Chapter 804 Shu's Raccoon (II)

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The method of prison points and historical practice is a talent training mechanism created by Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty Guozixue integral method, aiming to cultivate qualified officials who combine theory and practice. In fact, the institutional composition of Guozijian revolves around these two major contents.

The so-called prison is to sit in the hall and study, and the sub-prisons in the north and south are divided into six classes and three poles for teaching. Among them, the three halls of justice, Chongzhi and Guangye are the primary ones. According to the regulations, those who have only read the four books but have not passed the five classics will study here for a period of one and a half years. Those who have studied for more than one and a half years, are excellent in arts and sciences, and are well-versed in history and can be promoted to the advanced spontaneous hall.

When the inmates pass the test and are promoted to the advanced class of spontaneity, they have to study while accumulating credits in the examination to determine whether they can complete their studies...... This is known as the integral method. Guozijian stipulates that students study for one year in the rate hall, and take exams twelve times a year and three times every quarter...... Meng Yue's test book is a scripture; Zhongyue tried to discuss one, and the edict table and internal medicine department one; Ji Yue tried one by Shi Ce and two sentences. The results of each examination are divided into three classes: those who are excellent in arts and sciences are considered superior and receive one point; Those who are excellent in science and literature are average, and half a point is awarded, and those who are poor in literature and science are inferior and do not receive points. A total of eight credits within one year is considered to be a passing grade. If it is less than eight credits, it will be considered a failure, and those who fail will repeat the grade and wait until the next exam before entering the class of spontaneous classes.

In addition, Guozijian also specifically stipulates that if the inmates are talented, academically outstanding, and 'talented and extraordinary', Guozijian can skip a grade and shorten the number of years of study.

When Shen Mo learned about this point system for sitting in prison, he couldn't help but sigh that this is actually a teaching management system that skillfully combines the academic year system and the credit system. Later, after he became the director of the Guozijian Department, he realized the superiority of this system...... In the process of teaching management, it not only gives full play to the advantages of the academic year system, such as unified standards in talent training, strict curriculum planning, stable teaching order, high teaching quality and other specialties; It can also give full play to the advantages of the credit system, such as teaching students according to their aptitude and acknowledging the gap in students' levels, and students can take various courses according to their own knowledge level, ability, interests and needs in addition to completing the required courses. It is conducive to mobilizing students' enthusiasm and initiative in learning, so that outstanding talents can stand out.

At the same time, it can avoid to a certain extent the disadvantages of the academic year system that are not conducive to early talents, such as 'one-size-fits-all', 'walking in unison', and poor flexibility; It can also avoid the shortcomings of the credit system, which is difficult to manage and difficult to control the teaching order. With such an excellent teaching system, university education hundreds of years from now will not be outdated.

The results of his education are also obvious to all, and even in the middle of the century, Guozijian is still famous for Confucianism. For example, Li Shimian, Chen Jingzong, Zhang Mao, Luo Qinshun, Cai Qing, Cui Miao, and Lu Zheng teach the north and the south, and the day will be a common hall, and the night will be brightly lit.

But what is even more amazing is still to come, after the Guozi supervisors accumulate credits in the Frank Hall, they only obtain the qualification to serve as an official in politics, and only if they pass the internship experience, they have the right to serve as an official. In the fifth year of Hongwu, in view of the fact that the officials who were born in Jinshi were naïve and imbecile, Zhu Yuanzhang was determined to train officials who were useful in the world and improve their actual ability to govern affairs.

The specific rules of this system are that after completing the credits, the inmates are assigned to various government agencies to 'study the calendar first', that is, to carry out teaching practice. During the internship, students take turns to receive practical training in central and local departments, and the main task is to learn to deal with various political affairs. During this period, the inmates were called 'civil servants', and in addition to being assigned to various government departments, some were assigned to local prefectures and counties, or to clean up grain fields, or to supervise water conservancy repairs, etc., in order to develop the actual administrative ability of the inmates.

The most valuable thing is that Guozijian has also formulated strict internship assessment methods for this kind of internship experience...... Guozijian clearly stipulates that inmates must participate in the assessment in the same way as they study in prison, and the results of the assessment are directly combined with the appointment of officials. The specific method of assessment is: 'Determine the assessment method of upper, middle and lower. The superior is selected, the middle and lower class are still re-examined for one year, the superior ones are used according to the superior grades, the middle ones are not limited to grades, they are appointed according to their talents, and the inferior ones return to the prison to study'.

