One of the guardians of the Demon Hero, the Demon Hero - Guan Hanqing

Guan Hanqing, known as "Ji Zhaisuo", a native of Jiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), is the head of the "Four Masters of Yuanqu".

The biography is unknown, but according to some fragmentary information from the "Record Ghost Book", "Qinglou Collection", and "Nancun Cultivation Record", he was a native of the late Jin Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, and was active between about 1210 and about 1300 (Yuan Chengzong Dade).

Guan Hanqing may be a doctor in Tai Hospital, and another theory is that his ancestor or father and brother were doctors in Tai Hospital, so Guan Hanqing is a doctor, not a doctor.

He was mainly active near Dadu (present-day Beijing), and also visited Bianliang, Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and other places. With the greatest achievement of miscellaneous dramas, he wrote more than 60 kinds in his life, and 18 kinds are extant today.

The most famous ones are "The Injustice of Zhu E"; Guan Hanqing has also written many historical dramas, such as: "Single Knife Meeting", "Single Whip to Seize the Lance", "Dream of Xishu", etc.; there are more than 40 loose songs in Xiaoling today, and more than 10 sets of songs.

Guan Hanqing's image of "I can't be steamed, cooked, can't be scrambled, can't be fried, and a copper pea is ringing" ("Bufu Lao") is also widely known and is known as the "sage of the composer".

"The Chronicles of Jin, Famous Eunuchs" said: "Guan Yizhai, the word Hanqing, Yanren. Born dignified, erudite and literate. Funny and wise, full of romance, it is the crown of the moment. It was Shi Wenhan who was obscure, unable to revitalize alone, and drowned in the rhetoric for a long time. 」

The themes and forms of Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous dramas are wide and diverse, including tragedy, comedy, heroic heroes, love stories, housewife issues, and officialdom.

Most of the themes of miscellaneous dramas reflect reality, and the life is very broad. It is real and concrete, revealing the contradictions in all aspects of society, sending deep sympathy to the unfortunate, and highly combining ideology and artistry.

Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous drama script can be cut according to the theme, the plot is compact, the layout is fascinating, the main line is clear, the rhythm is tight, and the convention of a happy ending is not fully adopted.

The characters portrayed in Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous dramas have distinct personalities and are flesh and blood. Characters such as Zhu'e are vivid. Successfully portrays a variety of typical characters.

Kwan Hanqing is good at mastering language, and the language style and subject matter are coordinated with each other, absorbing the local dialect of folk literature and the vivid words of classical poetry. and refine it. It can properly reflect the identity and character of the characters in the play. is also good at accentuating the rendering, fully expressing the "true colors" of the meta-drama.

The content of Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous dramas has a strong realism and a high-spirited fighting spirit, the era in which Guan Hanqing lived. Politics is dark and corrupt, and society is in turmoil, but his plays profoundly reproduce social reality and are full of a strong atmosphere of the times.

It is not only a ruthless exposure of the darkness of officialdom, but also a passionate eulogy of the people's resistance struggle. Generous and tragic songs, optimistic struggle, constitute the tone of Guan Hanqing's plays.

Guan Hanqing has the most works on the love between men and women, and his portrayal of women's psychology is meticulous, and his writing about parting sorrow and hatred is really moving. Guan Hanqing's loose songs have a bold style, the lyrics are spicy and funny, and the language is popular and colloquial, vivid and natural, which can express the true character of the song. He likes to use white drawing techniques, is good at writing scenes, and uses metaphors and vivid images.

Important works: "Guan Zhangshuang Goes to Xishu Dream", "Lady Resentment and Beauty Worship the Moon Pavilion", "Qian Dayin Zhipet Xie Tianxiang", "Du Rui Niangzhi Bounty Thread Pool", "Wangjiang Pavilion Mid-Autumn Festival Cut", "Mountain Temple Pei Du Returns", "Zhao Paner Fengyue Saves the Wind and Dust"

"Mrs. Deng Cries Bitterly and Saves Filial Piety", "Guan Dawang Goes to the Single Knife Meeting Alone", "Wen Taizhen Jade Mirror", "Qian Dayin Zhikan's Dream of Clothes", "Trick Nizi Tunes the Wind and Moon", "Touching the Heaven and Earth", "Zhuangyuantang Chen's Mother and Godson", "Bao Bei System Three Survey Butterfly Dream", "Mrs. Liu's Celebration of the Five Marquis Banquet", "Bao Zhi Chop Lu Zhailang", "Yu Chi Gong Single Whip and Capture the Lance"

Kwan Hon-hing's miscellaneous dramas have left behind many famous stories for later generations, such as the story of "Frost in June". The plot layout of its miscellaneous dramas is compact, which makes the script plot of the later Ming and Qing operas more in line with the requirements of stage performances.

