to write articles to praise the merits of the rulers, such as "counting the money of the corn", "the people are rich", "people give enough to the family", and so on. Second, due to the famine, especially due to the cruel oppression of the rulers and the melee between the rulers, such as the last years of the Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han dynasties, production was destroyed, and the war disaster continued year after year, so that the price of grain was high, the grain and stones were ten thousand dollars, and the people were cannibalistic. However, there is no record of food parity. In order to find the parity of grain in the Han Dynasty, we had to research the relevant information.
We found in the relevant materials of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty that in the Western Han Dynasty, whenever we talked about the price of grain and stones, we would have words of praise and say that it was too cheap, and when we talked about the price of stones of more than 100 yuan or hundreds of dollars, there would be words of rebuke, saying that it was too expensive; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, when it comes to the price of more than 100 yuan, there are words of praise, saying that it is too cheap, and when it comes to more than 1,000 dollars, there are words of reproach, and the dialect is too expensive. It can be inferred that parity should be between too cheap and too expensive.
During the so-called "rule of Wenjing", the price of grain was very cheap. History said that at that time, "the people have no internal and external affairs, they have to rest on their shoulders in the fields, the world is rich, the millet is more than ten dollars, the chickens are barking and the dogs are singing, and the fireworks are thousands of miles." (1) Although it is not stated here how much millet is worth more than ten dollars, according to the context, it should refer to Su Yishi. Another piece of material said that Gu Shi was worth dozens of dollars at that time: "Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was frugal and cultivated morality,...... Gu to Shi dozens of dollars, up and down envy. "(2) The price of millet stone is more than ten or dozens of dollars, which is nothing more than saying that the price of grain is very cheap, and the parity must be above this price.
Two hundred years later, the situation has changed greatly, and by the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Gu Shi was more than 100 yuan, which was also called a "grand event", which deserved the praise of historians. For example, when Emperor Shun, the fifth visit was Zhang Ye Taishou, "light riding along the acres of fields, persuading the people to cultivate farmers, and the year of the grain stone hundred dollars." (3) It can be seen from this that at that time, Gu Shi Baiqian was very rare, so the fifth visit was only given the title of "Follower", but it was the same Zhangye, in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the price of grain Shi Baiqian not only did not get praise, but also
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(1) "Historical Records", Volume 25, "Book of Laws".
(2) "Taiping Yulan" volume 35 quotes Huan Tan's "New Treatise", and there is no "ten" character in the Ying Song version of "Yulan".
(3) Later Han Ji, vol. 19.
To be condemned by the emperor. For example, Zhao Chongguo was troubled by the fact that "east of Zhangye, there are more than 100 millet stones, dozens of shackles, and the people are troubled." (1) And to the emperor "to give (criticism)" to the book.
As for the price of grain stones to 200 or 300 yuan, it had already caused very serious consequences in the Western Han Dynasty. "Book of Han" volume 79 "Feng Fengshi Biography" said: "The year is not Deng, the Jingshi Valley Stone is two hundred, the border county is four hundred, the Kanto region is five hundred, and the Quartet is hungry. And "Book of Han" volume 24 "Food and Goods Zhixia" cloud: "Emperor Yuan ascended the throne,...... Qi was hungry, there were more than 300 grains and stones, and many people starved to death. When the price of grain reaches 2, 3, or 400 stones, it is already a "famine in all directions", and "many people are starving to death", which shows that the price parity of grain in the Western Han Dynasty must be below 200 yuan.
However, from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the entire Eastern Han Dynasty, there is no longer a record that hundreds of valley stones are too expensive. At this time, it is generally more expensive than 1,000 yuan in stone, so that it will be too expensive and will be condemned by people. For example, the first volume of "Dongguan Hanji" "Shizu Guangwu Emperor Ji" said: "When Wang Mang, east of Luoyang, there were 2,000 rice stones. β¦β¦ The people starved to death seventeen or eighteen, and the people cannibalized each other. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" volume 73 "Zhu Hui Biography" said: "Built a junior high school, Nanyang was hungry, and there were more than 1,000 rice stones. And the same book, Volume 5, "An Di Ji", notes Fu Hou's "Ancient and Modern Notes": "In the second year of Yongchu, there was a great hunger in the state and county, 2,000 rice stones, the people cannibalized each other, and the old and weak abandoned the road. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" volume 88 "Yu Xu's Biography" notes the "Book of the Continuation of the Han Dynasty" that Yu Xu was appointed as the county guard of Wudu, and when he arrived in the county, due to the corruption of the previous officials, the county government was chaotic, and the people were not able to make a living, so that "there are thousands of valleys and stones, and there are eight thousand salt stones." (2) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, if you meet the price of hundreds of dollars of grain stone, it must be a great harvest, which is worthy of praise by historians.
To sum up, judging from the literature, in the Western Han Dynasty, the price of grain was too cheap, and more than 100 yuan was called too expensive; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the price of stone was already called too cheap for hundreds of dollars, and it was too expensive for more than 1,000 yuan. Then we can infer that the parity of grain in the Western Han Dynasty was around 100 yuan, while the price of grain in the Eastern Han Dynasty rose to hundreds of yuan. The price of grain from 100 to 100 yuan contained in the Han Jian mentioned above is the parity of the Western Han Dynasty.
In the Han Jian, only two of the grain prices recorded in the Jianjian have been found to be inconsistent with the above inference. One of them is Jane 1574 of the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition":
Dong Ci entered the valley sixty-six stones, two thousand three hundred and one stones, two thousand one hundred and eighty-seven stones, and four money
One thousand four hundred and ninety-seven.
Second, p. 244 of the Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary:
The water enters the valley sixty-six stones, six buckets, and six liters, and it is two thousand one hundred and twenty-three, and the money is one thousand two hundred, and all the money
Three thousand three hundred twenty-three. γοΌ15οΌ192οΌ39 90οΌ* 90οΌ45 19οΌ
26γ
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(1) "Book of Han", volume 69, "Biography of Zhao Chongguo".