The imperial court once attached great importance to the implementation of this internship system, and before each internship, the number of former supervisors was notified to each yamen, and then each yamen accepted the officials according to their needs, and if there was a surplus, they were uniformly distributed by the officials. The various yamen who received the students of the past were responsible for teaching the political affairs, and it was their duty to examine their diligence. After the expiration of the calendar period, the official can be invited to the Ministry of Officials for supplementary selection, and "in case of a shortage of officials, they will be used according to the time" as official officials.

The reason for this educational system, which combines on-campus studies with off-campus internships, is to compensate for the lack of administrative ability of officials, but through internships, prison students can gain extensive exposure to practical government affairs and gain practical experience in politics, which is very conducive to the growth of their talents.

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Obviously, the education of the Guozijian in this dynasty was a cut above the way of the Song Dynasty Taixue to work behind closed doors and cultivate talents, and for a long period of time, the actual ability of the prisoners was also beyond the reach of the Song Dynasty's Taixue students who 'ignored things outside the window and only read the books of sages and sages', 'had rotten lips and tongues', and 'led to the destruction of the country and could not be saved'.

In fact, the period when the administrative capacity of the dynasty was the strongest and the country was the strongest was also the stage when this kind of education system was best implemented.

However, after the Tumubao Incident, the national strength of the dynasty declined, and the country's finances were in crisis, and the rich began to be allowed to 'lose and donate to the regular supervision'...... That is, the use of money to buy the qualifications of prisoners has led to a sharp increase in the number of prisoners and a decline in quality, and many prisoners have not been able to complete their studies for more than ten years; At the same time, the imperial court could not afford the high cost of teaching, and for the officials who did not need to pay salaries, with the mentality that they should not be used in vain, and they would be used in vain, they asked Guozijian to lower the graduation standards and shorten the number of years of schooling for prison students. In order to save money, they even have to let the inmates go back to their hometowns to study 'according to their relatives', and the quality of teaching is no longer possible.

At the same time, the imperial examination, which was not very popular at the beginning of the country, became the right way. To this day, not to mention the ministers of the ministry, even the local prefects, and the Langzhong of the court, are all from the two lists of Jinshi. Because of the decline in their own quality, especially their cultural quality, their status has deteriorated, and they can only work at the bottom of the yamen for their entire lives.

As a result, the prisoners became more and more discouraged, and even the situation of the children of rich families hiring people to work in the yamen was even more formal, which completely reminded people of the grand occasion when the ministers of the court and the central government were all supervised by the state in the last years of Taizu.

However, Shen Mo, who has served as the vice president and vice president of Guozijian, knows very well about Guozijian's past and present life. It is precisely because of this understanding that it is even more heartbroken—reforming the Guozijian and restoring it to its role is an idea that has been buried in Shen Mo's heart for many years. When he was the secretary, he discussed this issue with Gao Gong, who was the priest at that time, and Zhang Juzheng, who was also the secretary. Both agreed that his idea was fully meaningful, necessary, and possible...... First of all, it is protected by the banner of the ancestral law, so as long as it can grasp the power, it can be vigorously implemented, and no one dares to oppose it openly. Third, the blessing of Emperor Taizu, the number of officials in this dynasty can be said to be the smallest in all dynasties, and there is no redundant problem, and even the central yamen, local prefectures and counties, there is a serious shortage of staff, if we want to improve the administrative capacity of the imperial court, it is necessary to increase the number of officials...... This kind of thing has never been opposed by the ranks of officials...... Therefore, on the premise of not increasing the number of scholars, there are enough positions for excellent prisoners, and it will not touch the interests of the Jinshi team too much, so this matter can be done.

But this requires three prerequisites: first, to grasp the power of the state, the bottom line is to at least have the final say in the cabinet; Second, it is necessary to carry out the reform of the administration of officials first...... At the very least, there must be enough official positions available after the first batch of new inmates complete their studies, so that a virtuous circle can be achieved; Third, it is necessary to put an end to the door of donating prisoners, and on this point, not only the three of them, but also the government and the opposition have long reached a consensus, if we want to improve the quality and status of the prisoners, we must first drive out the prisoners who take money to get into the bastard day and the mixed title. Therefore, it is necessary to abolish the routine supervision of donations.

For the big families on the painting boat, their interest in the Guozijian is just to increase the chance of their children standing out from the Jiangnan Science Field, and they really disdain to go to donate to the prison...... Fake and fake are all scholarly families, and I really can't afford to lose this person

Those who are really unwilling are those ordinary businessmen, small and medium-sized wealthy households, purely for the sake of fame and fame, so as to increase their status. But their strength, at least for now, is too weak to be able to do so?

