The official system of the Tang Dynasty basically followed the Sui system. "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Official Chronicles" cloud: "The official system of the Tang Dynasty, although its name and rank have increased and decreased due to the times, are mostly along the Sui Dynasty. ”

The feudal state system headed by the emperor was relatively complete in the period of Tang Gaozu Wude. The emperor holds the supreme power of the state and wields the power to kill and seize all his subjects. Laws and decrees are promulgated in the name of the emperor, who has the right to amend them and may not be bound by them. Under the emperor, there was a system of three provinces, six ministries, nine temples, and five supervisors. Among the central organs, the enactment organs, the refusal and deliberation organs, and the administrative affairs organs are divided and cooperated. The responsibilities of government affairs organs and affairs organs are very clear, and the supervisory organs are also very complete. In addition, there is a relatively complete system of rank and lordship. The New Tang Dynasty Book of the Hundred Officials says:

Its argument is noble and low, and it is labor-intensive, and it has quality, knighthood, honor, and rank, and it is promoted and promoted by the assessment of time, so it is appointed to the group of materials and governs Pepsi...... When Fang Tang was in its heyday, its system was like this.

With the development of social contradictions and changes in the political situation, the official system of the Tang Dynasty also changed. The "dispatch of envoys" gradually usurped the power of the original officials, and the emergence of some new envoys brought about a disorder in the original bureaucratic system. They occupy most of the power at the central and local levels. The situation at that time, as Li Zhao's "Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty" said, "For the sake of envoys, it is heavy, and for officials, it is light." This phenomenon also had a certain impact on the official system of the Song Dynasty. The central bureaucracy of the Tang Dynasty had the following systems:

1. The same as the book under the door of the Pingzhang and the political hall

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the governor of Zhongshu Province, the governor of the province of Menxia, and the governor of Shangshu Province discussed national politics together, all of which were prime ministers. The prime minister is an official who assists the emperor in leading the affairs of the world. "New Tang Dynasty Book and Hundred Official Chronicles" said: "Zuo Tianzi is the chief of a hundred officials, governing everything, and his responsibility is heavy." Later, because Tang Taizong had served as Shangshu Ling before he ascended the throne, his subordinates avoided it and did not dare to occupy his position, so he took the servant as the governor of Shangshu Province, and was known as the prime minister with his subordinates in the middle and Zhongshu orders. According to the "General Preface to the Prime Minister", since the Sui Dynasty, there have been "other officials who are in charge of affairs and those who are in charge of the government, and are auxiliaries". In the Tang Dynasty, because of the prime minister's respectful taste, the master was unwilling to give people easily, so he often used him as an official to serve as the prime minister, and pretended to be his official. For example, during the time of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Du Yan participated in the government with the secretary of the ministry, and Wei Zheng participated in the government with the secretary of the supervision. "Old Tang Dynasty Book Li Jing Biography" contains Zhenguan eight years (634 AD), Zhongshu Ling ("Baiguan Zhi" as a servant) Li Jing because of foot disease on the table "begging bones", his words are extremely sincere, Tang Taizong was moved by it, said: I have seen the past and the present, living in wealth and nobility, and there are very few people who can be content. Even though his talents are unbearable and he suffers from illness, he still reaps his position. The public can understand the general situation, and the spirit is commendable. So, in addition to the edict of Taizong, he was ordered to recuperate at home, and ordered him to recover from his illness, and he went to Zhongshu to do a peaceful chapter in two or three days. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (633 AD), Taizong took Li Ji as the crown prince Zhan Shi (the chief of the hundred officials of the East Palace), and specially added the title of "three products under the door of the same Zhongshu", so that he could participate in the ministry of the prime minister as well as the Zhongshu and Zhongshu Ling. Since then, there is the title of "Ping Zhangshi" and "the same three products", that is, no matter how high the rank of the official, it is no exception, otherwise, you can not exercise the power of the prime minister, only the three dukes, the three divisions and the Zhongshu order is not added, the first year of Yongchun (AD 682), with the Huangmen Shilang Guo Shiju, the military department Shilang Cen Changqian and other Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, since then, "Tongping Zhangshi" has also become the title of the prime minister. After the opening of the Yuan Dynasty, those who were servants did not add "Tongping Zhangshi", and as a result, they could not participate in the affairs of slaughtering the camera, and were squeezed out of the ranks of prime ministers.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the name of the prime minister changed again. Due to the fact that in the twelfth year of the Great Calendar of Daizong (777 AD), the promotion of the middle school book order and the subordinate servants were the second grade, so the title of "three grades under the door of the same middle book" was abolished. At the same time, Zhongshu Ling and his subordinates were basically vassal and commandery, and they were almost not set up as prime ministers alone, so the name of the prime minister in the late Tang Dynasty was basically "Tongping Zhangshi".