(2) "Taiping Yulan" volume 86 quotes "Continuation of the Han Book" as "each stone thousand five hundred".
In both cases, the price of the stone was thirty-five cents. This should be a very special and isolated example, probably because of the great harvest of grain in the Juyan area at that time, so that the grain was very cheap, and the price of the stone was 35 yuan. But because they are only original bills, there are no praises from historians to accompany them.
In 1974, Juyan newly unearthed the "Su Jun's Blame for Kou Enshi" brochure (1), there are records of "selling ten catties of meat, one stone in the straight valley, three thousand stones" (EPF22:13) and "four thousand stones in the city valley" (EPF22:16, 27), which was due to the confusion of the currency system at that time (the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty), and the so-called "Shixing money" was denominated, and it was unusual. (Regarding "Shixing money", it is not a sentence that can be explained, and it will be discussed as a special article.) οΌ
4. Livestock prices
The prices of livestock contained in Han Jian include horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, etc. Livestock is calculated in head, and the same kind of livestock has size, advantages and disadvantages, fat and thin, so the price is extremely inconsistent. This is discussed in separate sections to see the general situation.
First, the price of horses.
Horses are not only an important tool in production, but also used in war, so in Han Jian, the price of horses is different from ploughing horses, chariot horses and war horses. Generally speaking, war horses are expensive, and ploughing horses, chariots and horses are cheap. Judging from the Han Jian, the general price of ploughing horses and chariots and horses is four or five thousand yuan for the lowly and more than 10,000 yuan for the noble. The second section above lists Hou Changlizhong's family property, including:
With five horses, straight twenty thousand.
Each horse is worth only four thousand. and "Juyan Han Brief Commentary", vol. 2, p. 51: "Horse, five thousand three hundred. Such a horse price is similar to the price of horses cited in the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". The eighth volume of the book says: "What is the price of cattle and horses? Answer: The price of a horse is 5,454 yuan and 6/11 cents, and the price of cattle is 1,818 yuan and 2/11 cents. "This kind of horse for four or five thousand dollars a horse should refer to inferior horses and old horses.
Generally speaking, the price of a better ploughing horse and a chariot horse should be around 10,000 yuan. "Juyan Han Jian's Examination of the Interpretation of the Text" page 175 cloud: "Gongping Xuanma Zhi ten thousand, order Xuanzong to compensate, Xuanli to pay the sect with β‘ money and six hundred." [(465) 229.2] Ten thousand, that is, ten thousand, shall be the price of a horse. There is also a simple cloud on page 12 of volume 2 of "A Brief Explanation of Quicksand Falling": "The law of words says: Livestock are killed by thieves, and they are compensated for the peace, so that Shaozhong will pay 3,000 yuan, and the flesh and bones of the dead horse, and pay for peace." This is about part of a judgment (known as the Book of War in the Han Dynasty), which means: Xun's horse was bitten to death by Shaozhong's horse, and Xun went to sue, so Shaozhong was sentenced to pay one-third of the horse's price of 3,000 yuan to Xunyuhe. Luo Zhenyu explained: "If the money is 3,000, the price of the horse is one-third, and the horse is 9,000." Also, the 245th Jane of the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition": "The twenty-third marquis Zhao Bei, the chief of the twenty-third marquis, is responsible for 9,500 horse money in Changchi in Yanyang, and moves to Yan to collect responsibility, which is heavy. "Nine thousand five hundred should be the price of a horse. In the above examples,
ββββββββββββ
(1) For the photos and explanations, see Cultural Relics, No. 1, 1978.
The price of horses is around 10,000.
As for the price of war horses, there is no record in the Han Jian. Only the 177th Jianyun of the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition":
He also sent the servants and senior officials to hold a letter and ask for peace: Listen to ten horses and nine β‘ thirty-three thousand, and listen to Sister Guangde
Fu Hong, please enter the horse, a horse is expensive, and it is expensive.
There are many mistakes in this simplicity. It was said earlier that "ten horses are nine β‘ thirty-three thousand", which should be the common value of ten horses, but due to the lack of words, it is impossible to determine what words are missing. After "a horse is expensive tens of millions of Jia", it is the price of a horse, but the price of a horse is tens of millions of dollars, which is incomprehensible, and it is suspected that the word "thousand" is a mistake of the word "ten". If this speculation is correct, then a horse is worth 100,000 yuan, which is more than ten times more expensive than a good ploughing horse and chariot horse, and this kind of horse is, of course, a war horse.
The price of the horse is 100,000, which is the parity of the war horse in the Western Han Dynasty. Volume 17 of the Book of Han "Jingwu Zhao Xuanyuan Chengchen Table" recorded such an incident: "Liang Hou was a thousand, Taishi for four years, sat and sold a horse, the price was 150,000, too flat, Zang (stolen goods) more than 500, free." "Zang 500 or more" here is a legal term in the Han Dynasty, and it is a sentencing limit for sitting on the level of guilt (1). If a horse is sold for 150,000 yuan, that is, it will be exempted from the crime of stolen goods, so how much is the actual stolen goods? How much is it over-flat? And how much is the price of a horse? We know that more than 20 years ago, when the Marquis of Liang was the Marquis of Qianfu, that is, in the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, out of the need for the Xiongnu war, the imperial court ordered to increase the parity of war horses to encourage horse breeding. The sixth volume of the Book of Han "Emperor Wu Ji" says: "There are few horses in the world, and there are 200,000 flat horses." The note is like Chun said: "The price of horses in Guiping wants to make people compete with animals and horses." Referring to the price of war horses in the Han Jian cited above, assuming that the original parity price was 100,000 yuan, it was to double the parity price of war horses, but this decree seems to have been abolished soon, otherwise Liang Hou would have sold a horse for 150,000 yuan, which was lower than the parity price, and would not have been convicted of "over-ping".
