Adam Smith himself did not see a contradiction between the two, and after the publication of The Wealth of Nations, he released a slightly revised version of the Theory of Moral Sentiments. He may think that moral sentiment and self-interest will eventually achieve the same goal.

The Wealth of Nations became the first book to attempt to account the history of industrial growth and business development in Europe, and it became a pioneer in the development of modern economic disciplines. It also provided one of the most important foundations for the discourse on capitalism and free trade, and has greatly influenced future generations of economists.

The original version of The Wealth of Nations is controversial, with some arguing that its contents were altered more mildly to conform to the established theories of certain thinkers of the time, such as David Hume and Montesquieu.

Indeed, many of Adam Smith's theories simply describe the direction of history that would move away from mercantilism and toward free trade, which had been going on for decades and had a great influence on government policy.

In any case, Adam Smith's work organizes their theories extensively, and as such remains one of the most important and influential books in economics today.

When his residency at Oxford expired, he was faced with a choice of what path to take. He lacks an inheritance, and he doesn't have a career of his own. Nor could he have chosen a church career, for he had become a follower of Voltaire's theories in religious belief. ”

One of the rebels of the Demon Heroes is the floating pot space - Voltaire

Voltaire (November 21, 1694 – May 30, 1778), was born François-Marie and Arouet. French Enlightenment thinker, philosopher, and writer, recognized leader and mentor of the Enlightenment. Known as the "Father of French Thought".

He was not only distinguished in philosophy, but also known for his defense of civil liberties, especially freedom of belief and justice. Despite the harsh censorship of his time, Voltaire openly supported social reform.

His arguments were known for their satire, often attacking the dogmas of the Catholic Church and the French education system of the time. Voltaire's writings and ideas, along with Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, influenced the leading thinkers of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Voltaire was born into a wealthy middle-class family in Paris, the youngest of five children (only three survived), and his father, François Arouet, was a notary of law and later a secretary of the Court of Auditors.

The mother, Marie Margaret Duma, came from an aristocratic family in the province of Poitou. Voltaire was educated at the Jesuit Society in Paris and then at the Upper School of Louis the Great.

Voltaire is said to be very intelligent. At the age of 3, he was able to recite literary masterpieces. Able to compose poetry at the age of 12. In high school, Voltaire mastered Latin and Greek, and later became fluent in Italian, Spanish, and English.

He studied law between 1711 and 1713. Before devoting himself to literature, Voltaire also worked as a secretary to the French ambassador to the Netherlands. And fell in love with a French woman. The plot of the two eloping was discovered by Voltaire's father. Forced to return home.

In fact. Voltaire had a desire to pursue a career in literature after graduating from high school, but his father wanted him to study law. Voltaire pretended to be working as an assistant for a lawyer in Paris, but in fact spent most of his time composing satirical poems.

The incident was soon discovered by his father. Send him to another province (outside the Paris region) to study law. Voltaire, however, insisted on writing essays and historical research that did not pay much attention to research.

At that time, the French feudal autocracy was harboring a profound crisis. Voltaire, who had served as secretary of embassies and court clerks for a period of time, was in and out of aristocratic circles, and he often commented on fashion and politics with the sensitivity of a poet, and attracted attention with his sharp and witty words.

As a result, he was also constantly persecuted by the feudal autocratic rulers. In 1715, Voltaire wrote a poem satirizing the exile of the then regent Duke of Orleans to Surrey.

In 1717, he was imprisoned in Basdy for 11 months for writing satirical poems alluding to the promiscuous life of the court. While in prison, Voltaire completed his first play: Oedipus the King, about the regent of Louis XV, Philip II (Duke of Orleans).

In this work, he used the word "Voltaire" as his pen name for the first time, which comes from the name of a castle in his hometown in the south of France.

In the autumn of 1718, shortly after his release from prison, Oedipus the King caused a sensation in Paris, and Voltaire won the title of "the best poet of France".

In 1726, Voltaire was insulted and falsely accused by the nobleman Droon, and was thrown into the Basdi prison for another year. After his release from prison, Voltaire was deported and went into exile in England.

Voltaire's exile in England (1726-1728) was a new period in his life. He is very interested in the political, social, religious, scientific and other conditions of the local area.

He lived in England for three years, studied in detail the political system of constitutional monarchy and local social customs, deeply studied British materialist empiricism and Newton's new achievements in physics, and formed a political proposition against feudal absolutism and a philosophical view of deism.

Philosophical Correspondence is a summary of his observations and experiences in England, and his first monograph on philosophy and political science.

In 1729, with the acquiescence of King Louis XV of France, Voltaire returned to France. In the years that followed, he completed and published the tragedies "Brute" and "Say", as well as the historical work "The History of Charles XII".

In 1734, Voltaire officially published the Philosophical Correspondence, which proclaimed the achievements of the English bourgeoisie after the revolution and attacked the French autocracy. The collection of letters was banned as soon as it was published, and the Paris court ordered the author's arrest.

He fled to the estate of his girlfriend, the Marquise de Châtelet, in the village of Siré, where he lived in seclusion for 15 years. During this period he was appointed a historian by the court, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1743 and a member of the Académie Française in 1746.

Voltaire's talents were fully exploited by his quiet seclusion, and he wrote many epic and tragic works, as well as historical and philosophical works, such as the philosophical and scientific works Metaphysics and Newton's Principles of Philosophy, the plays The Death of Caesar, Muhammad, The Dissolute Son, and Hyrope, and the philosophical novel Chardig.

The publication of these works gave Voltaire great fame. In addition to philosophical discussions, they set up a physics laboratory in their cohabitation, studied together Newton's Principia Mathematica of Natural Philosophy, and the Marquise de Châtelet was one of the first to translate Principia Mathematica of Natural Philosophy from Latin into French.

Voltaire believed in Newton's theories, especially optics (Newton discovered that white light is made up of all the colors in the spectrum, and Voltaire experimented with it), and gravity (many of the stories about Newton were written by Voltaire, such as the fall of an apple from a tree, which he learned from Newton's niece when he was in London and was first mentioned in his treatise on poetics). ）

Although Voltaire and the Marquise were interested in the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz (Newton's contemporary), and the Marquise used some of Leibniz's arguments to refute Newton, they were still faithful "Newtonians".

Her translations of Newton's writings remained the most important editions until the 20th century. Voltaire's Principles of Newton's Philosophy, probably co-authored with his wife, introduced Newton to the general public. Many scholars believe that this work finally made Newton's theory of optics and mechanics recognized and accepted by the general public.

In 1749, the Marquise de Châtelet died in childbirth. Voltaire briefly returned to Paris. In 1750, Voltaire, who wanted to make a difference in politics, was invited to Berlin by the Prussian king Frederick II (Frederick the Great), who had admired him for a long time, and was offered a good position as a literary chamberlain at the court and a good treatment. (To be continued......)