Seeing that Xu Ping didn't speak, Zhang Zai couldn't help but feel a little weak, and asked, "What did the dare students say inappropriately?" Advice from the festival commander! ”

Xu Ping said: "I just asked you, if you want to grow food from the ground, what are the other things besides people and land. Pen? Interesting? Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 info just wants to tell you that the core of the land problem is food, not land. Why is everyone's eyes on the ground? Because the most important thing for food is the land, but to this day, it is not enough to think only about the average field. If you want to make food and clothing for the people, you don't just look at the ground. Instead, we should plant the land, harvest the grain, and list all the things related to it from beginning to end, and analyze it carefully in order to sort out the clue. Whether it is advantageous to average the field depends on the clues that have been sorted out, and finally to see whether it can produce more food. Therefore, it is not enough to talk about the well field system alone. ”

When we talk about agricultural production, we naturally cannot do without analyzing the factors of agricultural production. There are many kinds of factors of agricultural production, but the most fundamental ones are the laborers, the tools of labor, and the objects of labor, that is, manpower, various agricultural tools and animal power, and land. One thing that Li Jing knows better than his predecessors is that he attaches importance to both manpower and land, but ignores other elements. Zhang Zai's idea of the well field system is derived from Li Jing, and naturally inherits the advantages and disadvantages of Li Jing's thought.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the five dynasties were in turmoil, and the population loss was very large, until this era, even the Central Plains region was facing a shortage of manpower, and many fields were barren. In fact, the land price of the two Song Dynasty has not been high in history, and the ratio of land price and tax is far from being comparable with that of the Ming and Qing dynasties. This most intuitively reflects a problem, that is, the contradiction of cultivated land in the Song Dynasty was far less acute than in the later Ming and Qing dynasties.

In the case that the contradiction between cultivated land is not so acute, the scholars and writings of the Song Dynasty who talked about flat soil, uniform fields, and well fields are far from being compared with those in the later Ming and Qing dynasties, which is related to the academic atmosphere. In the Song Dynasty, Confucianism was revived, and respect for Meng was the mainstream, and Mencius, who paid attention to the people-oriented, had an attitude towards the land that the cultivator had his own land and implemented the well field system. In the ideological trend of Togu's reform, the average field has been repeatedly used as a good prescription for governing the country.

Can the average field solve the current problem? Xu Ping didn't have an answer either. In order to draw conclusions, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the factors of agricultural production, what kind of production scale, what kind of organizational form can have the highest efficiency. But fundamentally, in this era, it is still necessary to focus on small production of one family in order to obtain the highest returns.

This conclusion is not without reason, Xu Ping's work in his previous life, I have read an analysis paper on the impact of production factors on grain production. Until the 90s, in areas dominated by rice production, after a comprehensive analysis, the highest value of grain output should have been produced by one household, with each household planting more than 30 mu. Of course, the highest grain output is not necessarily the highest economic benefit, and the two do not coincide. Advocating large-scale operations with large enterprises as the mainstay is in terms of economic efficiency, not in terms of producing more grain. In fact, in Xu Ping's previous life, except for a few countries, even developed countries in Europe and East Asia, the mainstream of agricultural production was small farms based on households.

Will it be possible to produce more food if the land is distributed equally? The scientific answer is not necessarily. Land is only one factor of production, which must be analysed in a comprehensive manner, taking into account the cross-influence between factors of production. For example, if the size of each household is too small, it will inevitably affect the breeding of large livestock such as cattle and horses, and it will affect the water conservancy proposal. If the scale is too large, it will cause extensive operation and waste of land resources.

Looking up at the sky, Xu Ping said to Zhang Zai: "Xiucai, between heaven and earth, heaven is like a father, earth is like a mother, we are just a child in the middle of this heaven and earth." Children are inevitably sometimes childish, and when they figure out a truth, they think that they have discovered the truth of heaven and earth, and as long as they do what they think of this truth of heaven and earth, they will have a bumper harvest, harmony between the top and bottom, and peace in the world. In fact, this truth may be just a joke in the eyes of heaven and earth. Although the way of heaven is constant, but the world is impermanent, how can there be an eternal and unchanging way of governing the country and the people between heaven and earth? Adapting measures to local conditions and time conditions is the solution to the problem. Of course, it is too troublesome to do this, and it is better to come up with a long-term solution with an idea. But think about it, is there really such a happy way to pass it down? To do things, we must use our brains diligently, do more, and do it in a down-to-earth manner little by little, so that we can really make some achievements for the country and the people. ”

Zhang Zai is a scholar, although he is one of the most practical people among scholars, but it is really difficult for him to bury his body and summarize the truth from the trivial daily affairs. Turning too fast is sometimes not a good thing for practice.

