"Han Shuyi Wenzhi" believes that the Mo family originated from Wu Zhu, "The flow of the Mo family is built from the guard of the Qing Temple." The thatched hut picks rafters with nobility and frugality; raising three elders and five watches is to have love; the selection of scholars is a great shot, it is the above sage; the sect worships the strict father, it is the right ghost; it is to go through four times, it is to be fate; to look at the world with filial piety, it is to be the same. The "keeper of the Qing Temple" is actually a clergy such as Wu Zhu.

Mozi was born into the lower class of society. Originally trained in Confucianism. Later, because he was dissatisfied with the red tape emphasized by Confucianism and the funeral of the wealth and harm, he had doubts, so he "used Xia Zheng against the Zhou Dao", emphasizing that he should learn from Dayu's spirit of hard work and frugality. He broke away from the Confucian principle of "if the king uses it, he will be rich and honorable", and founded the Mohist family.

In order to promote his own ideas, Mozi recruited a wide range of disciples, and the number of ordinary cronies and disciples amounted to hundreds.

Confucianism and ink were both prominent in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and there was a saying at that time that "if you do not enter Confucianism, you will enter into ink". In the pre-Qin period, the Confucian and Mo families were divided into courts. In the late Warring States period, the influence of Moxue was even higher than that of Confucius.

At the same time, the Mohists are regarded as the earliest non-governmental associations in China, with strict organization and strict discipline, and their supreme leaders are called "Juzi" or "Juzi", and the members of the Mohist family call themselves "Mozi", the so-called "Mozi Gate Many Warriors".

Mo Zhai may be the first generation of "Juzi". Titan is appointed by the previous generation, passed down from generation to generation, and enjoys supreme authority in the group. "One hundred and eighty Mozi servants, all of whom can go to the fire and die without returning the heel."

Most of the ink writers come from the lower strata of society, with the purpose of education of "rejuvenating the world and eliminating the harm of the world". "Short brown clothes, quinoa soup, the morning will get it, then the Xi Fu will get it", "Mo top heel, benefit the world, for it".

"Clothed in fur and brown and sandals. Day and night. Take self-suffering as the extreme", and live a hard life. The ink can "go to the soup and fight the sword, and die without returning the heel", which means that he will not turn his heel back until he dies. Those who engage in debate among the Mo. It is called "ink debate", and he is engaged in martial arts. Called "Ink Man". The Ink Artist must obey the leadership of the Giant. Its discipline is strict, and it is said that "the law of the ink, the murderer dies." Punishment for those who injure".

For example, although the son of Juzi killed someone, although he was forgiven by King Qin Hui, he still adhered to the "method of the ink man" of "death to the murderer".

According to the Mohist regulations, Mohists who were sent to various countries as officials had to carry out Mohist political ideas, and when that worked, they preferred to resign. In addition, the Mo, who is an official, should donate money to the group, so as to "share the wealth". Leaders should lead by example.

In short, Mohists are a school of leaders, doctrines, and organizations, and they have a strong spirit of social practice. The Mo scholars endured hardships and stood hard work, were strict with themselves, and regarded the maintenance of justice and morality as an unshirkable responsibility. Most of the ink writers were knowledgeable laborers.

In the late Warring States period, it was divided into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, geometry, geometric optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist Post-Studies" (also known as "Late Mohists"), and the other was transformed into rangers in Qin and Han societies; However, there is also a theory that it was divided into three factions, for example, Han Feizi said that after Mozi's death, the Mo family was divided into three factions: Xiangli clan, Xiangfu clan, and Deng Ling clan.

The historian He Bingdi believes that the Qin State issued a "merit-seeking order", and the ink entered the Qin Dynasty, and Qin Mo made an incomparable contribution to the prosperity and strength of the Qin State.

However, after the end of the Warring States period, the Mo family had begun to decline. By the time of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the exclusive Confucian policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the changes in social mentality, and the hard training, strict rules, and noble ideas of the Mo family itself, which were not accessible to everyone, the Mo family basically disappeared after the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Wang Zhong once spoke justice for Mozi, and was called "the sinner of the famous religion" by Weng Fanggang. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yi let "Mozi Intertext", which was the culmination of the proofreading of "Mozi".

Since modern times, Mohist thought has been considered by some people to have something in common with modern socialist and communist thought.

Mohist writings: There are still 86 Mohist writings recorded in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Hanshu - Art and Literature Chronicles:

Seventy-one articles of "Mozi" - three articles of Mo Zhai's "Hu Feizi" - six articles of Mo Zhai's disciple "Sui Chaozi" - one article of Mo Zhai's disciple "My Son" and three articles of "Tian Yuzi" - two articles of "Yin Yi" of Xian Hanzi - written by a Zhou Dynasty official in the Cheng and Kang periods.

After the Six Dynasties, the Mohist family gradually lost, and in the tenth year of orthodoxy (1445), Zhang Yuchu enshrined "Mozi" into the "Daozang".

There are only 53 pieces of Mozi left in modern times, and these pages have been preserved because they were included in the Taoist work "Daozang". Wang Zhong divided the Mozi book into two parts, the inner and the second, and wrote a volume of "Mozi Expressions".

In the Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy, Hu Shi first divided the fifty-three chapters of Mozi into five parts. Part 1: From "The Relatives" to "The Three Arguments", all seven articles are forged by later generations.

The second part: three articles of "Shang Xian", three articles of "Shang Tong", three articles of "and love", three articles of "Non-attack", two articles of "Saving Use", one article of "Festival Funeral", three articles of "Tianzhi", one article of "Ming Ghost", one article of "Fei Le", three articles of "Fei Life", one article of "Non-Confucianism", and twenty-four articles, most of which were written by Mohist disciples.