Second, the price of cattle.
The family property of Hou Chang Lizhong and [Team Tian] Chang Xu Zong cited in the second section above:
Serve ox two, six thousand.
With ox two, straight five thousand.
That is to say, the price of a cow is two or three thousand yuan. This price can be corroborated with the price of cattle in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". Books 7 and 8 of the book list three types of cattle prices:
(1) The price of cattle is 1,818 cents and 21 cents.
(2) The price of cattle is 1,200.
(3) The price of cattle is three thousand seven hundred and fifty.
ββββββββββββ
(1) The name of the rank of sitting in the Han law, as well as "Zang 250 or more" (see "Book of Han", vol. 78).
"The Biography of Xiao Wang"), "Straight Ten Perfection and Above" (see "Book of Han", vol. 81, "Kuang Heng Biography", vol. 83).
"Xue Propaganda") and so on.
The price of cattle is more than 1,000 yuan, and the price of cattle is more than 3,000 yuan, which not only shows the difference in the size and fat of the cattle, but also includes the relationship between supply and demand.
However, there is a record of a cow worth 15,000 yuan in the Han monument. The remnant stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan, cited above, has three places that say "one cow, five thousand thousands" and "one cow, fifteen thousand" (1). Why is the price of cattle so expensive? The price of the field and the price of the house recorded in the stele are all expensive and cheap due to different textures, but the price of cattle and slaves is very uniform. There are always big and small cows, fat and thin, why are they all worth 15,000? We speculate that the remnants of the monument should be the books of the Han Dynasty government registered the property of residents and collected and calculated, some of which were registered according to the local actual price (such as fields and houses), and some deliberately inflated their prices (such as cattle and slaves) and collected and recalculated, so as to prevent rich households from gathering a large number of cattle and slaves. If this speculation is good, then the value of a cow is not the real price, and the conclusion that the price of cattle in the Han Dynasty is between more than 1,000 yuan and 3,000 or 4,000 yuan explained above is still in line with reality.
Third, the price of sheep.
Juyan Han Brief Commentary, Volume II, page 42: "One sheep, nine hundred. And on the same page: "One sheep, a thousand." "The price of this kind of sheep with a head price of 900 to 1,000 yuan is very expensive, probably quite fat sheep, and it is not far from the lowest price of cattle. Judging from the price of sheep cited in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", one head is generally worth more than 100 to hundreds of dollars. Volumes 7 and 8 of the book list four types of sheep prices, more than 100 yuan for the cheap and more than 500 yuan for the noble, reflecting the general situation of sheep prices in the Han Dynasty:
(1) The price of sheep is one hundred and fifty.
(2) The price of sheep is one hundred and seventy-seven.
(3) The price of sheep is five hundred.
(4) Sheep one, twenty-one two-two-tenths of straight gold. It is converted into five hundred and ninety-five dollars.
This kind of sheep price with a head value of hundreds can also be confirmed in the newly unearthed Juyan Han Jian. Quoted from the book "Labor Envoys Crossing the Boundary Fee":
Sheep two, straight five hundred. οΌοΌ₯οΌͺοΌ΄21οΌ5οΌ
"Taiping Yulan" volume 828 quotes "Sou Shen Ji" and says: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Nanyang Song Dingbo sold ghost sheep, "sold for 1,500 dollars." "Sou Shen Ji" is originally a novel, and the theory of selling ghost sheep is nonsense, and the price of sheep is not credible.
Fourth, the price of dogs.
In the Han Dynasty, generally speaking, in the case of the same advantages and disadvantages, size, fat and thinness, sheep are more expensive than pigs, and pigs are more expensive than dogs, which can be clearly seen in the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", that is, if it is the same arithmetic problem, it is always the sheep that is the most expensive, the pig is second, and the dog is second.
"Juyan Han Jian's Commentary", volume 2, page 61: "Hu Gou, straight six hundred." "This should be a hound, or a garrison
ββββββββββββββββ
(1) Xie Yanxiang, "The Remnant Tablet of the Eastern Han Dynasty Unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", Cultural Relics, No. 4, 1974.
dogs, so much more expensive than the highest price of the sheep mentioned above. As for the price of eating dogs, it is much lower. The seventh volume of the Nine Chapters of Arithmetic says:
The dog costs a hundred.
Book 8 says:
The price of the dog is one hundred and twenty-one.
This is the general price of eating dogs.
In addition, the hoic dogs, which were exclusively used by the aristocracy to enjoy and play, were surprisingly expensive. For example, the fourth volume of "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" says: "Yang Bainian has a fierce dog, a famous green [horse cross], and he bought a hundred gold." "Hundred gold is generally called expensive, not worth millions. and "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi", Volume 3, "The Biography of Sun Hao", notes "The Biography of Jiangbiao": "(He Ding) also made all the generals have good dogs, all thousands of miles away, one dog to thousands of horses (silk), the royal dog rate is brilliant, and the money is 10,000. "This very expensive dog price is, of course, only a very special case, and cannot be regarded as an ordinary price.
5. Cloth price
The price of cloth and silk seen in Han Jian includes cloth, silk, silk, plain, and practice. Cloth is a linen fabric, which is the cheapest raw material for Han people's clothing. Silk is an ordinary silk fabric, and its price is slightly more expensive than cloth. Silk is silk, which is a fine and colorful silk, and its price is expensive, which is no longer worn by ordinary people. The white of the silk is more expensive than the silk. Practice is a precious variety of silk, and it is the most expensive in the cloth. They are discussed separately below.
First, the price of cloth.
The price of the cloth contained in the Han Jian was between 200 and 400 yuan. For example:
(1) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 547:
Out of the Guanghan eight cloth nineteen eight inches six (large) half inches, straight four thousand three hundred twenty, to the rank of one hundred people.