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the governors of the three provinces deliberated in Menxia Province. This meeting place is called the Cabinet Hall. "Literature General Examination - Career Official IV" said: "The edict of the Chinese book was issued, and the subordinates were sealed and refuted, and there were disputes and indecisions every day, so the two provinces were first agreed upon in the political hall, and then heard." Subsequently, Pei Yan at the time of Gaozong served in the Zhongshu Order, and was the relocation of the political affairs hall in Zhongshu Province. In the eleventh year of Xuanzong's Kaiyuan (723 AD), Zhang said that it was the Zhongshu Order, and changed the political affairs hall to "Zhongshu Menxia", and listed the five rooms of the officials' room, the machine room, the military room, the household room, and the torture room. At this point, the government hall has changed from a "council" to the prime minister's office. The reason for this change is that before Tang Xuanzong, the prime ministers were all part-time governors of the three provinces (because the governors of the three provinces still have standing officials in their own provinces), and they discussed in the political hall in the morning and returned to the province in the afternoon, so there was no need to set up a separate office for the prime minister. After Xuanzong Kaiyuan, the number of prime ministers was smaller, and their positions were more respectful, basically full-time (although Yang Guozhong held more than 40 positions, he also mainly held the position of minister), so it was necessary to set up a fixed prime minister's office, and five rooms were arranged side by side to deal with daily administrative affairs.

The Council of the Cabinet was the decision-making body that assisted the emperor in ruling the country. The major affairs of the military state were agreed upon by the meeting of the political affairs hall, and the emperor was asked to make a final decision; Confidential matters and the promotion, appointment, and dismissal of officials above the fifth rank are only discussed in the political affairs hall, and other officials are not allowed to hear about them. Among the several prime ministers who deliberate in the political hall (or under the Zhongshu Gate), one is the chief prime minister, known as the "ruling secretary". During the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong were prime ministers, and an important reason why they were able to dictate power and do things was that they had long stolen the position of "ruling pen". After the Anshi Rebellion, in view of the disadvantages of personal arbitrariness caused by the concentration of power, Suzong "ordered the prime minister to divide the political affairs and undertake the decree, and change it every day". The system of the prime minister's ten days and a pen, to the tenth year of Tang Dezong's Zhenyuan (794 AD), only to change the daily one person to take turns to write the pen, its intention is obviously to prevent the prime minister's dictatorship, but after Dezong, this system has not continued, such as Muzong, Li Fengji when Jingzong, Li Deyu when Wuzong is the sole ruler of the country. The power of the prime minister depends on the attitude of the emperor (and the eunuchs of the middle and late Tang dynasties).

Two and six ministries in three provinces

Tang Dynasty along the Sui system, Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province were also the highest government affairs institutions in the state, respectively responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation of national government affairs, and at the same time the original Shangshu Province Zhucao was formally identified as six departments: officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers. There are divisions under the subordinates, the head of the department is called Shangshu, the deputy head is called Shilang, and the head and deputy person in charge of each department are called Langzhong and Wailang.

The establishment of the six-ministry system in the three provinces of the Sui and Tang dynasties was the result of the continuous changes in the central official system of the feudal state since the Qin and Han dynasties. Its organization is relatively complete and the division of labor is relatively clear, which is a sign that the development of feudal society has reached a mature stage. These continued into the Qing Dynasty and remained largely unchanged. However, there is a difference with the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty had a general organization, called "Du Province", in which the left and right Cheng and the left and right Shilang, and the staff wailang were in charge of the officials, households, and rites, and the soldiers, criminals, and workers were in charge of the three right departments. The left and right sides are in a position of administrative supervision, while the left and right divisions are also in the nature of general affairs management.

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu Province (Sui Dynasty avoided being "Neishu Province"), Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province, the most closely related to Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province were called the two provinces or the North Province (Shangshu Province was called the Southern Province), and the prefect was Zhongshu Ling and Shizhong, and they were all three products when they opened the Yuan Dynasty (they were promoted to the second product when they were Emperor Daizong). Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province are the same military dignitaries, Zhongshu Province is in charge of making decisions, and Menxia Province is in charge of sealing and refutating deliberations. All important militaristic policies are predetermined by the Zhongshu Province, and drafted as an edict, submitted to the lower province for deliberation and repetition, and then issued and implemented by the Shangshu Province. If the province has any objection to the edict drafted by the province of Zhongshu, it can be sealed and redrafted. All the central ministries, monasteries, prisons and local departments submitted to the important ones must be submitted to the province of Shangshu for deliberation, and after approval, they can be sent to the province of Zhongshu to petition the emperor for approval or draft a reply, and if the province thinks that the reply is inappropriate, it can also reject and revise it. Tang Taizong attached great importance to the role played by the two provinces of Zhongshu and Menxia in the central government affairs institutions, and he repeatedly called Zhongshu Menxia "the division of confidentiality". Volume 192 of the Zizhi Tongjian records that in December of the first year of Zhenguan, he said to his ministers:

If there is a mistake in the edict of the Chinese book, of course, the door will refute it. What people see is different, and it is difficult to talk about it, so as to be the most appropriate, and to sacrifice oneself from others, what is the injury! Compared with the shortness of coming or protecting oneself, it becomes a grievance, or avoids personal grievances, knows what is wrong, and follows one person's face, which is the deep trouble of the people, and this is the government of the country.

