One of the guardians of the Demon Hero, Mozi

Mozi (date of birth and death unknown, circa 479 BC - within 381 BC) was a famous thinker and politician of the Warring States period. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, he was a native of the Song Kingdom (now Shangqiu, Henan), and a native of the Lu State (now Mushi, Tengzhou, Shandong).

He put forward the views of "contemporaneous love", "non-attack", "Shangxian", "Shangtong", "Tianzhi", "Ming ghost", "non-life", "non-happiness", "festival funeral", "economy and use", "mutual benefit" and other views, founded the Mohist theory, and the book "Mozi" has been handed down.

The Mohists had a great influence at that time, and the "Mencius Teng Wengong" chapter cloud: "The words of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai are all over the world, and the words of the world are not attributed to Yang, that is, to Mo." It can be known that in the world of the Warring States, the Mo family was prominent.

The ideas of Mozi embodied in the book "Mozi" still have a certain influence in later generations, and the widely circulated "Thousand Character Text" records the story of "ink sorrow and silk dyeing" from "Mozi Dyeing". In the Qing Dynasty, with the rise of Zhuzi Studies, scholars' research on Mozi's thought was raised to a new level.

Mozi once studied Confucianism, but because he was dissatisfied with the cumbersomeness of "rites", he set up a new theory and gathered disciples to give lectures, becoming the main opponent of Confucianism. It is said that the king of Chu had planned to attack the Song Dynasty, and Mozi went to persuade the king of Chu, and won the victory in the simulated attack and defense like a public defeat, and the king of Chu had to retreat. Mozi's thoughts and propositions can be found in Mohists.

Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Zhongzhi Moxue, he put Mozi and Confucius on an equal footing, believing that "Confucius is also the doctor of Lu, and Mozi is also the doctor of Song, and his position is also the same".

Mozi and Confucius are quite different from each other. Confucius advocated a long funeral and attached great importance to sacrifices. Zi said: "I don't get tired of eating, and I don't get tired of being fine. That's the description of the sacrifice. Mozi lived a simple life all his life, "eating by measuring his stomach, tailoring his clothes", advocating "frugal use, frugal burial, and non-pleasure", and his disciples were also "short brown clothes, quinoa soup, and chao obtained." then the Celestial Guardian."

Historians have not been able to determine Mozi's real name. There are various sayings as follows:

The most traditional saying is that Mozi, Moshi, and Ming Zhai. "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", "Huainanzi", and "Historical Records of Mencius Xunqing Biography" are all called so.

Sima Qian did not give Mozi a biography. Only after Mencius and Xun Qing. There is a brief record: "The doctor of Gaimo Zhai Song is good at guarding the palace and is used sparingly. or when it is said to be with Confucius, or it is said to be after it."

"Yuanhe Surname Compilation" said, "Mo, after Guzhujun, this Motai clan, later changed to Mo, Song people during the Warring States Period. Mo Zhai is the book number Mozi. And the "New Tang Dynasty Calligraphy and Art Chronicles" also follows this statement.

According to the text of the "Shiben" quoted in the "Guangyun Six Fats" and the "First Aid of the Surname", the children's book industry said, "Mo Yi, the son of Song Xiang, must be the great Sima, and then there is Mo Yi Gao. and "Tongzhi Clan Strategy" recorded "Motai clan, the surname of the son, after Motai, the son of Song Cheng." According to research, the brother of Song Xianggong, Gongzi Muyi (Ziyu), that is, the protagonist of the famous Ziyu polemic story recorded in the 22nd year of the Zuo Chuan Duke of Xuan, his name Muyi is also written as Moyi or Motai, and his descendants take Moyi as his clan.

Based on this, the children's book industry believes that Mozi is the son of the Song State and the surname is Moyi, so Mozi inherited the noble status as the doctor of the Song State.

The "Beishan Shifting Text" written by Kong Zhigui of the Southern Qi Dynasty called Mo Zhai "Zhai Zi", and the "Langhuan Ji" written by Yi Shizhen of the Yuan Dynasty also echoed this statement, and believed that Mozi's surname was Zhai Mingwu.

Zhou Lianggong of the Qing Dynasty wrote "The Book and Shadow of the Solid Tree House" to put forward more specifically: "Take ink as the way, and now take the surname as the name. It is believed that his surname is Zhai, and his surname is changed to a name, and "Mo" is a school of thought.

The late Qing scholar Jiang Ying's "Reading Zi Yan" inherited Zhou Lianggong's statement, and further explained that it was thought that there was indeed the surname "Zhai" in ancient times, but there was no surname "Mo", and among the sons of the Warring States Period, Confucianism, Taoism, name, law, yin and yang, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels, etc., did not use the surname as the name of the school, so Mo should be the name of the school.

Modern scholar Qian Mu's "The Biography of Mozi" from the perspective that ink punishment is one of the ancient criminal names, that the ancients committed light punishment, then punished as slave labor, so the name of Mo is a prisoner, in fact, it is slavery, and the Mo family lives a thin life, and its way is to suffer from self-suffering.