"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" volume 7 on the clouds: "Eighty strands of cloth are coffins." The notes in the "Historical Records" volume 11, "Xiaojing Benji", "Justice" and the "Book of Han" volume 99 "The Biography of Wang Mang" all quote Meng Kang as saying: "Eighty wisps." Therefore, there are seven rafters, eight rafters, nine rafters, and ten rafters, and the eight rafters cloth is one of the cloths. In the Han Dynasty, a piece of cloth was four zhang or forty feet, and nineteen horses of eight inches and half an inch were worth four thousand three hundred and twenty dollars, which was equivalent to more than two hundred and twenty-six dollars.
(2) The Brief Commentary on Juyan Han, vol. 3, p. 76, says:
Eight horses of cloth and two hundred straight.
This should refer to the price of two hundred. Or there is a heavy text under the "horse", which is taken off due to wear and tear, and because the original simplicity is not seen, I dare not speculate.
(3) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 1656 Jane:
Yang Tong of Beiqiu Gongli in Wei County, bought eight horses of eight pieces of cloth, two hundred straight horses, and straight 1,800 volumes.
(4) Ibid., p. 2426:
Shocked [Team Tian] Zhudong County Linyi Gaopingli summoned the word Hai Weng, and sold three horses of nine tree bent cloth, and three horses
One hundred and three, all straight thousand.
Here the cloud cloth three horses "where straight thousand", then the cloth should be more than three hundred and thirty-three money, the previous "thousand" word is obviously Yanwen.
The price of cloth contained in the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is very similar to the price of two or three hundred coins. The second volume of the book says: "Today there is a sum of 2,370 dollars to buy nine horses of cloth, two feet and seven feet. He replied, "One hundred and forty-four cents, one hundred and twenty-nine cents, one hundred and twenty-four." In addition, there is a case of cloud cloth in the third volume that costs more than 100 yuan, and the cloud: "There is one horse today, and it is one hundred and twenty-five." "This should be the lowest price for cloth.
Second, the price of silk.
In the Han Dynasty, there were several brief records of the silk price, which are now listed as follows:
(1) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 2044:
Silk 1,90 horses, 3 feet 5 inches, half an inch, and 54,200 straight money.
The equivalent price is more than three hundred and twenty-four dollars.
(2) Ibid., p. 1583:
Out of Hanoi, twenty-two silks, eight horses, one zhang, three feet, four inches, half an inch, two thousand nine hundred and seventy-eight, to the envoy one
Ren Yuanfeng three years of the first month of the end of September, August less than half a month.
The price of the horse was more than three hundred and fifty-seven dollars.
(3) Ibid., p. 2036:
Affected by the June more than 22 silk in Hanoi The first month of the first month is 3β‘2 feet less than half a β‘, straight 13,58.
According to the meaning of the text, the first "β‘" should be the word "ten". From the photo plates, the word "ruler" in the interpretation should be a misinterpretation of the word "horse", so the word "β‘" should also be the word "horse". After being corrected, the original text should read "Thirty-two horses, less than half a horse, straight three thousand fifty-eight." "That's four hundred and four cents. If the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" is interpreted as a ruler, the price of the horse is more than 16,000 yuan, which makes no sense.
(4) Ibid., p. 2428:
Hou Shi Jin Wang: In the first month, two horses of silk are straight, nine hundred.
The price of the horse is four hundred and fifty dollars.
(5) Ibid., p. 973:
Two thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, Zhao Dan bought six straight silks.
The price of the horse is four hundred and seventy-seven dollars.
It can be seen that the price of silk is generally four or five hundred yuan.
There is a brief record in the Han Simplified Scripture that the price of a horse with silk is 800 yuan. "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 1149 Jian Yun: "Right Shushi: Thirteen officials and marquis, eighteen silk horses, two feet and one and a half inches, and fourteen thousand four hundred and forty-three. "That's exactly 800 dollars. This should be a special case.
Third, the price.
A Brief Explanation of the Quicksand Fall, vol. 2, pp. 42-43:
Ren Chengguo Kangwen, a horse, two feet two inches wide, four zhang long, twenty-five taels, six hundred straight money
Eighteen.
Rencheng was founded in the first year of Emperor Zhang, so here is the price of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The price of the pirate is generally six or seven hundred yuan, and the same is true in the Western Han Dynasty. "Taiping Yulan" volume 818 quotes "Customs and Customs" and says: "(Linhuai and the two) disputed, and Prime Minister Xue Xuan decided: 'Hundreds of dollars, what a lot!' ββ
There are a few examples in the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", which are also worth hundreds. Book II:
Today, there is a sum of seven hundred and twenty to buy a horse, two feet and one foot.
The price is more than 472 dollars.
Also Book 3:
Today, there is a zhang, and the price is one hundred and twenty-eight.
The price of the horse was five hundred and twelve denarii.
This horse, which costs more than 500 yuan, should be inferior. Generally, the price should be six or seven hundred dollars.
There is a brief record in the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" that the price of the silk is as expensive as more than 1,400 yuan a horse. The book No. 1205 Jian Yun: "Self-reprimanded on behalf of Hu [Team Tian] chief Zhang pardon forgiveness: buy and collect a straight money of 360." But there is a problem with this Jane's interpretation. Lao [Che Yu] in the "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Text", this Jane is included on page 408, and "Qian 360" is divided into another Jane, which is loaded into 340 pages. Therefore, it cannot be based on this to conclude that the price of the Han Dynasty was more than 1,400 yuan, and even if there were, it was an extremely special case.
Fourth, vegetarian price.
The price of vegetarian is more expensive than that of silk, and the general price of horses is around seven or eight hundred yuan.
(1) "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary of the Text", page 358:
β‘ is six feet tall and two hundred and sixty-eight straight. γ(7)284γ36γ
The price of the horse is seven hundred and eight cents.
(2) "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 212 Jane:
Powder silk Hui with two feet of white suke, straight [twenty twenty].
The price of the horse is eight hundred.