It can be seen that Tang Taizong paid great attention to the wisdom of the collective to prevent individual arbitrariness from causing "the deep trouble of the people". The assistance of the emperor in deciding on the general plan and policy was an effective measure to prevent personal arbitrariness.

Zhongshu Province, two people in the book order, is the second product (before the emperor is the third product), the first year of Gaozong Longshuo (AD 661) changed the book province to Xitai, the book order called the right phase. In the first year of Guangzhai (684 AD), the province of Zhongshu was changed to Fengge, and the Zhongshu order was called the internal history. In the first year of Kaiyuan (713 AD), Zhongshu Province was changed to Ziwei Province, and Zhongshu Order was called Ziwei Order. Later reverted to the old name. Zhongshu Ling is the head official of a province, and the "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Official Chronicles" cloud: "Zhongshu Order...... In charge of the Son of Heaven in charge of the government, and the general judgment saves trouble". And put the two waiters, is the third product, for the deputy of the Chinese book order, the senator of the imperial court, Linxuan ordained, if the four Yi come to the court, then by its expression and play. There are also six people in the middle of the book, who are on the fifth grade, and are the backbone officials of the Zhongshu Province, who are in charge of the march, senate the seal, draft the edict and seal the book. Because it is in charge of all the important affairs, it specially stipulates four prohibitions, namely, no leakage, no delay, no loss, and no forgetting. They can express their preliminary opinions on the handling of the major military policies discussed in the province and the reports in the newspapers, and sign their names, which they call "five-flower judgments." The opinions of the province are collected by the Zhongshu Order and the Shilang, and then handed over to the Zhongshu Sheren, and then according to the emperor's will to draft the edict, which is specifically responsible for writing the draft edict of the Sheren called "Zhizhi Zhihu", and the rest of the Sheren must also sign on the system respectively. The oldest person with the highest qualifications is selected among the housekeepers, called the "elder of the pavilion", and is responsible for handling the miscellaneous affairs of the province. The six people of Sheren were divided into six departments of Shangshu Province and assisted the prime minister in adjudicating the case. There is a door in the political hall of the prime minister's council that leads to the office of the Zhongshu Sheren, and the prime minister often passes through this door to consult the Zhongshu Sheren on political affairs. According to the "Old Tang Dynasty Book: The Biography of Chang Gon", during the reign of Emperor Daizong, Chang Gon was the prime minister, so he blocked this door, "to show respect and not to communicate with each other". Su Zong, often to his official knowledge of the personnel of the Chinese scholars, "New Tang Dynasty Book Baiguan Zhi" said that at that time, because of "the prosperity of the army, anxious for the convenience of power, the government went to the cabinet, decided to send out the prime minister, since the people did not return to the six Cao play." Until the last years of Wuzong Huichang, Prime Minister Li Deyu suggested again: "The executive of the Taiwan Cabinet, the state and county, can you revert to the people." "But this system does not seem to have been seriously implemented at the time. The Tang Dynasty's Chinese scholars were all scholars who admired the important positions of the Qing Dynasty, and the so-called "extremely appointed scribes and the grand selection of the imperial court" were an important springboard for the governor of Taiwan Province to enter the prime minister. In addition, the subordinate officials of Zhongshu Province also have 2 living houses, from the six products, "New Tang Dynasty Book Baiguan Zhi" cloud: "Palm repair the history of words, record the sound of the word, such as the system of memorization, the end of the season to give the history of the country." 16 people from the Tongshi Sheren, from the six products, the palm of the court to see the introduction, the palace plays, where the close ministers into the service, the civil and military ranks, the Tongshi Sheren will guide its advance and retreat, and praise its worship, in and out of the etiquette. The Quartet Barbarians paid tribute, and they were also accepted and presented by the Tongshi Sheren. When the sergeants go out to fight, they are ordered to work and visit the families of the soldiers every month. There are also 4 people in the main book, from the seven grades. There are 4 people in charge, from the eighth grade. There are 2 attendants on the right scattered horse, 4 doctors on the right, and the palms are enshrined and sarcastic, and the big things are discussed in the court, and the small ones are sealed.

