One of the Demon Heroes' Rebels, the floating pot space - Tao Yuanming (originally one of the guardians of the Demon Hero, because when the peerless King of Freedom traveled all over the world, Tao Yuanming appreciated his great realm of forgetfulness and its lifelessness)

Tao Yuanming (365-427), Mingqian, or Mingyuanming. One said that the name of the Jin dynasty was Yuanming, the character was bright, and he changed his name to Qian after entering Liu Song. The Tang people avoided the Tang Gaozu and called Tao Shenming or Tao Quanming. Self-named Mr. Wuliu, Mr. Private Jingjie (Tao Zheng Shi 誄).

A native of Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Jin Dynasty writer. It is known for its fresh and natural poetry. Related works include "Drinking", "Returning to the Garden", "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring", "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "The Words of Return", "Poems of the Peach Blossom Spring" and so on.

Tao Yuanming's poems and prose have a unique style and high attainments in art, opening up the integration of pastoral poetry and opening up a new realm for classical poetry. The works are plain and natural, based on real feelings, and influenced the creation of poetry in the Tang Dynasty.

Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family, and his great-grandfather Tao Kan was born in a slightly poor family, and he was the official to the Great Sima, the military governor of Bazhou, and the prince of Changsha County. Grandfather Tao Mao served as Wuchang Taishou, father Tao Yi served as Ancheng Taishou, died early, and his mother was the daughter of Meng Jia, a famous scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He lived in poverty when he was young, was diligent in learning, and was involved in hundreds of schools of thought.

In his early years, Tao Yuanming served as a wine festival in Jiangzhou, joined the army in the town army, joined the army in Jianwei and served as the commander of Pengze County, etc., and then "did not bend his waist for five buckets of rice", resigned and went home, and lived in seclusion from the second year of Emperor Yixi of Jin An (406 AD).

Until Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty died of illness in the fourth year of Yuanjia (427). The more than 20 years since he returned to the field have been his most creative period. After Tao Yuanming's death. His former friend Yan Yannian wrote an essay for him.

In Mahuiling Town, Jiujiang County, Jiangxi Province, there is the tomb of Tao Yuanming rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. Jiujiang City has a newly erected huge stone statue of Tao Yuanming.

Tao Yuanming's works that have been handed down to this day include more than 120 poems, and more than 10 essays and fu. Pastoral life was an important subject of Tao's poems, so people later called him the "pastoral poet".

His most famous work is "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring", which describes the Peach Blossom Land society that he envisioned, a harmonious and beautiful society without war and self-reliance. makes the Peach Blossom Paradise as famous as Utopia, both of which represent a beautiful fantasy.

Tao Yuanming was determined to retreat because of the political darkness at that time, and wanted to get rid of the dust net and place his affection on the pastoral life. The work is known for its satirical natural scenes. Pioneered the path of "pastoral poetry".

Tao Yuan's poems were impassioned before Peng Zeling's words, while his later works tended to be at ease and comfortable, and he was bent on retreating. Pastoral affection. Nature, wine and poetry became the trust of his soul.

Tao Yuanming's poetry has a distinct personality. The emotions are sincere, plain and simple, and they are not very classical. Concise and subtle, "quality and substance, face and substance", rich in artistic conception and philosophy, subjective freehand, mixed with Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and thoughts. In addition to traditional Confucianism, it was also deeply influenced by Taoism.

Tao Yuanming's poems are "thick and difficult to excerpt", and they are not committed to hammering, but are written innocently and naturally, which is the highest expression of romantic naturalism.

Tao Yuanming's poetry shows the contempt for the powerful and the independence of the world, and the simple and natural poetic style, which has a great and far-reaching influence on the creation of poetry in later generations.

Later generations spoke highly of Tao poems, Zhong Dao's "Poems" recommended it as the ancestor of ancient and modern hidden poets, and after the Tang and Song dynasties, Tao poems were more respected.

Tao Yuanming's poems had little influence during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Liu Xian's "Wenxin Carving Dragon" does not mention Tao Yuanming. Zhong Dao's "Poems" listed Tao Yuanming's poems as medium-grade, calling Tao Yuanming "the sect of ancient and modern hidden poets", and believed that his poems "originated from Ying Xuan".

Xiao Tong, the prince of Zhaoming in the Liang Dynasty, highly respected Tao Yuanming: "His articles are not outstanding, the words are exquisite, the ups and downs are clear, and he is unique and beyond the public. Suppressed and hearty, Mo Zhi and Beijing". "Anthology" includes more than ten poems by Tao Yuanming, and he is the author whose works have been included more.

Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems had a great influence on the poets of the Tang and Song dynasties.

Du Fu's poems: "Relief should be wine, and there is no more poetry than recreation, this meaning is subtle, and I will be in the future after my life."

Su Dongpo, a poet of the Song Dynasty, spoke highly of Tao Qian: "Yuanming's poems seem to be slow at first, but when they are familiar with strange sentences, they are high-minded, and they are so clever that they can do so. It seems that a master craftsman carries catties, and there is no trace of an axe or chisel. Youyun: "Quality and solidity, and solidity." 」

Su Dongpo also wrote 109 poems and Tao poems, such as "He Tao Stops Wine", "He Tao Lianyu Drinks Two Songs", "He Tao Persuades Nong Five Songs", "He Tao Nine Days of Leisure", "He Tao Quasi-Ancient Nine Songs", "He Tao Miscellaneous Poems Eleven", "He Tao Presents Sheep Chief", "He Tao Stops Cloud Four Songs", "He Tao Shape Gives Shadow", "He Tao Shadow Answers", "He Tao Liu Chaisang", "He Tao Reward Liu Chaisang", "He Tao Guo Master Book" and other 109 poems and Tao, which shows Tao Yuanming's deep influence on Su Dongpo.