(3) "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Text", page 333:
Buy white plain one zhang, straight two hundred and fifty. γ(472)214γ26γ
The price of the horse is a thousand dollars. This price is broadly consistent with the literature. The third volume of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" says: "There are five hundred rich today, and how much is it to ask?" Answer: Desu horse. "This kind of five hundred dollars a horse is cheaper. and "Taiping Yulan" volume 814 quotes "Ji Ran" and says: "Bai Su is out of three auxiliaries, and he has eight hundred." "The name of Sanfu only existed in the Western Han Dynasty, and here it says the situation of the Han Dynasty.
As for the precious varieties of silk, it is more expensive than a thousand dollars. Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary, p. 358:
Bai Lian a horse, straight four hundred. γ(7)284γ36γ
and "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition", No. 247:
Kill the prisoner [Team η¬] soldier Liang Guomeng Dongyangli Gong Cheng Zuo Xian said to himself: Therefore, Lezai [Team η¬] Chang Zhang Zhongshi
Soap practice a horse, straight 1,200, today the real see for the history of the canal.
Ibid., p. 1064:
Ten stones to buy a horse, until the middle of October do not try, β‘ mother's room.
Ten stones, probably millet and the like, at that time, the general grain price in Hexi was more than 100 stones, and the value of 10 stones was also more than 1,000 yuan.
According to this, in general, the price of cloth in the Han Dynasty was generally two or three hundred yuan, four or five hundred yuan for silk, six or seven hundred yuan for silk, seven or eight hundred yuan for plain, and more than 1,000 yuan for practice.
6. Clothing price
The clothes of the two Han Dynasty, one is worth hundreds of money, and some are worth thousands of money, all of which are seen in Han Jian. Clothes made of silk and fur are worth more than a thousand or even thousands of dollars, while cloth clothes are worth only a few hundred dollars, or even cheaper.
A Brief Explanation of the Quicksand Fall, Volume II, p. 42:
Li Longwen's robe has a collar, straight three hundred and eighty-one; Attack one collar, straight four hundred and fifty.
and Juyan Han's Brief Commentary, vol. 2, p. 29:
The official attack is one collar, and it is two hundred and thirty.
The above does not explain what kind of raw materials the robe or attack, but it is proved that it is only worth hundreds of dollars and one person must be cloth. For example, "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 1373 Jianyun:
On July 10, Zhang Zhonggong bought a soap cloth seal with a single collar, straight 352.
Another example is page 380 of the "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary":
The fourth pawn Lu [θΉδΏ] bought a cloth robe with a collar, straight four hundred; I also bought soap cloth from Li Zhong. γ(152)
49γ10γ
The Book of Han, Volume 24, "Food and Goods Chronicles", contains Li Kui's analysis of the expenditure of a middle-sized peasant household of a family of five, saying: "The clothing and person rate are 300, and the five people use 1,500 at the end of the year. "Three hundred yuan per person, if in the Han Dynasty, can only make a coarse cloth collar.
Silk silk and fur garments were much more expensive, and only the landlords and bureaucrats could consume them. "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 187:
In the first two years of the leap month, Jiaqu ordered Shi Dong Zifang to buy Ou Weiqiu a collar, straight 1,000 and 50.
Ibid., p. 902A:
In May of the first year of Yangshuo, Ding Weishuo, Bingchen ,...... Blame the north right [team η¬] long prince en official robe collar, straight thousand
Five hundred dollars.
Ibid., with para 22:
Yuan Yan three years,...... β‘β‘ [Team] pawn chapter blames himself, and the eighth [Team] is β‘β‘ official robe
One collar, straight four hundred and fifty β‘ ask β‘.
and "Juyan Han Jian's Examination of the Commentary on the Text", p. 369:
Buy soap to practice a collar of a robe, and the straight money is 2,500, and this son counts β . γ(55)69γ1γ
The price of such clothing is consistent with the price of cloth that we discussed in the previous section. The Han people generally make a single robe with one collar and need two zhang, and make a double robe with one collar and one horse (the length of one foot of Han is about 0.69 feet in the current market system). The price of Han cloth is generally three or four hundred yuan per horse, so the cloth robe is worth two or three hundred yuan for one collar, and four or five hundred yuan for one collar. The price of training is generally more than 1,000 yuan per horse, so the training robe is worth more than 1,000 yuan, and there are also those who are worth more than 2,000 yuan.
7. Price
There are no less than hundreds of kinds of utensils seen in the Han Jian, and most of them are Biansaitun military supplies, and most of them have no price records. Some of the instruments with prices recorded in them cannot be compared with the prices of the same item due to the lack of documentary materials. The prices of some of the items are listed below.
The price of the car.
The family property of Hou Changlizhong cited in the first two sections:
The ox cart is two taels, and the straight is four thousand.
Take a ride, straight 10,000.
The ox cart was a farming implement, and it was crudely and simply made, so one was worth only 2,000 yuan. In addition, there are those who are only worth more than 1,000 yuan each. "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 1964 Jane:
Where there are fifty-eight taels, with seventy-nine thousand seven hundred and fourteen dollars.
It was worth more than 1,374 dollars. Ibid., p. 1998:
Eight taels on the right, with ten thousand seven hundred and seventy-six.
The car is worth 1,347 dollars. The above two Janes do not specify what kind of utensils they are, but they are valued at more than 1,300 yuan each, so it can be concluded that they are ox carts or simple carriages.
The price of the car is much more expensive. "Book of Han" Volume 12 "Emperor Ping" cloud: "Conquer the world to inform the Yijing, ancient records, astronomy, calendar, bell law, primary school, history, materia medica and the Five Classics, Analects, Erya, and filial piety to teach, in what they do." Shi Gu's note: "It is passed on by a horse driving a chariot." Therefore, the chariot is a high-class sedan for people, so its price is more than five times that of the ox cart.
Knife price.
Knives have different uses, advantages and disadvantages, so the price is different. "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 1374 Jane:
One stabbing knife, straight seven thousand.