Under the door of the province, two people are the governors of the province, and they are the second product (the third product before the emperor). In the second year of Longshuo of Tang Gaozong (662 AD), the province was changed to Dongtai, and the service was called Zuoxiang, and the first year of Wuhou Guangzhai (684 AD) was called Nayan, and the first year of the vertical arch (685 AD) was changed to Luantai. In the first year of Kaiyuan (713 AD), it was renamed Huangmen Province, and Shizhong was called the supervisor, and in the first year of Tianbao (742 AD), it was renamed Zuoxiang. "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Official Chronicles" cloud: "Serving in the ...... In charge of the emperor's order, etiquette, all the affairs of the state, and the Chinese book order to participate in the general, and the judgment is provincial". There are 2 squires under the door, who are three products, and are the deputy of the servants, and Longshuo changed his name to Dongtai Shilang in the second year. In the first year of Wuhou's vertical arch, he was called Luantai Shilang, and in the first year of Tianbao, he was also called the Shilang under the door. "Hundred Official Tables" cloud: "The squire under the door...... The position of the second servant. The Great Sacrifice is from; ■ then the scarf, both the scarf, lay the scarf; Dedicated to the Lord. On the first day and the winter solstice, the world is auspicious, and the service is in the middle, and the talisman coupon is sealed and given to the post. "The subordinate officials of Menxia Province have 2 people who are left to scatter and ride and serve 2 people, and they are under the third grade. Sarcasm negligence, squire advisor. There are 4 doctors on the left, and they are under the four grades, and they are in charge of the gains and losses, and the attendants praise the face. In the second year of the Wuhou Vertical Arch (686 AD), there was a man named Yu Baozong, who suggested that he should place a copper box to accept the book of the four directions. Wu Zetian accepted this opinion, cast four bronze kuangs, painted with square colors, and arranged them in the court: Dongfang Qingkuang, called "Yan'en", who told people to persuade farmers to vote for it; The southern red box, known as "admonishment", is voted by those who talk about the gains and losses of current politics; In the West, it is called "redress of grievances", and those who state that they have been aggrieved vote for it; The northern black box, known as "Tongxuan", is voted by anyone who denounces astronomy or secretly conspires against him. The imperial court sent one person each as a messenger to advise the doctor, make up the que, and collect the relics to manage the Quartet Copper Kuang; He also sent one person each to serve the imperial history as an envoy. In the ninth year of Tianbao (750 AD), Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty approached the "ghost" with the sound of "Kuang", so he changed the Kuang envoy to the dedication. In the first year of Suzong Zhide (756 AD), the old name was restored. In the second year of the establishment of Dezong (781 AD), one doctor was appointed as the envoy. There are also 4 people in the matter, who are on the fifth grade, in charge of the left and right, sub-judge and save trouble, and supervise the Hongwen Museum to write the school. Where a hundred divisions are copied, and the trial is completed, it will be refuted and violated. If there is inconvenience in the edict, it will be returned by Tu Channel, which is called "Tu Gui". Bai Juyi said in "Zheng Qin Ke Gives Something in the Matter" that the duty in the matter is "If it is inconvenient for the system, it must be sealed; If there is a person in the prison who is not reasonable, it may be refuted; Those who are unjustified in the world have to be entangled with the imperial history; If there is a division that is not properly selected and replaced, it may be dismissed from the waiter." According to the "Old Tang Book: The Biography of Li Fan", during the first year of Tang Dezong's reign (785-805 AD), Li Fan was appointed to the matter, "it is impossible to make an edict, so it was approved by Huang Yu after the Emperor". At that time, someone said to him that this was the emperor's holy decree, and he should write his opinion on a separate piece of paper, so could he be casually drafted on the holy decree? Li Fan said that if it is written on another paper, it is a text, so can it be called a simulacrum? The reason why Li Fan dared to make such a big statement was because the system stipulated that he had the right to "smear and play back" on the edict that he considered inappropriate. Bai Juyi's so-called "If there are unreasonable people in the prison, they must be refuted", which is the same as the meaning of "the great prison of the country, the three divisions will decide in detail, and if the punishment is improper, severe or wrong, it will be invoked by the law and retired". The "New Tang Dynasty Book and Hundred Official Chronicles" says that in the matter, they can "listen to the world's grievances and justify them with the imperial history and Zhongshu scholars", which means that they can form "three divisions" to bypass the law enforcement agencies, accept the world's wrongful cases, and listen to their lawsuits. Bai Juyi's so-called "those who are not selected by the division are improper, and they will be dismissed from the service", which is the "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Official Chronicles" refers to "If the performance below the six grades is drafted, the school merit hall is the most performing, and if it is not his person, it will be treated in vain and more refined." This system is called "passing the official". There are also 2 living langs, who record the law of the Son of Heaven from the six products. The main hall of the Son of Heaven is on the left, and the house is on the right. If the Son of Heaven has an edict, the living man bows down to his majesty to listen, retreats to the book, and hands it over to the historian at the end of each quarter. In the early years of Zhenguan, in order to give the matter, advise the doctor and know the daily note, or know the daily life. During the time of Tang Gaozong, Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu were in the same phase, in order to prevent the leakage of secrets, the above said to reduce the number of people who heard the secrets, so they ordered the living lang and the people to accept the decree, and they went out with the hundred officials, and they were not allowed to work with the news. It was not until the ninth year of Wenzong Yamato (835 AD) that the edict decreed that the living lang and the housekeeper should stand under the head of the claw with paper and pen on the day of entering the cabinet, and the system of the Zhenguan period was restored.

