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After talking about the definition, Yang Rui then bragged about the role of economics: "Although economics is not as intuitive as physics and chemistry, it is also a very important science. In this regard, it can be said that it has the role of helping the country and the world. Let me give you two examples, and you will understand. ”

Yang Rui paused, whetted everyone's appetite and said, "The first example I gave was the fall of the Ming Dynasty. As soon as these words came out, the following was even more chaotic, this example was too exciting, in the hearts of these vaguely anti-Qing students, the fall of the Ming Dynasty was a very regrettable thing. Yang Rui was very single, asking students what they thought was the reason for the fall of the Ming Dynasty, and then writing the answers on the side of the blackboard. The students' opinion is nothing more than official corruption, mediocrity of ministers, and anti-thieves and rebellion, etc., as for the reason of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, no one dares to say, but in their hearts it must also be regarded as a serious reason.

Yang Rui drew a circle of these reasons with chalk and made a cross. Said solemnly: "The reasons you said are all appearances, the real reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty is that the economy is not working, and it perishes because there is no money." Why do I say that, let me first look at a set of numbers jù. "Yang Rui wrote it on the blackboard according to the number he compiled last night—in fact, he saw it on a forum, and he felt that it made sense to download it." This is the revenue and expenditure of the Ming government," he pointed to the first line of the number jù and said: "This is the revenue and expenditure of the government during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, basically half of the annual income, this situation continued to the Shenzong stage, the situation began to improve, and there was a surplus every year, but this situation began to change again in the tenth year of Wanli, and the government began to spend every year, of course, the branch was not as much as before, about 500,000 taels of silver per year, and such a branch was until the first year of Chongzhen, what was the result, Originally, the nearly 10 million taels of silver that Shenzong had accumulated at the beginning were used up, and there was still a large area of arrears of military salaries, such as the arrears of military salaries in the Shaanxi border army for more than 30 months. ”

Yang Rui paused for a moment, first let everyone understand the number jù, and then said: "After reading the number jù, everyone will have questions, I will explain first, why the Shenzong period began to turn losses into profits, is because of the change of the tax law, Zhang Juzheng practiced a whip law, and at the same time saved unnecessary expenses, and why did Wanli start to lose money again, although Zhang Juzheng resigned, but a whip law continued to be implemented, the main reason for the deficit is the three major expeditions of Wanli, and it always costs money to fight, and it costs a lot of money. After Chongzhen came to power, he also wanted to make great efforts to govern the country, and came up to kill Wei Zhongxian, according to the opinion of some classmates, since the traitorous ministers are gone, the world should be governed, but the actual situation is that the government still has no money. At this time, a minister mentioned to Chongzhen that the post station could be abolished, so that he could save 10,000 taels of silver a year, and Chongzhen thought it was reasonable and agreed. So the staff of the post station were laid off and went home, do you know who is among these people who have been laid off and returned home? Li Hongji, that is, Li Zicheng. ”

There was an uproar below, Yang Rui was very satisfied with this effect, smiled and continued: "Of course, I can't think that because of the dismissal of Li Zicheng, he later entered Beijing and destroyed the Ming Dynasty, the rebellion in Shaanxi actually has multiple reasons, natural disasters are the most important reasons, but why are natural disasters so frequent in the Chongzhen period?" ”

Yang Rui wrote two words "Ice Age" on the blackboard, and said: "What does the ice age mean, that is, the period when the entire earth is covered by ice, this study was proposed by the Swiss Agassi - his name is very long, I use the abbreviation here - the time is around 184o, that is, the Xianfeng period, and later it was proposed that the earth has experienced four ice ages, and the scientific community also recognizes this idea, and there is also solid evidence, such as the veins of many rocks are tilted, The consistency of the rock's tilt is due to the movement of glaciers on it. When the earth is completely covered by ice, it is generally called the Great Ice Age, and the Earth is not completely covered by the ice age, but only the temperature decreases, generally called the Xiaoice Age, the most recent Xiaoice Age was from the thirteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth century, the coldest between 1619 and 165o, the lowest temperature in a thousand years, under such climatic conditions, the temperature throughout China is abnormal, disasters continue, according to local history, the hottest two Guangzhous began to snow heavily. ”

Speaking of this, Yang Rui wrote 1618-1648 on the blackboard, saying: "In addition to natural disasters, there is another reason that has also exacerbated the economic problems of the Ming government, that is, the Thirty Years' War in Europe, we don't care why Europe is fighting, as long as we know that the war has affected the whole of Europe and has been fought for thirty years, and what we need to know is that the tea, silk, porcelain, etc. of the Ming Dynasty have always been sold in Europe, porcelain and silk were pulled to Europe by boat, and silver from Europe was transported into the Ming Dynasty by boat, but now Europe is at war, In addition to the war, in 1636, the Dutch tulip market collapsed, triggering an economic crisis that affected the whole of Europe, causing monetary tightening; At the same time, in 1639, the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan issued the fifth "national lockdown order", prohibiting the flow of gold and silver to China, that is to say, the world's silver has no longer flowed to China, resulting in high prices in China, and many gentry saw the rise in silver prices and took the opportunity to stock silver, these reasons eventually caused a currency circulation crisis, and the guide zhì had grain but no money to buy. This was the second reason for exacerbating the economic problems of the Ming government. ”

Speaking of this, Yang Rui and other students digested and digested what he said, took out a teacup from their bag, and took a sip of tea. Then he continued: "There was no money because of the war, and then there were constant natural disasters, which either had to pay for relief or to suppress the rebellion, which caused the court to have no money. This alone was not enough, and in the end, even the Europeans and Japanese, who sent a boatload of silver to the Ming Dynasty every year, did not come. Therefore, the finances of the Ming Dynasty collapsed, and finally the rebellion was uncontrollable and perished. ”

"Therefore, the economy is the foundation for the good functioning of the whole country, and if the economy is not smooth, there will be civil strife." Yang Rui concluded: "What is the role of economics, it can adjust the investment and consumption of the whole society, for example, rice in Shanghai is very expensive, businessmen will transport rice, and when the rice is more than a certain distance, the price of rice will fall, until the businessman loses money and no one will transport rice, and the price of rice will be stable, this process is like an invisible hand in command, so some people call the law of economy an invisible hand, economics is the science of studying this invisible hand." ”