The price of a knife is as high as 7,000, which shows that it is a treasure knife, and it is by no means an ordinary knife price. Volume 90 of the Book of Han "The Biography of Yang Servant" said: "If you want to ask for Shu Dao, ask what is the price?" Said to him: rate hundreds. This is the words of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the edict of "reprimanding" Yang Fu, which means: You are in charge of the arsenal, I asked you the price of the Shu knife, and you could only answer a rough idea, dereliction of duty, and serious mistakes. But the Shu knife is also a very expensive utensil, so the price is hundreds of dollars, which is generally good. As for the wood knives, kitchen knives and craftsmen's knives, of course, they are much cheaper.
Sword price.
The sword is a weapon, and the sword used by the general cantonment officials is roughly hundreds of dollars each. Juyan Han's Brief Commentary, vol. 3, p. 16:
Sword one, straight six hundred and fifty.
Ibid., p. 73:
Sword one, straight seven hundred.
As for the price of the sword, it is bound to be much more expensive than that.
Bow price.
"Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary of the Text", page 369 cloud:
Slingshot one, straight three hundred. γ(59)462γ2γ
"Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 107:
Pay 900 to buy a bow β‘β .
If the latter is "three", the price is the same as the previous one.
Riveting price.
"Juyan Han Jianjia Edition" No. 2534 Jane:
Three feet five inches Pu Fu Xi, Gui Bu Yuan, two, straight three hundred.
Xi is a lily, similar to today's grass lily, pu li, one is worth one hundred and fifty dollars.
Bills.
Juyan Han Jian's Commentary, p. 428B:
Infant one, straight, β‘β‘ placed. Infant one, straight seventy, β‘ four, June Xinhai six β‘.
γ(162)123γ22γ
Infant and poppy are homophonic, and they are common in ancient times. Poppy Wattle. "Book of Han" volume 34 "Han Xin Biography": "The army attacked Anyi with a wooden poppy. Shi Gu Note: "Poppy is also a big belly and a small mouth of the bottle." "Therefore, the baby is the glen. Lao [Che Yu] classified this Jane as food and wine, which may have been a mistake.
and Juyan Han's Brief Commentary, vol. 2, p. 69:
The big poppy is thirteen, the small poppy is six, and the straight is one thousand eight hundred and five dollars.
The average size is more than 90 dollars a piece. It's not far from the first seventy dollars.
8. The price of food and wine
The price of wine depends on the quality of the wine, generally more than ten to dozens of dollars per bucket, and there are also so-called thousands of dollars in wine. The Taiping Yulan, volume 845, quotes the "Treatise on the Classics":
At the end of filial piety, hundreds of officials drink wine, and the wine is a bucket.
This is a special case to be talked about.
The seventh volume of the Nine Chapters of Arithmetic says:
Today there is a bucket of alcohol, and the money is fifty; A bucket of wine, a straight money of ten.
This is a general situation.
Quoted from the cloud of "Labor Envoys Crossing the Boundary":
Two stones of wine, two hundred and eighty straight. (οΌ₯οΌͺοΌ΄21οΌ6)
This is also the general price.
According to the Book of Han, Volume 7, "Emperor Zhao", there is a record of "wine rises to four coins". This should be a mistake for dou, because the Han people often write dou as "sheng", which is easily confused with the word "sheng". This is to say that after the official sale of the wine, the price of the wine is very cheap, and it is even four dollars.
The price of meat varies depending on the type of meat, and it is generally a pound of money. Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Commentary, p. 351:
100 catties of meat, 700 straight. γ(584)γ
What kind of meat is not specified, probably beef, mutton, etc. When we discussed the price of livestock above, we estimated that at that time, a sheep cost hundreds of dollars, and at least two fat sheep per 100 catties of meat, so the price of mutton was seven dollars per catty, which was the same as the price of hundreds of dollars per sheep.
On page 428C of the "Commentary on the Interpretation of the Juyan Han Jian", a detailed account is opened, from which we can get a glimpse of the prices of various types of meat in the Juyan area at that time:
The first sixty liver fifty
Sixty lungs over twenty breasts
The stomach is 100 [up and down] 100 coins and 10 coins and tongue twenty
Thirty wide, thirty hearts, ten boundaries
β‘ Huang will be ten β‘ ten
300 intestinal benefit books
Sell straight six stone seventeen, where four β‘ fifty. [(252) 286, 21 back]
Ibid., p. 431:
One ox [moon jin], female, straight sixty. γ(535)217γ29γ
The previous brief does not specify what kind of head, lungs, liver, etc., but it is certainly a large animal such as cattle and horses. A sheep's head, liver, lungs, milk, tongue, stomach, heart, etc., must not be worth more than 300 dollars.
During the Han Dynasty, salt was the bulk of exchange. However, there is no record of salt prices in the Han Jian. Probably because salt is a monopoly of the government, and the salt used by the soldiers is rationed by the government, not purchased. There is a material in the literature that says that the stone price of salt in the Eastern Han Dynasty is 400, which is probably parity. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Volume 88, "The Biography of Yu Xu", quotes the "Book of the Continuation of the Han Dynasty" and says: "When the beginning of the book (Wudu), there are thousands of valley stones, eight thousand salt stones, and three thousand households. For three years, 80 meters and 400 salts. β
During the Han Dynasty, there were many wine and food shops in the market, and many famous people were born as domestic helpers. It is not a problem for this restaurant to sell alcohol, does it also sell food? According to the Book of Han, volume 99, "The Biography of Wang Mang", it says: "Wang Ye ...... It is to take the rice and meat soup sold in the market and hold it into the eyes and say: The people eat salty like this. "It seems that there are also shops selling food in the market.