After being silent for a while, Zhang Zaicai arched his hand and said, "Student Mr. Xie taught!" ”

Xu Ping suddenly remembered that in history, Zhang Zai seemed to have visited Fan Zhongyan and wanted to recruit soldiers to make meritorious contributions. However, Fan Zhongyan asked him to study hard, go home and study hard, and maybe he will have great achievements in the future. Now that I think about it, Fan Zhongyan's vision is still very poisonous, this young man's brain is too good, there must be a long and a short, and doing things in a down-to-earth manner has become his shortcoming.

Thinking of this, Xu Ping couldn't help laughing and said to Zhang Zai: "Xiucai, the most difficult thing in the world is to bend down and do things in a down-to-earth manner. It is not a success to come up with a reason, but it is necessary to put this truth through practice and really see if it is in line with reality. Look at where it's right, look at what is wrong, and then confirm it with the truth that you come up with. After doing this over and over again, the truth that comes up is truly applicable to the world. Just like this well field system, it is useless for you to tell me what the ancient sages said, and I have also read the sage books. What you have to tell me is how much more grain has been produced in the place where the well field system is practiced, with the same land, the same animal power, the same farm tools, and the same manpower. In this way, it can be shown that the implementation of the well system is useful for grain production. Producing more grain is only one thing, and the other is that after the implementation of the well field system, it is not conducive to the management of the imperial court. Management costs money, but it is not what you said, as long as the field officials are divided into fields, and the taxes on the fields are used instead of the salaries, it will not cost the court a penny. If all the land in the world becomes the official field, where will the taxes of the imperial court be collected? If a tax is less, it means that the court spent this part of the money to go out, how can it be said that the court did not spend money? Again, after the implementation of the well-field system, there must also be an explanation for how to repair the roads in the fields and how to repair the channels for diverting water. After everything is sorted out, the government can consider whether it can be implemented. Don't you talk a bunch of truths in the heavens and the earth here, quote scriptures and classics, but when you go to the government, you are at a loss and have no clue. At that time, no matter how much self-pity and self-lamentation no one in the world knew the hero, and there was no need for the good policy of governing the country that you proposed, it was a child's state. ”

Zhang Zai is indeed immersed in the classics, even if he gets up and does some practice, he does what he says in the book, and confirms it with what he came up with. In his mind, it was a good way to govern, but in fact, he felt that it could not be implemented by officials at all, which was also a common problem for scholars to talk about governing the country. It is simple to come from practice and go to practice, but it is most useful to do it seriously.

Xu Ping said again: "What is peace? The great is also big, there are many, there is no shortage of everything, and the people are harmonious and happy, which is for the peace of the world. Although there is a wide range of money and grain, but the distribution is unfair, the rich have no land, and the poor have no place to stand, so it is not peaceful. Zi said that he does not suffer from widowhood but suffers from unevenness, which shows that this level is above the too. If we want to bring peace to the world, we should start from both aspects of more and more equality. When you talk about the well field system, you are talking about the flat field, and you are talking about the productive grains, but in fact you are only talking about a Taizi, not a flat character. I didn't do it this way, I had to have it first, and then I could talk about how to divide it. However, according to what I just said, it is far from enough to just talk about a well-field system without sorting out all the things and things that are needed to produce grain. What you say may not be right, and the government will not be able to implement it. ”

Zhang Zai was young at this time, and he was the age of being studious and inquisitive, so he listened to Xu Ping's words and said respectfully: "Students are taught!" ”

"When doing things, we must not think of the truth, but also put the truth in the present to see if it can be in harmony with the present world. Things in the world are ever-changing, don't just think about one aspect, to drill the tip of the horns, but to always grasp a grasp and look at the whole picture. Just like talking about the field, producing more grain is a grasp, which is a Taizi. If the land is barren, we must do this, whether the land will become more and more fertile or unbearable in the future, whether it will ensure the harvest in drought and flood or everything depends on the sky, this is another starting point. The people are the people of the country, and at this time, if a small country is widowed, the country will not be protected, and how can the country survive without the people? This is Qinzhou, look at it from all sides, it was the homeland of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and the Central Plains of the late Tang Dynasty declined, but it was all Fan Qiang for more than 100 years. The Han people are all nonsense, but they scold the Han people to the city, this is not something that can be passed with a smile. Therefore, when talking about the field, it is not only to see how it is for the people, but also to see how much it costs to manage and how much it costs to manage. All these are taken into account, and it is a truly feasible and feasible good policy for governing the country. The Ida system you are talking about now is still very far behind! ”

Zhang Zai has passed on the four famous sentences of Hengqu to later generations, one of which is to "open peace for all generations", although he has not yet said it, this ambition is already there. Kai Taiping is specific to Zhang Zai's thoughts, which is based on the Jingtian system.

Xu Ping said to Zhang Zaizhengse: "Xiucai, if you want to open peace for all generations, it is not enough to just bury your head in the pile of old papers." Single-mindedly only reading the books of the sages, maybe you can barely continue to learn for the saints, can you still say two things. If you want to open peace, you should bend down and come to this red world, think and do at the same time, and if you can have a little way, it will be enough to pass on to future generations. ”