Mozi and his disciples are "calloused hands and feet, with dark faces, and they dare not ask their desires", and everyone can make "go to the fire and die". In this way, it is called ink. In history, Yingbu, the king of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, was called Huang Bu after being tortured, which is also a proof. And Zhai is indeed a name, because "Mozi" and "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" record Mo Zhai, often called "Zhai".

Where Mozi was born is not clearly recorded in the existing books, and there are different versions in history, such as the Song people, the Chu people, the Lu people, and the Indians. Among them, Lu Ren's theory has been recognized by the vast majority of people in the Mo academic circles.

"Historical Records of Mencius Xunqing Biography": "Gai Mozhai, the doctor of the Song Dynasty, is good at guarding the royal palace and is used sparingly. Or when it is said to be with Confucius, or it is said to be after it. According to this, some scholars call him a Song person. This theory was popular until the Qing Dynasty.

When Bi Yuan of the Qing Dynasty annotated "Mozi", according to the notes of "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", and referring to Mozi's many dialogues with Luyang Wenjun, it was presumed that he was a Luyang person, that is, a Chu person.

The Song people said that they and the Chu people said that they were refuted by Liang Qichao. In "The Case of Mozi Studies", according to "Mozi Gong Loses", "return to the Song Dynasty", it is strongly proved that they are not Song people. According to "Mozi Guiyi": "Mozi traveled south to Chu. If Mozi is a native of Luyang in the Chu State, then he should be "You Ying".

Fang Zhuchu's "The Source of Moxue" and Zhang Chunyi's "Mozi Lu People Say" both criticized Mozi Song people and Chu Luyang people.

Jiang Baochang's "From the High Lure Note to Mozi as a Donglu Man rather than a Xilu Man": Bi Yuan misread the Gao Lulu Note.

In the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yi made the work "Mozi Interval", and in the attached text "The Biography of Mozi", he proposed Mozi for the first time as a native of Lu. The main basis for this is: "Mozi Guiyi" "Mozi is Qi from Lu". "Mozi Lu Asks" "to welcome Mozi in Lu". "Lü's Spring and Autumn Love" "is like a ladder for the public, and wants to attack the Song Dynasty, Mozi hears it, and goes from Lu".

Zhang Zhihan, a well-known scholar of ink studies, further verified in his papers such as "Mozi was originally from Tengzhou" and "A New Exploration of Mozi's Origin" that Mozi's birthplace should be the "Yanyi" of the ancient Yi State (now in Tengzhou, Shandong), which later belonged to the Lu State. The main reasons for this are:

Mozi is the nobleman of the Song Dynasty after the Muyi, there is a Muyi Pavilion in the southeast of Tengzhou.

The Mozi doctrine inherited the tradition of the Lou culture, which was known as the "hometown of a hundred craftsmen", and Mozi's living habits and scientific and technological achievements were closely related to this.

This theory is now recognized by the vast majority of ink researchers (Kuang Yaming, Ren Jiyu, Yang Xiangkui, Zhang Dainian, Ji Xianlin).

Hu Huaichen wrote treatises such as "Mo Zhai for Indians" and "Mozi for Learning", and proposed for the first time that Mozi was Indian. He believes that Mo is not a surname, Zhai is not a surname, let alone a name, but a transliteration of "貊Di" or "Mandi", and that Mozi is black, advocating both love and non-aggression, indicating that Mozi should be a Brahmin. Jin Zutong and Chen Shengliang said that Mozi may have been a Muslim before Muhammad, and Wei Juxian verified that Mozi should be an Indian or an Arab.

There were many early Mohist disciples, "Gong Lose Chapter": "Mozi said that the King of Chu said: 'The disciple of the minister, the bird slippery and other three hundred'", and the "Book of Huainan Wangshu" "also said that Mozi served one hundred and eighty people, all of whom could go to the fire and die without turning their heels", but there is very little information about Mozi and the activities of the Mohists, "and the name of the disciple cannot be recorded".

In the existing historical materials, there are three people who can be called "Juzi", including Meng Sheng, Tian Xiangzi, and Belly.

The 53 existing chapters of Mozi, which were gradually supplemented by Mozi and his disciples of various generations, are the basic materials for the study of Mozi and Mohist doctrine.

The original text of "The Legend of Langhuan": "Mozi's surname is Zhai Mingwu. In his mother's dream, the red bird flew into the room in the middle of the day. The flame shines brightly, and the eyes cannot be alerted. Born of Wu, hence the name".

The Mojia family is one of the hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period of China and the Warring States Period, the founder is Mo Zhai, known as Mozi, and the name of the Mojia is derived from the founder.

Later, due to the exclusive Confucian policy of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, changes in social mentality, and the arduous training, strict rules, and noble ideas of the Mo family, which were not accessible to everyone, the Mo family basically disappeared after the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. (To be continued......)