Xiao Tong, the prince of Liang Zhaoming, solicited Tao Yuanming's posthumous works, compiled them into seven volumes of "Tao Yuanming's Collection", and wrote a biography and preface for them.

Five-character poems: "Returning to the Garden and Pastoral Home", "The Master Book of Heguo", "Early Rice in the West", "Huaigu Farmhouse", "Peach Blossom Spring" and preface (the preface is commonly known as "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring"), "Drinking" 20 poems, "Stopping Drinking", "Blame", "Telling Wine", "Wax Day", "Miscellaneous Poems" 12 poems, "Song of the Poor", "Song of Jing Xuan", "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas" 13 poems, "Song Poems" 3 poems, etc.

Speech: Summer Palace Corridor Painting: Yuanming Aiju "Touching the Scholar Does Not Meet the Fu" and preface, "Leisure Fu", "Return to the Speech" and preface.

Text: "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "The Biography of the Great General of the Jin Dynasty and the Western Expedition", "Painting Praise on the Fan", "Reading the Nine Chapters of the Historical Narrative", "Waiting for the Elder with Ziyi", "Sacrificing Cheng's Sister Text", "Sacrificing the Younger Brother and Respecting the Member", "Self-Sacrifice Text".

Hypocrisy: The 10-volume novel "Postscript to the Gods", written in the Southern Dynasty, was written by Tao Qian. Lu Xun believes that "Tao Qiankuangda may not be able to fist ghosts and gods, and he will also cover the pseudo-Tuo......

The ten volumes of Tao Qianji, compiled by Yang Xiuzhi of the Northern Qi Dynasty, are included in the "Five Filial Piety Biography" and "Four Eight Eyes". Ji Xiaolan's "Summary of the Four Libraries" pointed out that "Five Filial Piety Biography" and "Four Eight Eyes" are pseudo-trusts.

Note: Wenxin Carving the Dragon is China's first systematic literary and artistic theory masterpiece, and it is also a work of theoretical criticism, completed during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, and the author is Liu Xian.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" is the most sophisticated criticism book ever written in China, "big and thoughtful", and the whole book focuses on two things: one is to oppose the impractical and superficial literary style, and the other is to advocate the practical implementation of the literary style of "writing must be in the Wei Junguo". Liu Xian's entire book is regarded as a literary book, so the arguments in this book are extremely extensive.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" was written by Liu Xian in the later period of entering Dinglin Temple, and it is a work of the year of "teeth in the footing", he helped the monks to sort out Buddhist scriptures, and some scholars believe that "Wenxin Carving Dragon" was somewhat influenced by Buddhist thought.

Jao Tsung-i, "The Sculpture of the Dragon and Buddhism," says: "The arrangement of his literary theories is based on the foundation of Buddhism. The term "primordial end" used by the monks is used a total of four times in the "Wenxin Carving Dragon".

The Japanese scholar Xingshan Hong cited the similarities between "Wenxin Carving Dragon" and "Out of the Three Tibetan Collections". In fact, the whole book of "Wenxin Carving Dragon" is greatly influenced by the dualistic philosophy of "Zhou Yi".

Liu Xian was dissatisfied with the creation of formalism at that time, and also dissatisfied with the literary criticism of his predecessors. He felt that the selection of essays at that time was inaccurate, and he had the ambition to establish a literary theory system.

The first five articles of Wenxin Carving the Dragon include "The Original Way", "Zhengsheng", "Zongjing", "Zhengwei", and "Discernment", focusing on expounding Confucianism and advocating Confucian literary views, so as to correct the impractical literary style of the time.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" advocates equal emphasis on literary quality, and requires both content and form, and the works of excellent writers should be able to reach the point where "the quality of the text is not extinguished, and the knowledge is not indulged".

The book advocates natural literature to correct the style of writing that was carved and promiscuous at that time, to promote true literature to correct the style of moaning without disease at that time, and to advocate the creation of literature to correct the style of plagiarism at that time.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" discusses the relationship between literature and the environment, and believes that literature is affected by the social environment and the natural environment.

Liu Xian's previous essayists, such as Cao Pi and Lu Ji, all regarded genius as the decisive factor in literary creation. On the one hand, Liu Xian acknowledges the importance of talent, but he also believes that the various changes in literature are mainly due to the external social environment, that is, the so-called "literary changes are affected by the world's conditions, and the rise and fall are related to the time sequence".

He also noted the influence of climate, seasons, and mountain landscapes on the writer.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" established a batch of reviews. Regarding the cultivation of critics, in the chapter "Bosom Friends", Liu Xian, Liu Xian, proposed that critics should be knowledgeable and improve their ability to discriminate.

Therefore, the image of the circle is to be broad-minded. Regarding the attitude of critics, Liu Xian believes that we must not honor the past and the present, we must not worship ourselves and suppress others, and we must give up our subjective prejudices of likes and dislikes.

Regarding the criteria for criticism, Liu Xian put forward the "six views", "will read the text, first mark the six views." One view of the body, two views of rhetoric, three views of change, four views of Qizheng, five views of events, six views of palace business. If the technique is in shape, the advantages and disadvantages are different. 」

"Wenxin Carving the Dragon" explores the divergence of genres, and initially establishes the concept of analyzing and commenting on literature from a historical perspective. The book expounds the literary proposition that quality precedes text and quality and text, and comprehensively explains the relationship between content and form.

From all aspects of creation, this paper summarizes the experience of creation, and preliminarily establishes the methodology of literary criticism.

"Wenxin Carving Dragon" aroused criticism of the literary style of emphasizing form and ignoring content in later generations, and also inspired later generations of literary creation and literary criticism. (To be continued......)