In addition, there are also 4 people in Menxia Province, from the seven products; 4 people in charge, from the eighth grade; 6 people on the left, from the seventh grade; 6 people left behind, from the eight products; 2 people in the ceremony, from the ninth grade. The order of the applause and the plates in the temple. There are 4 people in the city gate, from the six products, in charge of the capital, the imperial city, and the palace gate opening and closing festival. Fu Baolang 4 people, from the six products, the eight treasures of the Son of Heaven and the country's Fu Festival, the Great Dynasty Meeting, then Feng Bao into the throne, the Son of Heaven Xing Xing, then Feng Bao entourage. All the generals and envoys are invited to make a festival and a festival. Reward with departing, and kill with departing.

Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province also have their own supplements, they are equally divided into left and right, "left" is subordinate to Menxia Province, and "right" is subordinate to Zhongshu Province. left and right to make up the que, from the seven grades; Left and right relics, from the eight products, are created in the first year of Wu Zetian's vertical arch (685 AD). According to the "Old Tang Dynasty Book, Bai Juyi Biography", Bai Juyi Xianzong Yuanhe two years (AD 808) once served as the left and right, he said: "left and right to pick up the legacy, palm worship sarcasm, where the order is issued, there is inconvenience, not in line with the Tao, the small is on the seal, the big is the court." "The gains and losses of the imperial court are all observed, the pros and cons of the world are all said, and the original intention of this country is also to pick up the legacy." The officials had the opportunity to give their opinions directly to the emperor, so although the official quality was low, it was also quite important to the people of the time. Theoretically speaking, the official of the official duty, is to advise sarcastically, even if the rhetoric is fierce, there is nothing to blame, Bai Juyi in the term of office, during the period of making up for the legacy, has done his duty and admonished, repeatedly written and said, and even argued with the emperor in person, according to the "Tongjian" volume 238 record: "Bai Juyi because of the discussion, said that His Majesty was wrong, and he gave up on the color of the village, and secretly summoned Li Jiang, saying that 'Bai Juyi's ministers are not inferior, and must be discharged'. Therefore, in the eighth year of Yuanhe (813 AD), Bai Juyi was reappointed as the prince Zuo Zanshan, a casual official who was not allowed to intervene in the government and specially accompanied the prince to study. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (815 AD), the prime minister Wu Yuanheng was stabbed to death by Li Shidao, the envoy of Pinglu Jiedu, Bai Ju was easily irritated by righteous indignation, and first wrote a letter "urgently ask to catch thieves and be ashamed of the snow country", but at that time, the old bureaucracy attacked him and said that "palace officials are not admonishing their duties, and they should not advise officials first", and took the opportunity to frame him and demote him to Jiangzhou Sima. This incident illustrates both the privilege of the counselor and the difficult situation of the counselor.

3. Shangshu Province

Shangshu Provincial Order 1 person, is the second product. In the second year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo (662 AD), it was renamed Dongtai, the Shangshu Order was abolished, the Shangshu was changed to Taichang Bo, and the Shilang was Shaochang Bo, and the first year of Wu Zetianguang House (684 AD) was renamed Wenchangtai, and soon changed to Wenchang Province. The first year of the vertical arch (685 AD) is called Dutai, and the third year of Chang'an (703 AD) is called Zhongtai. The office of Shangshu Province in the Tang Dynasty is located on the east side of Chengtianmen Street in the Imperial City of Chang'an, which is located at the southern end of the two provinces of Zhongshu and Menxia, so it is also known as Nan Province or Nangong. The edicts issued under the Zhongshu Gate were forwarded to the central departments and local prefectures and counties through the Shangshu Province, or they were made in accordance with the spirit of the edicts and sent to the relevant departments. The New Tang Dynasty Book of the Hundred Officials says:

The states plan to reach the capital division, and the size of the matter is the festival. All symbols, moves, passes, and mus (according to the names of official documents) will be sent to the capital province. Those who do not decide on major events in the world are all in Shangshu Province. This shows that the power of Shangshu Province is quite important, according to the "Old Tang Dynasty Book Dai Xuan Biography" record, Tang Taizong once said: "Shangshu Province, the world Gangwei, the hundred divisions, if there is a loss, the world will suffer from its disadvantages." These few sentences are enough to show the important position of Shangshu Province in the central administrative body, that is to say, among the three provinces, Shangshu Province is the actual summary of administration. The Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty was more neat and tightly organized, and was fixed by the six Cao of the Sui Dynasty as six departments: officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers. And the organization of each department, with Sui Zhilang promoted to the second of Shangshu, under the left and right of Shangshu, each department has 4 subordinate divisions, a total of 24 divisions.

The governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshu Ling, who is in charge of hundreds of officials. Because Tang Taizong served in his position before he ascended the throne, the Tang Dynasty was not replaced. The actual governor of the province is shot by the left and right. In addition, there is 1 person on the left, 1 person on the right, under the fourth grade, presiding over the daily affairs of the province, "New Tang Dynasty Book Baiguan Zhi" cloud: "The etiquette of the six officials, correcting the province, impeaching the improper history of the emperor." There are 1 person in the left and right divisions, 1 person from the five grades, 1 person from the outside Lang, and from the six grades, he is Cheng's assistant and divides the affairs of the six departments of the province. In the first year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo (661 AD), the left and right Cheng were changed to the left and right Su Ji, Langzhong was the left and right undertaker, and Zhu Shi Langzhong was the doctor. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the status of the servant was very respected, because among the central ministers, the three dukes and three divisions of the first rank were not set up separately, and the Shangshu order of the second rank was abolished, only the servant from the second rank was the highest, and the adjutants of the other two provinces, such as the subordinate squire, the Zhongshu squire, and the chiefs of the temples and prisons were below the third rank. Therefore, "Tang Huiyao" called the left and right servants as "division commanders and hundreds of bureaucrats, although they are in other divisions, they are all subordinates". It is said that the servants shoot in the capital hall on the book, the prime minister is sent, the civil and military officials above the third rank are promoted to sit in the ranks, the left and right, the servants of the ministry, the imperial history of the middle of the Cheng and the fourth and fifth grades are all under the Luo Bai steps, the servants do not bow down, which shows the weight of their authority. Since the Middle Tang Dynasty, due to the exclusion of servants from the ranks of prime ministers, the status of Shangshu Province has gradually declined due to the impact of the dispatch of envoys, and the use of non-people.

According to the record of "Tang Hui Yao", when Zhenguan, Tang Taizong once stipulated: "The details of Shangshu belong to the left and right, but the person who should perform the major event is to send the servant to shoot." It can be seen that the power positions of the left and right Cheng in Shangshu Province are also quite important, among which the left Cheng commands, households, and rites; The right is in command of the three departments of the army, the criminal and the worker. The copywriting of the six departments must be sent to the capital province for inspection by the left and right sides before it is sent to the relevant departments. Because it is stipulated that there is a major event in the province, the servant will be asked for instructions, and the rest of the details will be handled by the left and right. In this way, the left and right servants have gradually been hollowed out, and the real power of the capital province naturally falls into the hands of the left and right Cheng, so in the Song Dynasty, the left and right Cheng were also one of the consuls.

The six ministries and 24 divisions under Shangshudu Province are responsible for handling the country's military and administrative affairs, financial and cultural affairs, military punishments, and money valleys. Among them, the Ministry of Officials is in charge of the government of the selection, honors, and examinations, and the four divisions of the Ministry of Officials, the Department of Seals, the Division, and the Examination of Merit. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the selection and awarding system of officials was: those above the third rank were selected by the emperor himself, and those above the fifth rank were nominated by the prime minister and submitted to the emperor for approval, and the officials listened to the system and conferred officials; Those below the sixth grade shall be "annotated" by the Ministry of Officials according to their stature, qualifications, talents, merits, virtues, words, and judgments, and shall be reported to the provincial government for review and referral. The officials of the four divisions are divided into the following hands: the officials of the Ministry of Langzhong, who are in charge of the rank of civil officials, the court collection, Lu Ci, the false accusation, and the false envoy, and one of them is in charge of selecting and supplementing foreign officials. There are two outsiders, from the six grades, one person is sentenced to Nan Cao, both of whom are the deputy of Shangshu and Shilang. Si Feng Langzhong, the level of the command, the court, and the gift. Si Xunlang, in charge of the rank of official; In the examination of merit, he holds the examination of the merits of hundreds of officials, good and evil, and their behaviors. If an official dies, the historian should set up a biography for him, and if he wants to be inscribed on the stele, he will discuss with the hundred officials the deeds he should describe, and then report to his family. Before the twenty-fourth year of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (736 AD), the imperial examination was presided over by the examiner Wailang. The household department is in charge of the world's finance and civil affairs, including land, people, marriage, money valley, tribute, etc., and belongs to the four divisions of the household department, the degree branch, the gold department, and the warehouse department. Among them, the household department is in charge of household registration, land, servitude, contribution, exemption, preferential recovery, marriage, and heirs; Du Zhi Lang Zhong, Yuan Wai Lang is in charge of the world's rent, the property is abundant, the water and land are Tu Zhi, the year is out and the support is adjusted, and the province of Zhongshu Men agreed to play; Jin Bu Lang Zhong and Yuan Wai Lang were in charge of the treasurer of the world's treasury, weighed the number of measurements, managed the transactions of the two capital cities and the palace market, and provided clothes for the palace people, princesses, and official slaves and maids; Kurabe Langzhong and Wai Lang are in charge of the world's treasury storage, cashier's rent and tax, grain, and food gifts. The Ministry of Rites is in charge of the administration of ceremonies, sacrifices, and tributes. It belongs to the four divisions of the Ministry of Rites, the Ancestral Department, the Catering Department, and the host and guest. Among them, the Ministry of Rites, the Wai Lang, the palm of the music, the school, the crown, the seal, the table, the book, the book, the auspicious, the laying, and the number of funeral gifts for the officials and palace people, are the deputy of the provincial book and the waiter; Ancestral hall Langzhong, Yuanwai Lang is in charge of ancestral shrines, sacrifices, astronomy, omission carvings, national taboos, temple secrets, divination, medicine, monks and nuns; Lang Zhong of the Ministry of Food, Lang Wai Lang, the bean wine and food of the Zhangling Temple; The host and guest Lang are in charge of the affairs of the Fan Dynasty. In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong's edict was presided over by the imperial examination. In this way, the status of the Ministry of Rites was greatly improved. The military department is in charge of the selection and awarding of military attachés below the sixth grade, taking examinations, presiding over military examinations, as well as military orders, military status, and military training at the central level, but does not directly lead troops. There are four divisions of the military department, the staff, the driving department, and the treasury department. Among them, one of the soldiers in the military department judged the accounts and the rank of the military attaché, the widows of the guard, the school examination, and the death of the body; One person shall judge the number of books and military dispatches.