Judging from the other materials, it seems that it costs fifteen dollars to eat a meal, and one dollar to drink water. "Customs and Customs" Volume 3 "Yanli" cloud: "Taiyuan Hao Zilian, hungry and unable to eat, cold and clothing, not to take from others. Once had a sister's meal, left fifteen coins to go down the table, drank water in each line, and often invested a penny in the well. "Whether the meal in the market is fifteen yuan a meal is missing in the literature, so I have to doubt it.
Zhao Qi's "Sanfu Decision" (Huang Zhengji) said: "(Zhao Qi) hid his name, clothed himself, and sold cakes in Anqiu, Beihai City. Sun Song was twenty years old, traveling in the market by calf car, seeing Zhao Qi, he observed his extraordinary person, and asked: 'Own cake evil?' He said, "Sell it." Song said, "How much money do you buy?" How much does it cost to sell? He said, 'Buy 30, sell 30.'" (1) Thirty pennies for a loaf of bread seems
ββββββββββββββ
(1) This story is also found in "Three Kingdoms: Wei Zhi", volume 18, "Yan Wen Biography", and quoted in "Wei Luo Yongxia
The Biography of Sun Binshuo", the text is different.
It's too expensive, and I'm talking about the price of a loaf of bread.
9. Wages
In the Juyan Han Jane, there are two specific and clear records of the monthly wage of the helper:
First, page 412 of the Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary:
The monthly value is four hundred and twenty-four, and the payment is two hundred and thirty, and the six hundred and sixty are less than eighty. γ(οΌ’20)326γ6γ
Second, ibid., p. 324:
November ends in February, and April lasts, and it is two thousand eight hundred. γ(426)226γ17γ
The format of this second article is similar to the format of the payment of soldiers' salaries in the Chinese simplified Chinese, so some people suspect that it is not the price of the helper but the money. Actually, this is not true. Anyone who says "straight" in the Han Jian must refer to the price, without exception, as evidenced by the countless examples cited above. Here it is said that the total of "straight 2,800" money for four months is, of course, the wage. In the Han Jian, where the payment of salaries is made, the "use of money" must be clearly recorded, which can be evidenced by several examples in the "Juyan Han Jianjia Edition":
(1) The two thousand seven hundred money that have not been paid in April and June have been paid. (Para 20)
(2) It has to be exhausted in October, accumulated in December, and paid in March. (p. 198)
(3) Before the end of the first month, the third month has accumulated three thousand six hundred of the money paid for the third month (No. 246)
(4) It has been ten ("Part A" is misinterpreted, as the word "seven") at the end of the month, nine months, three months, and six money
Thousand. (No. 1059)
(5) The first month of the first three years of the first year is exhausted, and the money accumulated in the third month is 1,800 in the third month. (No. 1894)
(6) β April of the first year, June and March, 1,800 dollars were paid. (No. 2111)
It can be seen from this that the format of the "straight 2,800" mentioned above and the "a certain amount of money" mentioned here are by no means the same, and there is no doubt that the monthly wage of the helper is the price. That is to say, in the Han Dynasty, the monthly wage of a helper in the county west of the river was about 400 to 700 yuan. According to the literature, the monthly wage of a mainland helper ranges from more than 200 yuan to nearly 1,000 yuan. For example, in the third volume of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", there is an arithmetic problem that takes the price of a helper as an example, saying: "Today there is a bail, the price of a year old is 2,500, and today I will take 1,200 first, and ask what is the day?" "The annual price is 2,500, and the monthly price is only more than 200.
In addition, volume 45 of "Qun Shu Zhi Yao" quotes Cui Yu's "Political Commentary" of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and talks about the wages of mercenaries: "The husband is a hundred miles long,...... In January, you will get 20 pieces of millet and 2,000 dollars. Although the chief official wants to respect the covenant, he should still have a servant, and if there is no slave, he should take a guest again, and the guest will be a thousand months. This is a passage for the minions of the feudal regime to call the poor, saying that the monthly price of a mercenary is 1,000, when it is exaggerated, in fact it will not be so expensive. Therefore, the monthly price of domestic workers in Hexi as quoted above in Han Jian should be the general situation of the Han Dynasty.
The government of the Han Dynasty had a regulation on the practice of more parity per month of 2,000. "Book of Han" volume 29 "Gou Xun Zhi" cloud: "Those who govern the river are not subject to Pingjia, for the sake of foreign punishment in June." The note quoted Ruchun said: "The law says that Pingjia will get 2,000 money in January." and "Historical Records" volume 106 "The Biography of Wu Wangbi": "Pawn practice, and Pingjia." "Justice" cloud: "The poor want to hire more money, and the inferior pays to hire them, two thousand a month." This is to say that the government of the Han Dynasty hired people to govern the river, or the people hired people to serve on their behalf, and the parity stipulated by the government was 2,000 per month. This kind of official practice must be much more affordable than the private wage rate, because only in this way can the employer pay more money, so as to restrict them from hiring people to serve (avoid) the servant, so that the hired person can get a higher wage than the ordinary servant, and will be willing to do more work, so as to encourage people to serve in the service. At the same time, from the "Biography of Wu Wangbi", it is difficult for hired people to get the parity stipulated by the government, so Liu Bi used the means of "reluctance and Pingjia" to buy people's hearts. Therefore, 2,000 yuan per month is by no means the parity of the price of a private helper, and it cannot be used to deny the general wage of a helper in the Han Dynasty with a monthly price of 400 to 700 yuan.
There are also three pieces of material on the wages of helpers in the "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary". Page 258 of the book:
β‘ Cheng Cheng Lu Ju Yan died Li Ming, and Gu Qian was 2,600. γ(51)116γ40γ
Page 57:
In the same county, the king of the prince came to pay 4,600 yuan. γ(269)159γ23γ
Page 453:
Zhangye Juyanku died in Hongnong County, Luhun Heyangli, doctor Wu Ben, twenty-four years old, and served as a doctor in Yangli, the same county
Zhao Qin, twenty-nine years old, Jia twenty-nine thousand. γ(124)107γ2γ
None of these articles stated how much time they were "Gu Qian" or "Jia Jia Qian", and it was impossible to determine what their monthly wage was. If we insist that Article 1 of 2,600 yuan is a month's wage, and Article 2 of 4,600 is two months' wages (1), it is obviously unfounded.