The third part: the upper and lower parts of the "Sutra", the upper and lower parts of the "Sutra", the "Great Take" and the "Small Take", all of which are the other ink of the later Zhuangzi.

The fourth part: "Ploughing Pillar", "Guiyi", "Gongmeng", "Lu Wen", and "Gong Loss" are a collection of words and deeds of Mozi's life, which is equivalent to the Confucian Analects.

Part 5: From "Preparing for the City Gate" to "Miscellaneous Guards", all eleven articles are recorded as the Mohists' methods of defending the city and preparing for the enemy.

The basic ideas of Mohist people are mainly as follows:

1. Love: undifferentiated fraternity, de-intimacy and social class distinction. (Contrary to the Confucian well-off society or the mediocre and affectionate, and similar to the "not only kissing one's relatives, not only one's son" in Datong, the father's kindness, son's filial piety, brother's friend, brother's brother... and so on, and extend to other strangers. ）

2. Non-offensive: oppose wars of aggression. (War is a meaningless act of sabotage that harms the loser, hurts people's lives, and damages their talents.) For the victorious side, it is only a few cities and taxes, but in general, the damage and losses are also huge, so war is a meaningless act. ）

3. Shangxian: Regardless of whether you are high or low, meritocracy.

4. Shang Tong: Serve the people wholeheartedly and eliminate the disadvantages for the society. (There is a saying called "Shangtong", which believes that the Son of Heaven is the head of a hundred officials, and the people obey the orders of the hundred officials, and they are the same as the above, which means "Shangtong".) ）

5. Tianzhi: grasp the laws of nature. (There is a saying that the Son of Heaven administers on behalf of Heaven, and it is inferred from the concept of the same as above that the people act according to the will of Heaven.) ）

6. Ming ghost: respect the wisdom and experience of predecessors. (There is a theory that the Mohists said that the ghosts did not be superstitious, but hoped to use the gods and ghosts to make the people vigilant and not evil.) ）

7. Fate: Take control of your own destiny through hard work.

8. Non-music: get rid of the shackles of ritual music divided into hierarchies, and abolish the cumbersome and extravagant chime manufacturing and performance. (Ancient music was time-consuming, costly, and useless to the state without the act of production.) ）

9. Saving: saving to expand production. Against a life of luxury and pleasure.

10. Funeral: Do not waste social wealth on the dead. (Against the Confucian practice of lavish burials, which cost money, and mourning takes three years, after which people are weak and need help to get started, which affects the country's productivity, which is a wasteful thing.) ）

Mohist logic is a kind of logic in the Mohist school, which is mainly represented by the theory of three things, which are reason, reason, and class. The Mohist debate is the main work that explains the logic of the Mohists.

In modern times, a large number of scholars have studied the Book of Ink and found that the Book of Ink covers almost all disciplines such as philosophy, logic, psychology, political science, ethics, education, and natural science.

Hu Shi said: "The Mohists are interested in knowledge, empirical and inference, and looking at the articles on optics and mechanics in the Mohist Debate, it can be seen that the Mohists were really able to do many field experiments. This is the spirit of science, and it is the contribution of Moxue."

The Mohists call reasoning "saying", the "Sutra 1" says: "Say, so it is clear", and the "Sutra" clouds: "In those who have not yet happened, it is said that it is pushed".

The book also mentions seven forms of reasoning: "or, false, effective, refuting, believing, aiding, and pushing". Mozi often criticized Confucianism for answering questions that were not asked, and Mozi asked Confucians, "What is happiness?" and replied, "Happiness is also pleasure." Mozi criticized: "Now I ask: Why is it a room? Then the son sued me for the sake of the room. Today I ask, "Why do you have fun?" It is still said: Why is it a room? 」。

Mozi was also an outstanding scientist who made significant contributions to mechanics, geometry, algebra, optics, etc., which is beyond the reach of contemporary scholars.

The Ink Book puts forward the concepts of "end", "ruler", "area", and "hole", which are roughly equivalent to points, lines, planes, and bodies in modern geometry. The scientific achievements of the Mohists have been praised by many scholars, and Joseph Needham noted: "If the line followed by Mohist thought had continued, it might have given rise to the Euclidean geometric system. 」

Cai Yuanpei believes: "The pre-Qin Dynasty was only Mozi who governed science".

"Huainanzi Essentials" contains: "Mozi learned the business of Confucianism and received the art of Confucius. 」

In the "Han Shuyi Wenzhi Zhuzi Luo", it is said: "The flow of the Mo family is built from the guard of the Qing Temple. The thatched hut rafter, is to be noble and thrifty, to raise three old and five watch, is to love, the selection of scholars is to shoot big, is the above sage, the sect to worship the strict father, is to the right ghost, along with the four times, is to be fate, to filial piety to the world, is the same as the above, this is also its director. And those who cover it, see the benefits of thrift, because of incivility, push and love, and don't know how to kiss and alienate. 」。

Wang Zhong's "Preface to the Study of Mozi": "Among the nine streams, only Confucianism is against it, and the rest of the sons are not comparable. 」

Weng Fanggang's "Fu Chu Zhai Anthology" volume 15 "Shu Mozi" attacked: "Those who are born in Wang Zhong openly wrote a preface to Mozi, claiming that they can cure Mozi, and dare to say that Mencius's words 'love without a father' are also known as sinners of teaching, and there is no doubt about it. (To be continued......)