One person is in charge of tribute and miscellaneous invitations, and one person is sentenced to Nan Cao, and the year is selected to solve the complaint. are all the deputies of Shangshu and Shilang; The staff Lang Zhong and the staff are in charge of the map, the city god, the town of Rong, the beacon, the distance of the anti-people road and the naturalization of the four yi. Where the guests arrive, the Honglu Temple first asks about the mountains and rivers of its country, the terroir, and then makes a map to play, and sends the sub-map to the staff department, and the custom enters the court, then the figure of its appearance and clothing style is accessible on it; Driver's Langzhong, Wai Lang Zhang, chariots, post, stables, horses, cattle and miscellaneous animals; The Treasury Lang is in the middle and the staff is outside, holding weapons and guarding the honor of the halo book. The Penal Department is in charge of the decrees, the criminal law, and the prohibitions of the country. It belongs to the four divisions of the Criminal Department, the Metropolitan Official, the Comparison Department, and the Division. Among them, Lang Zhong of the Criminal Department and Lang Lang of the Yuan Wai are in charge of the law, and they are the deputy of Shangshu and Shilang according to the cases of Dali Temple and the world. For all major cases, the name of Shangshu Shilang can be used to form the "three divisions" with Yushi Zhongcheng and Dali Qing to jointly participate in the discussion. The state issues an amnesty decree, which may summon prisoners on behalf of the criminal department to announce the list of pardons; The governors and officials were in charge of the records of captives and slaves, and were given food, clothing, and medicine, and their lawsuits were tried; Bibu Langzhong and Yuanwailang are responsible for the internal and external endowments, funds, salaries, and gifts, lack of materials, as well as military supplies, equipment, and ■; Simen Langzhong and Wai Lang, manage the entry and exit registration of access control checkpoints, as well as the handling of lost property handed over in various places. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of civil engineering and water conservancy projects, as well as the administration of national agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry (except military horses), and fisheries, as well as the paper, pen and ink required for the office of various departments and officials. There are four divisions of the Ministry of Industry, Tuntian, Yu and Water. Among them, Lang Zhong of the Ministry of Works, Lang Lang of the Outer Staff, the public service program of the city, is the assistant of the Shangshu and the Lang; Tuntian Langzhong, Yuanwailang, in charge of the Tianxia Tuntian and the official positions in Beijing, the ration of the public land of the official offices; Yu Langzhong, Yuanwai Lang, Zhangyuan, Shanze Grass and Trees, as well as the supply of vegetables and vegetables and charcoal for hundreds of officials and guests, and hunting; The Ministry of Water is in charge of river transitions, the repair and communication of boats, ditches, bridges, embankments, and ditches, as well as fishing, fishing, and transportation.

The six ministers are called Shangshu, Zheng Sanpin, the adjutant is Shilang, and the fourth product is under (the official department Shilang is on the fourth product). Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the status of Shangshu has been very high, according to the record of the 24th year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty in the "Tongjian": "But the old ministers and the virtuous people at home and abroad in the Yangli are for it." Because of this, Shangshu actually became a part-time job of high-ranking officials and ministers, and could not specifically handle the affairs of the ministry, which was naturally hollowed out and lost real power. The six Shangshu of the Tang Dynasty are divided into three lines: officials and soldiers are the way forward; criminal and household for the Bank of China; Etiquette and work are the last line. The transfer of officials from various ministries is in this order, from the back to the middle, so the appointment of a certain ministry is not the same as being familiar with the position of this department, but only because of the relationship of qualifications. Therefore, after the Tang Dynasty, the six Shangshu basically became the capital of the official transfer, and their official titles only represented one identity, not necessarily the position they held. This is the origin of the six ministries of the Song Dynasty that are equivalent to fictitious, and the six ministries are replaced by other institutions.