When the painting boat docked, it was already the third watch day of the cold stars, and Shen Mo declined their invitation to go to Wenrou Township together, and watched all the old men, either take a sedan chair or go to the painting boat, and enter the places that are red and green. He couldn't help but shake his head slightly, and said in his heart that this identity is really a heavy shackle, if there is an afterlife, he must be a rich idler.

After expressing his feelings, he boarded the carriage and went back to the mansion to sleep. As for whether it will be lonely or sleeping together after going back, it is not known to outsiders

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After finishing the errand of coming to Nandu, the silent mood also relaxed, and I had a rare lazy sleep the next day, and I didn't get up until three o'clock in the morning.

After getting up and freshening up, I put on a comfortable brocade robe and sat in the water pavilion with the window open and the warm sunlight, while enjoying the exquisite Jinling breakfast...... Shen Mo's requirements for eating are simple, but they are also very picky. He doesn't require the ingredients to be expensive and rare, but he must make them level and worthy of the taste buds. I also hope to change the pattern often, often the same food, eat once, and will not be interested in it again.

However, he still hasn't got tired of that kind of dried tofu, and almost every meal has a small plate. The dried shreds boiled in chicken broth are served in a white porcelain bowl, and they have the texture of warm nephrite. The small dish was only held by Yingying, and the dried silk in it was only enough to pick a chopstick, not that she couldn't eat more, but silently remembered her father's words: 'You can't enjoy all the food, and if you have more, it's called cow chewing'.

It is precisely because there are few that I have to taste them carefully. In the quaint water pavilion, listening to the wind, watching the water, chewing the flexible dried silk, while flipping through the latest issue of "Shilin Daily", the enjoyment of life is probably nothing more than this. This is a treatment that he will never enjoy in Beijing...... Usually busy with official business, it is rare to take a break, and you have to set an example for the children, how can you be so lazy and comfortable?

Under the influence of his own little butterfly, the world's earliest periodic newspaper was born in China, a full 40 years earlier than Europe.

In fact, newspapers have existed in China since the Tang Dynasty, but until the silent appearance, they were just similar to the 'internal reference' of later generations, which were only read by large officials and ordinary citizens...... First, there are no conditions for large-scale printing and distribution, and second, the people do not have this demand; Thirdly, the sages have said that foolish people are good officials, and ignorance is better than knowledge, so there has never been a newspaper for ordinary people.

However, the times have developed to this dynasty, and in terms of conditions, China's printing technology has matured, and the cost of publishing has been greatly reduced. In terms of demand, the citizen class has finally matured in this dynasty, and a large number of urban residents who are somewhat literate and not too worried about their livelihood have a strong demand for culture...... While all kinds of novels and scripts are prevalent, if there is a more timely and social reading material, it will naturally be very popular. In the end, it is the prosperity of the burgher class that leads to the fact that officials can also have a strong influence when they leave the court or do not enter the court, and the gap between the so-called court and the opposition is no longer as big as that of the previous court. Those officials and scholars in the opposition also need such a platform to express their opinions.

As a later man, he knew too well the powerful power of newspapers, that is, the only magic weapon to guide public opinion, open up the wisdom of the people, and make intellectuals refresh and think wildly. In the 37th year of Jiajing, Shen Mo, who was still in office in Suzhou, instructed Gu Rundong, president of the Suzhou Business Association, to invest in the establishment of a private newspaper.

Gu Rundong's gratitude to Shen Mo is like a reinvention, although he still doesn't believe in the usefulness of this thing, it doesn't affect his power to do this well. In the autumn of that year, he founded the Suzhou Newspaper on Shantang Street, and sent people to Wuhu to buy the best paper, using the most advanced printing machines, and hiring the most skilled movable type printing workers from the Jinling Book Company to make the hardware the best.

The software is also unambiguous, except for some current political news, which was picked up from the newspaper. In order to improve the influence of the newspaper and attract enthusiastic contributions, before the first issue of the newspaper came out, Gu Rundong asked people to post notices all over Suzhou, saying that the first issue of "Suzhou Daily" welcomes contributions from all walks of life

At that time, there was no concept of remuneration, and readers could not reflect their own value at all if they wrote something. However, Gu Rundong declared that he would pay you one or two pieces of silver for one word, although it was clearly to celebrate the inaugural issue, but it was also an out-and-out sky-high price

As a result, more than 30,000 submissions were received in 10 days...... This is not to say that more than 30,000 people have submitted, in fact, in order to increase the chance of being adopted, many people have not only submitted one, but the most is as many as a dozen. However, even so, it is enough to show that Gu Rundong's golden yuan policy has worked and caused an absolute sensation.

