The saponification reaction of oils and fats has been learned in secondary school textbooks in later generations, and it is not difficult. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

What Tang Yi wants to do is nothing special, it's just more delicate.

He first dissolved quicklime in water to make lime paste, and then poured baking soda into it.

Baking soda is also baking soda powder, the main ingredient is sodium bicarbonate, and after reacting with lime solution, that is, calcium hydroxide solution, calcium carbonate precipitate and upper clear solution.

These clear liquids are exactly the sodium hydroxide that Tang Yi needs.

Sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda, is an important industrial and chemical raw material with strong corrosiveness.

Tang Yi carefully skimmed out the liquid with a porcelain bowl, for fear of a slight mistake. Once caustic soda comes into contact with the skin, it will decompose the fat in the skin, and the fire is more harmful than sulfuric acid.

Pour the skimmed sodium hydroxide solution into a hot oil pan and stir thoroughly, and the saponification reaction will occur.

Stir the pan well, and the next thing is to wait. Tang Yi was not idle, grinding the brine block that Ma Bo asked for and stirring it with water.

The brine block is actually a hard block formed by the evaporation and solidification of salt brine water. Lao Baixing collects the brine blocks in the salt pan and transports them to the whole country, and after adding water to dissolve, it is reduced to brine, that is, the brine of "brine point tofu".

Tang Yi uses brine, mainly because this kind of thing contains an ingredient, which is difficult to synthesize artificially at present.

It's magnesium chloride

Magnesium chloride is a salt that decomposes hydrogen chloride under high temperatures, and hydrogen chloride is soluble in water, which is commonly known as hydrochloric acid.

In the modern chemical industry, the most important chemical raw materials are "three acids and two alkalis", and the three acids refer to sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid; Two bases refer to sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.

Among them, the two alkali Tang Yi can be prepared by soil method. However, the preparation of the three strong acids is not so easy, and the easiest way is to use brine to obtain them.

At this time, the lard in the pot has begun to react, and the oily yellow soap on the top layer has begun to solidify gradually.

Tang Yi hurriedly picked out the pure, largest part of the soap that had not yet fully solidified, added the rouge powder prepared in advance, stirred it and let it stand, this part was soap after solidification.

However, lard soap that has not undergone any treatment will have an oily smell, and even after making soap, no one wants to use it to make a lard smell. And adding rouge to cover up the oiliness is the easiest way. Of course, Tang Yi can also extract the essential oil in flowers and fruits in the future to make the soap more fragrant. But now the time is limited, and the only way to do it is to use rouge.

After making the soap, there is still some cloudy soap and alkaline waste on the bottom layer in the pot.

If it is as written in the novel, this thing is useless and can be thrown away directly, but Tang Yi did not.

He skimmed out the middle layer of turbidity and put it into a basin. The ingredients in this are mainly lard and impurities that are completely reactive, and a small amount of soap. Tang Yi added the mixed brine to it and stirred it vigorously to heat.

After a while, the lard in the basin changed again and gradually solidified.

Tang Yi looked at the shiny lard cube and couldn't help but feel satisfied. Although I didn't do a creation reaction in my previous life, knowledge is power!

Caustic soda is added to lard, and soap is obtained after the reaction, and hydrochloric acid is added to produce another substance.

Wax, that is, the candles used for lighting in people's homes.

Because the sodium hydroxide solution cannot be added in excess, there will always be some fats that do not react adequately. The acidic reaction of this part of the fat to make wax not only avoids waste, but also makes the wax better than the paraffin wax and insect wax used on the market now, which is only the best butter wax.

Ma Bo's family, as well as Sun Langzhong, watched Tang Yi toss and turn for a long time, and now that he finally stopped, he couldn't help asking:

"What the hell is Da Lang tinkering with?"

Tang Yi proudly pointed to a basin and said: "This basin is called 'soap', and laundry and bathing have a cleaning effect; The other pot is wax. “

Sun Langzhong didn't know what soap was, but squatted in front of the wax basin and asked curiously: "That's how the wax is made?" ”

Tang Yi asked Aunt Ma to take a piece of cotton thread, use a tea bowl as a mold, and make a candle on the spot to light it.

"How about a look? Is it bright or not? ”

Sun Langzhong looked at the bright yellow flame in surprise, "Yes, it's much brighter than an oil lamp." ”

Ma Bo stared at the flames and wondered, "It doesn't seem like the smoke is too big." ”

Tang Yi laughed, of course it is not big, the impurities in the oil and wax are much less, so the smoke is much smaller than the ordinary wax.