Fourth, the Tang Dynasty's supervisory organ - Yushitai

Tang Chengsui system, placed the imperial historical platform, for the highest supervisory organ in the country. Set up 1 imperial historian, three products. "New Tang Dynasty Book: Hundred Officials" cloud: "The doctor is in charge of the criminal law to correct the sins of hundreds of officials." "Tang Hui Yao: Yushitai" cloud: "The discipline of the imperial court is the outline of the court, and the hundred schools of thought are lost." In the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the Imperial Historical Observatory only exposed it, and as long as it was based on rumors, it could be impeached, without any evidence, and it did not accept lawsuits. Tang Taizong attached great importance to the role of the Imperial Historical Observatory, and he asked the officials of the three provinces and the Imperial Historical Observatory to fulfill their responsibilities and truly play the role of mutual inspection. Volume 1 of "Zhenguan Political Dignitaries" records that he said to his ministers: An important reason for the death of the Sui Dynasty II was that the emperor at that time "refused to trust Yousi and judged everything by himself". And he himself has to "select the world's talents, put them in a hundred officials, and make them think about the affairs of the world", everything must be handed over to the department for consultation, and then planned by the prime minister, and the matter can be carried out in a stable manner. In order to give full play to the supervision function of the Imperial Historical Observatory, in the first year of Zhenguan (627 AD), it was stipulated that all officials of the middle book, subordinates and above the third rank entered the cabinet to discuss matters, they must be accompanied by an official, and if there is an inappropriate, they will be admonished at any time. As a result, the status of the Imperial Historical Observatory was raised, and it played a certain role in correcting the mistakes of officials. After Zhenguan, Yushitai was also sued, and set up a "Taiwan prison", "New Tang Dynasty Book Baiguan Zhi" said: "Anyone who is wronged and has no accusation, three divisions will be punished." The three divisions are called the Imperial Doctor, the Chinese Book, and the Men. "If there is a system to overturn the prisoner, it will be read equally with the book of the Criminal Department." For the illegal events of the hundred divisions, "the big things are judged, and the small things are specialized". Before correcting, it is often necessary to "push and reason, and then play it".

The deputy official of the imperial history platform, in the early Tang Dynasty, according to the old system of the Sui Dynasty, was called the secretary of the imperial history Zhongcheng, Gaozong Li Zhi ascended the throne, because of the avoidance of the emperor, he was renamed the imperial history Zhongcheng, and he was under the five products. "Tang Hui Yao" "Imperial Historian" Tiao Yun: Because "the doctor's rank is respected, and the official is not often placed", it is actually "Zhongcheng is the head of the Xiantai".

In the second year of Gaozong Longshuo (662 AD), the imperial history was changed to "Xiantai", the doctor was called "Da Si Xian", and Zhongcheng was called "Si Xian Dafu". In the first year of the Wuhou civilization (684 AD), the imperial historical platform was changed to the Suzheng platform. In the first year of Guangzhai (684 AD), it was divided into left and right Taiwan, left and left Taiwan, and supervised the army brigade; Right Taichazhou County, provincial customs. Soon, he ordered Zuotai to also Chazhou County. The two stations send eight envoys every year, called customs in the spring and honest inspection in the autumn, to supervise the state and county officials with 48 articles. After Tang Suzong reached virtue, all the Taoist envoys and ministers took the imperial history as their own, and called it "Outer Taiwan". Luoyang, the eastern capital, has 1 Zhongcheng, 1 person serving the imperial history, 2 people serving the imperial history in the palace, and three supervising the imperial history; After Yuan He, he did not put Zhongcheng, and presided over the affairs of staying in Taiwan with the imperial history, the imperial history in the palace, and the imperial history of the supervision, and the imperial history of the three academies was not always prepared.

There are three courtyards in the Imperial History Tower, namely the Taiwan Courtyard, the Palace, and the Inspectorate, which are respectively served by the Imperial History (from the sixth grade), the Imperial History in the palace (from the seventh grade), and the Supervision Imperial History (from the eighth grade) to occupy their duties, collectively known as the "Three Courtyards Imperial History". Among them, there are 6 people who serve the imperial history, and they are in charge of the impeachment of hundreds of bureaucrats, and they push the prison lawsuits, the public office and other miscellaneous matters. The so-called Tuiju prison lawsuit refers to the trial of the accused officials, which is mainly "prison control", that is, cases ordered by the emperor himself. Impeachment refers to the wrongful conduct of an official accused under the administrative regulations of the imperial court. Miscellaneous affairs refer to the handling of daily chores in the station. This position is generally held by older people, called "miscellaneous", and the palace supervisor is in charge of the name, relocation and change of the history of the office, and all affairs in the station are decided by him, so it is also called "Taiduan".

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