In the Shang Dynasty, the order of the sixty-four hexagrams was rearranged and recorded in the book "Guizang", with "Kun" as the first hexagram.

According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records", "King Wen detained and performed Zhou Yi", later generations believe that the "Book of Changes" was established at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it was King Wen of Zhou who established the "Book of Changes" with "Qian" as the first hexagram, and wrote "hexagrams" (explanations of hexagrams) for each hexagram.

Zhou Gongdan, the son of King Wen of Zhou and the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou, is considered to be the founder of the "Epigrams" (the interpretation of each line). The content of hexagrams and epigrams influenced not only the history of the Zhou Dynasty, but also the literary style of the Book of Songs.

"Ten Wings" is considered to be the work of Confucius's disciples and followers during the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is an interpretation of the Book of Changes, and there are ten articles, including: 1. Upload of the Message, 2. Transmission of the Elephant, 3) Upload of the Elephant (also known as the "Elephant"), 4) Transmission of the Elephant (also known as the "Little Elephant"), 5) Transmission of the Words, 6. The Transmission of the Words, 7) The Transmission of the Texts of the Two Hexagrams, 8) The Transmission of the Preface Hexagram, the Transmission of the Hexagrams, and the Transmission of the Miscellaneous Hexagrams.

However, according to records, there are other ways to classify the Ten Wings, and the classification method has not been unified. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Ten Wings" was called "Yi Chuan" and was regarded as part of "Zhou Yi".

In the last 50 years, new historical studies of the Book of Changes have emerged, based on oracle bone inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise shells used for divination in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, Zhong Ding inscriptions on bronzes, and other historical sources.

In 1973, Mawangdui of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan Province, unearthed nearly complete second-century B.C. copies of the Book of Changes, the Tao Te Ching, and other books, which are the earliest extant versions of the Book of Changes. It also includes the upper and lower parts of the "Biography of Confucius", which has been previously believed to be written by Confucius, but does not include the rest of the "Ten Wings".

Contemporary scholars suspect that King Wen of Zhou and Confucius were not the authors of the Book of Changes, and some scholars believe that the concept of the 64 hexagrams was formed earlier than the eight trigrams.

After comparing the Book of Changes unearthed in Mawangdui in Changsha with the Zhong Ding text of the Zhou Dynasty, scholars believe that the Book of Changes could not have been written by King Wen of Zhou, and the most likely date of its completion should be the late Western Zhou Dynasty, around the end of the ninth century BC.

It is generally accepted that the Book of Changes is not the work of any legend or historical figure, but rather a compilation of the characters used in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

As for the Yi Chuan, Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty had already suspected that the Yi Chuan was not written by the same person, and contemporary scholars believe that the passages in the Yi Chuan first appeared in China during the Warring States period, but some of the passages were written during the Western Han Dynasty.

Hui Dong, a beginner in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Dong IV Xiantong Sinology. The Han Dynasty is still ancient. Go to St. St. is not far away. "Poems", "Rites" Mao, Zheng, "Ram" He Xiu, Biography Gu Cun; "Shangshu", "Zuo Chuan", pseudo-Kong's Quancai Ma, Wang. Du Yuankai is fundamentally Jia, and only "Zhou Yi" is a classic. Sinology is unconventional. 」

Legend has it that Qin Shi Huang burned books and pit Confucianism. Li Si included "Zhou Yi" in the book of medical divination and was spared. Since then, people have studied the "Zhou Yi" in various dynasties, including Jingfang and Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty, and Wang Bi in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Lu Deming, Li Dingzuo, Kong Yingda in the Tang Dynasty, Shao Yong, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, etc.

The Song Dynasty gave rise to the study of Yi Tu, such as the well-known Hetu, Luoshu, Congenital Bagua Diagram, Acquired Bagua Diagram, Taiji Diagram (including the circular pattern of yin and yang fish), etc., all of which were not in the original book of the Book of Changes, and were added by later generations according to the understanding of the Book of Changes.

The historical study of Zhou Yi can be roughly divided into two schools: the Yili school and the Xiangshu school. The Yili school emphasizes the interpretation of hexagrams, hexagrams, and hexagrams from the meaning of the names of the eight trigrams and the sixty-four hexagrams.