The language of Guan Hanqing's miscellaneous opera became a model of the original school of miscellaneous opera, influencing the development of southern opera and early Ming opera. The characters portrayed by his miscellaneous dramas were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, leaving a model for later generations of playwrights, and influencing the artistic characteristics of opera writers in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

In Chapter 23 of "The History of the Development of Chinese Literature", Liu Dajie once compared Guan Hanqing's status in the history of Chinese opera to that of the British playwright Shakespeare.

Kwan Hanqing was a great opera artist, and later generations called Kwan Hanqing "the saint of qu".

In 1958, he was designated as a cultural celebrity in the world by the Council of the World Peace Conference, and launched the 700th anniversary of Guan Hanqing's creation at home and abroad.

In the same year, at least 100 different theatrical forms and 1,500 professional troupes in China staged Guan Hanqing's plays at the same time.

His plays have been translated into English, French, German, Japanese, etc., and have been widely disseminated throughout the world, and foreigners call him "the Shakespeare of the East"!

It is generally believed that Guan Hanqing is the one who reformed the unfinished operas of the previous generation and completed the genre of Yuan miscellaneous operas.

"Recording Ghosts" lists Guan Hanqing at the top of the miscellaneous dramas, and Zhu Quan's "Taihe Zhengyin Spectrum" commented: "Looking at its words, it is a talent that can be up and down, and those who cover it are the beginning of miscellaneous dramas, so they are in the forefront." Wang Guowei's "History of Song and Yuan Dynasty Opera": "It is not ashamed that "Zhu E's Injustice" is included in the great tragedy of the world. 」

There is a crater on Mercury named after him.

The full name of "The Injustice of Zhu'e" is "Touching the Heaven and the Earth", and the tragic plot is based on the folk tale of "The Filial Woman of the East China Sea". The plot reflects the dark reality and political ills of the Yuan Dynasty's corruption, "officials have no intention of correcting the law", reckless regard for human life, and the people have no way to complain.

"The Injustice of Zhu'e" has been adapted into the legendary "The Legend of the Golden Lock" and the local opera "Snow in June", and later generations often use the "flying frost in June" in the story as a metaphor for grievances. Wang Guowei believes that the drama "Zhu E's Injustice" "is listed among the great tragedies of the world, and it is not ashamed." 」

This play has a total of four folds and one wedge.

Wedge - The heroine Lu Duanyun was sent to the Cai family as a daughter-in-law (i.e., a child daughter-in-law) since she was a child because her father Lu Tianzhang had no money to repay her debts, and changed her name to Zhu E.

The first fold - less than two years after the marriage, Chang'e's husband died, and Zhu'e and Cai Po depended on each other. Cai Po asked Dr. Sailu for debts, but she was almost strangled to death after being unsuccessful, and happened to be rescued by Zhang Donkey's father and son.

Unexpectedly, Zhang Donkey was a hooligan and took the opportunity to move into Cai's house. coerced her mother-in-law and daughter-in-law to marry their father and son, but Chang'e sternly refused.

The second fold - Cai Po wants to eat lamb belly soup, and Zhang Donkey wants to occupy Lu E by poisoning her mother-in-law (Zhang Donkey threatens to report the attempt to strangle Cai Po and asks for poison from Dr. Sailu), but instead he was mistakenly eaten by his father and poisoned his father.

Zhang Donkey then falsely accused Lu E of murder. Taishou Taozhu tortured to extract a confession, and Chang'e couldn't bear to suffer her mother-in-law together, so she unjustly confessed to poisoning her father-in-law and was sentenced to beheading.

The third fold - Zhu'e was escorted to the execution ground. Before being executed, in order to show her grievances, Zhu E swore to heaven. After his death, the blood was splashed on the ground without blood, and the frost (snowfall) in June covered his body for three feet, and there was a drought in Chuzhou for three years. All the results came true.

Three years later, the unjust soul of Zhu E complained to her father, who had already served as an envoy to the government, and the case was retried, and the Sailu doctor was assigned to the army, and the official Tao Zhu was dismissed from his post forever, and Zhang Donkey was beheaded. Chang'e's grievances were revealed.

The soul of the most unjust queen Xuan E hopes that her father Zhu Tianzhang can take her in-law Granny Cai to her residence. Instead of Zhu'e, she did her filial piety. Father Zhu agreed, and the whole play ended.

Classic saying: Those who do good suffer poverty and have a shorter life, and those who do evil enjoy wealth and longevity. Heaven and earth are also afraid of being hard and bullying the soft. But it turned out to be pushing the boat so smoothly. The earth is also, you don't distinguish between good and bad and what is the earth! Heaven is also, you are wrong and foolish to be the sky!