"If this wax is taken out and sold, it should be able to sell for a good price."

Ma Bo began to calculate, this time using less than four catties of lard to make a small half pot of wax, is it cost-effective?

Tang Yi pointed to the pot of soap and said: "Compared with oil wax, this pot of soap is more valuable!" ”

People who do not know the benefits of soap are skeptical.

Ma Dawei pointed to the half pot of waste liquid in the pot and said, "Can this be poured out?" ”

"Can't pour!" Tang Yi hurriedly said: "Compared to soap and wax, this is the real treasure!" ”

........

In his previous life, whenever he saw these saponified wastes thrown away in the novel, Tang Yi would pout.

It's a tyrannical thing! The most valuable thing of the saponification reaction was just thrown away.

As a student of chemistry, Tang Yi knows better than anyone that these waste liquids contain a substance that is 100 or 1,000 times more precious than soap and wax.

Glycerol!

Glycerin is a clear and viscous liquid with no color and sweet taste, and is an extremely important chemical raw material. It has a wide range of uses, covering almost most of the chemical fields.

It is used in food processing, pharmaceutical, cosmetics manufacturing, industrial machinery lubrication, organic synthesis, plasticization and other fields.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, glycerin was the main raw material for the manufacture of explosives.

Isn't it a pity to throw away such a precious thing?

As long as Tang Yi extracts glycerin from the saponification waste liquid, with this thing alone, it will not be difficult for Fan Zhongyan to earn an academy!

After simple dilution and clarification, Tang Yi can extract glycerin sweet water from the waste liquid.

In fact, from the last century until 1980, when artificial glycerin synthesis was introduced, glycerin was refined by saponification of animal and vegetable oils and fats. This half pot of waste liquid contains about 10% pure glycerin.

Glycerin sweet water with alkaline precipitates removed is pale yellow and foul-smelling. Sun Lang and the others really didn't understand what Tang Yi wanted for these stinky waters.

I saw Tang Yi slowly pour the stinky water into the filter jar that had been made a long time ago.

Not much time....

There is a stream of water slowly gushing out of the thin tube at the bottom of the altar, and what is quite surprising is that it is not yellow water, but a clear and transparent liquid.

Tang Yi looked at the clear stream that gradually flowed out, as if he was watching a hanging copper coin gushing out of a thin tube. As long as it is simply distilled to extract pure glycerin, then his plan to make a fortune is considered to be in place.

....

Glycerin is widely used, but at present, the most practical and profitable way Tang Yi can think of is to use glycerin as a food additive.

To be precise, it is a fruit wine additive.

The Song Dynasty implemented a liquor official system, except for the official restaurant where the government was in policy, others were not allowed to brew wine privately. All foot shops can only go to the main store or the government-run liquor store to buy koji and sell it.

However, this system did not include fruit wine, and although the imperial court held the right to operate grain wine tightly in its hands, it did not restrict the people from making fruit wine.

It's not that the government doesn't pay attention to the income of fruit wine, but because in this era, the level of fruit wine brewing is extremely poor. The fruit wine produced is muddy, bitter and astringent, not that the poor can't afford to buy rice wine, and no one drinks it at all.

The word bitter has even become synonymous with fruit wine.

The Song people only used it when the fruit was not suitable for winemaking, and only when the fruit was abundant and overstocked, they used it to make wine. And the price of fruit wine is also extremely low, which is basically unprofitable.

How do they understand that in fact, all fruits contain a substance called tannins.

Tannins are the source of all the bitterness and astringency in the fruit, and after fermentation, the tannins cannot be broken down and remain in the wine, resulting in a naturally bitter and astringent fruit wine, which is extremely unpleasant.

The key to removing tannins is glycerin.

Glycerin can break down the tannins in the fruit wine, effectively removing the bitter taste in the wine. Moreover, because of the warm sweetness of glycerin, it can also greatly improve the quality and taste of fruit wine, and it is an excellent fruit sprinkle additive.

As long as the bitterness of the fruit wine is removed, and then the wine is filtered and clarified, the sweet and clear fruit wine will surely become the most popular wine in the Great Song Dynasty.

Whether you can earn a academy or not, it is a little bit of glycerin.

.........