The Xiangshu school focuses on interpreting hexagrams, hexagrams, and hexagrams from the objects symbolized by the eight trigrams. There are also those who believe that the Yili school explored the philosophical value of Zhou Yi, while the Xiangshu school focused on using Zhou Yi for divination. The former are like Wang Bi and Cheng Yi, and the latter are like Jingfang and Shao Yong.

In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the Book of Changes was translated by missionaries and spread to the West. At the end of the 17th century, the German philosopher and mathematician Leibniz explained the I Ching in binary due to the introduction of the master of sinology Joachim Bouvet (1662-1732). Nowadays, many people in Chinese mainland, Taiwan and Western countries study the I Ching.

According to Jiang Hongyuan's book "Jingfang Yixue Rheological Examination", since the appearance of "Jing's Yichuan", Zhu Xi, Hui Dong, and the "Summary of the Four Libraries" have all believed that this book and its regulations are from Jingfang himself.

The book extends the argument of Shen Yanguo, confirming that the Jingfang is based on the 60 hexagrams led by the 12 diagrams, and that the Bagong hexagrams, Najia, and Nayin evolved from another non-Jing's Yi school, such as Xun Shuang, Yu Translation, and Gan Bao, and replaced the original model of the Jingfang after the appearance of the Jingshi Yi Chuan.

The content of the I Ching is composed of "hexagrams", with a total of 64 hexagrams. Each hexagram consists of six layers, each of which is called yao2.

Each line is called "yang" with a long horizontal line "—" to represent yang, or two broken horizontal lines "——" to represent yin, which is called "yin". From the lowest level, there are a total of six yoyas, and the six yokes are matched with different yin and yang to form sixty-four different combinations.

The six lines can be divided into the upper part and the lower half, and the three "yao" of each part are matched with different yin and yang to form a variety of different combinations, which are called hexagrams. The hexagrams born from the three hexagrams are "from top to bottom" (upper hexagram) or "outer hexagram", and the lower hexagram is "lower hexagram" or "inner hexagram".

Each hexagram represents a state or process.

There is also a saying that Fu Xi created the hexagram of three paintings and then launched the hexagram (Qian), (Kun), (Zhen), (Li), (Xun), (Kan), (Gen), and (Dui).

Later generations explained the composition of the hexagram by "Wuji gives birth to Taiji, Taiji gives birth to two rituals, two rituals give birth to four elephants, four elephants give birth to eight trigrams, and eight trigrams give birth to sixty-four hexagrams".

Tai Chi (?) represents one, the traditional Tai Chi diagram represents the complementarity of yin and yang, one is divided into two, separating yin and yang, that is, two instruments, two is divided into four, that is, four images: the sun, less yang, less yin, Taiyin, four points are eight, that is, eight trigrams, two eight trigrams overlap, that is, eight eight hundred and sixty-four hexagrams. However, some scholars have pointed out that historical data show that the hexagram of Zhan Zheng was already 64 hexagrams when it first appeared, and the gossip was interpreted by later generations.

The hexagram sequence is derived from the Hetuluo book and the successive heavenly gossip, and is divided into two scriptures. It embodies the idea of "the sky is round and the earth is quiet".

There is a widespread Chinese belief that the binary of modern computers comes from Chinese gossip, but this has long been proven to be a myth. In response to this error, Guo Shuchun pointed out on page 461 of the book "Liu Hui, a Mathematical Master in the Ancient World": "There is a theory in China that the so-called "Zhou Yi" created binary, and the myth that Leibniz was influenced by the gossip of the "Zhou Yi" to create binary and use it in computers is even more widespread.

The fact is that Leibniz first invented binary and only later saw the Song Dynasty scholars brought back by the missionaries to rearrange the Zhou Yi Bagua and found that the Bagua could be explained in terms of his binary. So, it wasn't Leibniz who invented binary because he saw yin and yang gossip.

Pages 14 to 18 of Liang Zong's book "Allusions to the History of Mathematics" have a more detailed investigation of this historical case, and those who want to know more can refer to it.

Binary itself has addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division calculations, as well as conversions of binary and decimal systems, and so on. Binary is very different from Yin-Yang Bagua, which has no addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations at all, and no conversion with other bases. Treating yin-yang gossip, which is only superficially similar, as binary, is actually committing what the great physicist Feynman called the fallacy of straw bale science. (To be continued......)