When the newspaper came out, it was snapped up by the citizens who had hung their appetites, then reprinted, snapped up again, reprinted, and still snapped up. In order to meet the needs of the subordinate counties and neighboring state capitals, it was printed seven times before stopping, and 330,000 copies were sold...... If you don't count the capital, it is basically flattened, which makes Gu Rundong, who was going to lose money and make money, you must know that because it is the first issue, except for the stock exchange, auction houses and a few large merchants, there is no commercial advertisement, and advertising is the main means of profit that Shen said...... Looks like it's still going to make money.

The world's first real newspaper, of course, should be cherished by silence. At his suggestion, the newspaper had eight pages, the first of which was the direct explanation of the Sacred Message, the second was the important news of the imperial court, the third was the news of the city, the fourth was the news of the province and other provinces, the fifth was the introduction of the world, the sixth was the special edition of science, education, culture, and health, the seventh was the serialization of novels, and the eighth was the selection of manuscripts. It basically meets the diversified reading needs of citizens, and also gives Shen Mo a window to introduce the world and guide thoughts.

The rest of the matter is a matter of course, there has never been a thing in history, can have such a newspaper communication ability and influence, before the next issue of the newspaper comes, the whole Suzhou discussion topics, all around the content of the newspaper. The authors of those texts not only received a considerable amount of money...... Because the writing style at this time is still concise, the article with the largest number of words is only more than 200 words, but it can get 100 taels of silver at once, which is enough to make them happy.

But what makes them even more satisfied is to see that their articles are well-known and famous in the city, which is really an honor that there is no Chinese lift, in those days, in the streets and alleys of Suzhou, large and small boats, you can always see a lot of guys holding newspapers and reading aloud in front of people, turning over and over and over and only reading a paragraph. Just wait for someone to ask, 'Whose article is this?' ’

They would reply apologetically, "No, it's just a mess, Mr. Dirty...... and they want to throw them into the river.

Although the other scholars were disdainful on their faces, they were not to mention how jealous they were, so they went home and began to write articles, vowing that they would be adopted next time: 'Hmph, Lao Tzu will also take the newspaper and walk around the city of Suzhou'

Later, the remuneration was reduced to one-tenth, and it did not affect the enthusiasm of the scholars, and the "Suzhou Daily" became more and more prosperous, and its influence spread throughout the southeast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and also attracted imitations from all over the country.

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In the past few years, almost all the southeastern provinces have several newspapers. However, although they are all newspapers, the difference in level is very large, and they can be divided into three echelons, the first echelon is the basic original newspaper, the second echelon is the middle newspaper that is half original and half excerpted, and the last is the tabloid newspaper that lives purely by copying other people's newspapers. But it's really hard to say which one will make money.

The "Shilin Daily" in Shen Mo's hand is one of the three newspapers issued in Nanjing at the same time, and the other two are "Jinling Daily" and "Qinhuaihe Daily...... For example, "Jinling Daily" mainly focuses on the dynamics of the imperial court, the politics of the province and the current affairs of people's livelihood, which is a comprehensive newspaper with the largest circulation; The "Qinhuai River Daily" is engaged in some poems and songs, wind and snow, and scandal secrets all day long, although it is suspected of not doing business, but the circulation is also considerable.

The smallest circulation, but this "Shilin Daily", 50,000 copies per issue, can sell half at most, advertising revenue is also the worst, very money-saving. But this is the newspaper that Shen Mo values the most, and he has poured a large amount of sponsorship funds into this newspaper through various channels so that it will not lose money and close down.

Because this newspaper is oriented to Shilin, its content focuses on politics, ideology, academics, national affairs, etc., and its influence in Shilin is incomparable, and it is the main position for breeding new ideas

Taking today's newspaper as an example, last year's famous Sangonghuai debate was rarely talked about in Beijing, but Shen Mo saw nine discussions on the relationship between the 'monarch and the state' in this issue of the newspaper.

He also saw two discussions about his lectures in Beijing, and to Shen Mo's delight, both articles supported his point of view, believing that we should apply what we have learned and practice learning...... and I wonder if the editor-in-chief deliberately published it to please me? So thought of the old bureaucrat who always thinks of people in the worst way.

Smiling through the newspaper, when his eyes fell on the fourth page, his pupils shrank suddenly, and the whole person froze, unaware that there was still half a dry thread on his mouth......

I saw that the title of the article was 'Viewing the Twelve Publications of Western Qin's Feelings'——

Segmentation –

If you send six thousand, you still owe five thousand.