As a philosopher, he developed a friendship with a king who spoke French almost perfectly. But these two friends were not able to tolerate each other for a long time, the former has superb intelligence and sharp character, and the latter is moody and accustomed to the obedience of others.

The widening of the disagreement was inevitable, and in 1753 Voltaire had a dispute with another scientist admired by the king, Maupelti, who wrote an article satirizing Maupelty's absurd thesis. But the latter was supported by the king. This event led to the rupture of his relationship with the king and prompted him to leave Prussia. The most important published work during his stay in Berlin was The Century of Louis XIV.

After leaving Prussia, Voltaire bought and settled in Verne, a place on the border between France and Switzerland. Thereafter, he devoted himself to the fiery Enlightenment.

On the one hand, he wrote and published a large number of pamphlets under pseudonyms, violently attacking the crimes of the Catholic Church and the Protestant religion against the authoritarian government, and on the other hand, he enthusiastically supported the struggle of the younger generation of Enlightenment thinkers, especially the Encyclopedists, and actively wrote articles for them, the Philosophical Dictionary is a compilation of the philosophical entries he wrote for the Encyclopedia.

At the same time, in addition to continuing to write theatrical works, he completed historical works such as "Russia under Peter the Great", "History of the Parliament" and philosophical novels such as "The Honest Man" and "The Innocent Man". Voltaire's tireless struggle led to the flourishing of the Enlightenment, and he himself was revered as the "Imam of Verne".

On February 10, 1778, at the age of 84, Voltaire returned to Paris after a 29-year absence. He was warmly welcomed by the people. This was the most glorious culmination of Voltaire's life. Soon after, he fell ill and died in the same year.

Before dying, Voltaire instructed his funeral: bury the coffin half in the church and half outside the church. It means that if God sent him to heaven, he would go to heaven from the church, and God would let him go to hell, and he could slip away from the other side of the coffin.

Voltaire's coffin was permanently placed in the Panthéon by the people of Paris, who affectionately called him the "Prince of Spirits". Voltaire was a fighter for the Enlightenment, fighting all his life for freedom of thought and speech. Live an independent life with your own pen.

Voltaire's name does not represent a person. It's an entire era. - Victor Hugo

Voltaire opposed the monarchy, advocated deism, criticized the Catholic Church, and advocated freedom of speech. He was once thought to have famously said, "I don't agree with you. But I swear to defend your right to speak. This is seen as a representation of his views on freedom of speech.

But in fact. Voltaire did not say this. This quote comes from the 1906 biography of the English writer Evelyn Beatrice Hall, "Voltaire's Friends", which is erroneously attributed to Voltaire.

Voltaire admired Confucius in China because Confucius used moral persuasion to influence others. And not with religious fanaticism and cult of personality.

Worship Chinese Confucianism and regard China's political system as the most perfect political system. This is because China's civil service system allows the lower classes to rise to the top of the ruling class.

He regarded Confucius as a true philosopher, and he once said, "That sage is Confucius, and he thinks of himself as a noble lawgiver of mankind, and he will never deceive mankind." No legislator has proclaimed a more useful truth than Confucius ever to the world. 」

With regard to Catholicism, Voltaire likened the Pope to a "two-legged beast", the missionary as a "villain of civilization", and Catholicism as "the most shameful deceitful net laid by some cunning people".

He called on "everyone to fight the monstrous religious fanaticism in their own way, some biting his ears, others stepping on his stomach, and others slapping him from afar." 」

Voltaire wrote between fifty and sixty plays, including some unfinished works. These include: Oedipus the King (1718), Za?re (1732), Eriphile (1732), Socrates, Muhammad, Merope, The Chinese Orphan

According to the poet Richard Armour, Voltaire and Frederick II were able to form a friendship because "both admired each other's cleverness." ”

The missionary Joseph Marjo translated The Orphan of Zhao into French and included it in the Description de la Chine, written by Father Duched and published in 1735.

Voltaire's rewriting of "The Chinese Orphan" based on Joseph's translation is very different from Ji Junxiang's original version in terms of form, plot, characters, and historical background, and can be said to be a completely new story.

One of the Demon Warriors' Float Pot Space - Dewey

John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American philosopher and educator, and is considered an important representative of American pragmatist philosophy, along with Peirce and James.

Dewey was born into an ordinary family in Vermont, USA. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879 and received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1884.

He was taught philosophy at the University of Michigan in 1884 and at the University of Minnesota in 1889.

In 1894 he became chair of the departments of philosophy, psychology, and education at the University of Chicago, and in 1902 he was also dean of the school's dean of the school's dean.

In 1904, he held an adjunct professorship in the Department of Philosophy at Columbia University in New York. He has also served as president of the American Psychological Association, the American Philosophical Association, and the American Association of University Professors.

In 1896, he founded an experimental middle school as an experimental base for his educational theories, and served as the principal of the school. Opposing the traditional educational methods of indoctrination and mechanical training, it advocates learning by doing. Put forward the slogan that education is life, and school is society.

Its educational theories emphasize personal development, understanding of external things, and the acquisition of knowledge through experimentation, which has had a great impact. Dewey traveled to many places in the world to give lectures and promote his ideas, and he visited China and India, so his ideas also influenced the United States as well.

Dewey's two most important ideas on education: continuity and learning by doing

Educational continuity means that if a person completes a stage of education, or if he finishes the first book of mathematics and does not want to continue, it means that education has failed.

Without continuity, successful education is continuous, what is now called lifelong education. Learning by doing is a product of empiricism, behaviorism, and progressivism.

In his famous work on education, Democracy and Education, Dewey made it clear that "the purpose of education is to enable the individual to continue his education, not to look for other purposes outside the educational process, and to make education an appendage to this other purpose." This kind of "non-teleology" is indeed difficult to accept.

It must be remembered that the education he is talking about here is inseparable from the democratic society he aspires to, and for him, especially in the social environment of the time, he reflects an American spirit in which the development of the individual is the ultimate goal in itself.

He said, "Education has no purpose in itself. Only people, parents, teachers have a purpose. If we understand his words as education aimless, it is obviously a misunderstanding, he "just wants people not to erase the nature and current life of children and young people in order to cultivate social efficiency" He is not willing to let education become "an appendage of other purposes", so he interprets the purpose of education as follows: "When a person puts a gun, his purpose is to point his gun at the hoof." But this object is nothing more than a sign that gives us a focus on the activities we want to do. 」

The ultimate goal of the gun is not the hoofs themselves, but the mark that makes the act of aiming concrete and meaningful, and in the same way, the educational process itself has the fulfillment of the development of individual endowments, and the goal of education is only to serve as a guide and guide. (To be continued......)