To sum up, the following opinions can be drawn about the wages of domestic workers in the Han Dynasty:
(1) The "parity" stipulated by the government is 2,000 yuan per month, but this is only an empty letter to encourage people to serve and restrict people from avoiding military service.
(2) The general wage of a civil servant should be four or five hundred yuan or seven or eight hundred yuan per month. Such wages do not include the food and drink of the helper himself, so when Cui Wei calculates the expenses for the "hundred-mile chief", he counts the food of the helper under the master's account;
(3) Different times, different regions, different types of work, and different ages and physique of helpers will affect the wages, so there is a big gap between the wages in the Chinese and the literature.
ββββββββββββββββββ
(1) See Jian Bozan, "Wage Labor in the Two Han Periods", Historical Issues Review, p. 375.
10 Slave price
Slaves and maids are people, not things. But in a society where there was a slave trade, slaves and maids were treated like crops, so there was a price in exchange. On page 455 of the "Juyan Han Jian Examination Commentary on the Text", Hou Changlizhong's family property includes:
two small slaves, straight 30,000;
One maid, 20,000.
The 20,000 yuan for a big maid and 15,000 yuan for a small slave were the normal prices of slaves in the Han Dynasty, which were roughly the same as the prices of slaves and maids recorded in the literature. Volume 42 of the "Quanhan Wen" contains the Han Wang's "Servant Covenant" and says: "On the fifteenth day of the first month of the third year of the Shenjue, Wang Ziyuan, a man in Zizhong, bought a widow from Yang Hui, a woman from Anzhili, Chengdu, and decided to pay 5,000 yuan. "I already have a beard, of course I am not a little slave, I am probably old, so I have the same price as the little slave in Han Jian.
In addition, the third and fifth volume of "Art and Literature Gathering" quoted "Customs and Customs" and said: "Nanyang Pang is thrifty and begs the head to make cattle and horses cultivate, and the straight money is 20,000 yuan. "The slave who can make oxen and horses plough is naturally strong, so it is worth twenty thousand.
There is a story in "Dongguan Hanji", which says that when Zhu Hui was the county governor, he was too conservative to marry a daughter and wanted to buy Hui Wan to marry, but Hui did not agree, and then sent the Guo family "three catties of gold" (1) The meaning may be to send a maid to the Kuang family, and the price of three gold and a maid is not far apart.
During the Han and Wei dynasties, coins were replaced by physical objects, so there were people who bought and sold slaves and maids with silk and silk value. "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Wei Zhi" volume 27 "The Biography of Wang Chang" notes that "Ren Yi Farewell Biography" says: "Buy Shengkou with others, hire eight horses each, and later Shengkou's family will redeem them, and the current price will be 60 horses." Co-buyers want to redeem at any price, and take the original price of eight horses. Co-buyers are ashamed and also take the original price. "The so-called eight horses, sixty horses, should be silk silk and the like. Since it is not known how many people are with Ren's accomplices, the purchase price is unknown. At the time of redemption, the price had risen to 60 horses, and according to the price of the silk horses, 4 or 500 yuan, 60 horses was about 30,000 yuan, which was similar to the price of slaves and maids contained in the Han Jian and the "Servant Covenant".
Therefore, it can be considered that although the price of slaves and maids in the Han Dynasty varies according to their age, physical strength, and skills, they are generally 20,000 or 30,000 yuan per person.
In recent years, the remnant monument of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Pixian County, Sichuan Province, has three places that record the common value of five slaves:
Five people, straight twenty thousand.
Slave β‘, β‘β‘, β‘ Sheng, Servant Xiao, Slave Sheng, and five people, straight twenty thousand.
Slaves, slaves, β‘, and β‘ rats, and five, twenty thousand (2).
ββββββββββββββ
(1) "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", volume 73, "The Biography of Zhu Hui", notes "Dongguan Han Ji".
(2) Xie Yanxiang, "The Remnant Tablet of the Eastern Han Dynasty Unearthed in Xipu, Pixian County, Sichuan", Cultural Relics, No. 4, 1974.
As we have already mentioned in the fourth section above, the price of cattle and slaves recorded in this monument is very special, regardless of size, fat or thin, all of them are the same price, 40,000 slaves and maids, and 15,000 oxen. This is probably a basis for the government to levy and calculate the tax, not the actual price of slaves and maids. Therefore, it is more realistic to say that the price of two Han slaves and maids is generally 20,000 or 30,000 yuan.
Author: Hydroelectrician Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Academic Value...
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Mr. Wu Gou Xue'an:
All the essays have academic value!
Unknown for the original work or citation? Can you tell me?
I would also like to ask for the author's consent to post it in traditional Chinese (non-commercial) on behalf of our site library.
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Thank you!
Author: Mr. Wu Gou Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Reply to Plumber
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All posts signed by Mr. Wu Gou are old works of our people, welcome to repost. Also want to keep in touch.
Author: Hydroelectrician Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: θͺθ¬θθ«ζ!
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Thank you, sir, for agreeing!
It is true that the cold station is rich in connotation, and it is also expected that there will be more exchanges between cross-strait historiography!
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Author: Electrician Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Thanks!
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Mr. This excellent article has been published in traditional Chinese at:
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Author: Youxia Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: I am a troubled person
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[color=#DC143C] Brother Shuidian. Sorry. [/color] [em24]
Author: Hydroelectrician Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject: Thank you!
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Thank you! Why are you sorry?
Author: Dodo Posted: Thursday August 26, 2004 7:16 pm Article Subject:
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It turned out to be Mr. Xu Yangjie, and this article was published in the "Chinese Literature and History Series". "The History of the Chinese Family System" has a superstar.