The four masters of Yuan Qu refer to Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan, and Zheng Guangzu, four miscellaneous playwrights of the Yuan Dynasty.

He Liangjun of the Ming Dynasty said in "The Legend of the Four Friends Zhai": "Yuanren Lefu called Ma Dongli, Zheng Dehui, Guan Hanqing, and Bai Renfu the four masters. Prior to this, Zhou Deqing of the Yuan Dynasty said in the preface to "Central Plains Rhyme": "It is difficult to prepare for the prosperity of Yuefu, and now it is prepared from Guan, Zheng, Bai, and Ma, and it is a new production. 」

However, although Zhou Deqing was called the four together, he was not ordered to be called the "Four Families". In terms of ranking, Zhong Sicheng's "Record Ghost Book" in the Yuan Dynasty listed Guan Hanqing as the first miscellaneous playwright.

In the modern Wang Guowei's "History of Song and Yuan Dynasty Opera", he said: "The composers of the Yuan Dynasty, since the Ming Dynasty, have been called Guan, Ma, Zheng, and Bai. Guan Hanqing leaned on the side of the air, and cast great words by himself, and his words and songs were full of human feelings, and the words were true, so he should be the first in the yuan. 」

In addition, in the early Ming Dynasty, Jia Zhongming's words for Ma Zhiyuan also had the saying "Gongyu, Bai, Guan Lao Qi Mei", Yu refers to Yu Jifu. These statements show that the concept of the four masters of Yuanqu was gradually formed.

As for the abbreviation of "Guan Ma Zhengbai" that is used today, its ranking is probably the first, but Ma Zhengbai's ranking has experienced many controversies.

According to the campus legend of Soochow University in Taiwan, the ranking of "Guan Ma Zheng Bai" has no meaning of superiority or inferiority, and is purely based on the ranking of "flat up and in". Guan Hanqing's masterpiece "Zhu E's Injustice", Bai Pu's masterpiece "Wutong Rain", Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece "Han Palace Autumn", and Zheng Guangzu's masterpiece "A Chinese Girl Leaving the Soul".

[Yue Tune] Tianjing Sand, Autumn Si - Ma Zhiyuan. Tianjingsha is also known as "Plugged Autumn".

Withered old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, ancient roads and westerly winds thin horses. The sun is setting, and the heartbroken man is at the end of the world.

Ma Zhiyuan (c. 1250-1324) was a thousand miles of characters and was called the East Fence. Most of his works write about immortals, so they are known as "horse immortals".

The lyrics are bold and free, and the achievements of loose songs are especially respected by the world. There are more than 100 small orders and 23 sets. Among them, the number of sets [night boat] "Autumn Thoughts" is known as "one in ten thousand".

Yue tune: one of the Yuanqu palace tunes. Tianjingsha: The name of the song card is equivalent to the word card in the Song Dynasty. Qiu Si: The title of this song.

This song "Tianjingsha Qiusi" is known as the "ancestor of Qiusi" and is the most widely recited and praised work in Yuan song. Crow: A crow at dusk.

It's late autumn. A wanderer far from his hometown, riding a thin horse, walked on a desolate ancient road in the bleak autumn wind.

On the old trees, which are entwined with withered baskets, there are already crows perched at dusk. A stream flows under a small bridge, and there are people living on the other side of the bridge.

The sun is setting in the west, it is getting dark, and the wind is cooler. But the wanderer still has to ride a tired thin horse, bumping and adrift around the world. This situation, how can it not make him sad!

Homesickness has been an eternal theme in poets' pens since ancient times. But where is the wanderer in this song going? The wanderer broke his bowel, but he did not say that he was homesick. This is the difference between this song and other homesick masterpieces!

In fact, homesickness is the reaction of the impulse to find the source of life (true home) in the depths of the soul.

The author likes to write works of immortals, which just describe the specific process of people's search for the source of life, and the author is also a seeker of the source of life in his own real life.

The author is expressing his unremitting pursuit of the source of life through extremely ingenious image thinking.

The author has the title of "horse fairy". It is expected that he is worthy of this name, and after going to the official and retreating, he finally found his true home, and he no longer needs to ride a thin horse and wander the world on the return journey of his life!

Xu Zaisi once composed a song "Tianjingsha - Fisherman", the song said: Forget the love of the rain and smoke, and the intimate herd sings the song. The bright moon and the breeze are with me, and there are three idlers, who spend time from his present and ancient times.

Tang Wu also composed several tunes with the same title, and his "Tianjing Sha - Leisure Miscellaneous" said: People near mountains and waters, with smoke and rain, sang hemp, are on an errand and serve as a county official. One pear and two rakes, self-cultivation and self-cultivation. (To be continued......)