Lixin, for Confucius, was not only a personal virtue, but also a basic political principle. "Since ancient times, there have been deaths, and the people have no faith. 」

The rule of virtue, Confucius believed: "The Tao is governed by government, and the people are punished by punishment, and the people are free and shameless." The way is virtuous, all are courteous, shameful and qualified. 」

Confucius deeply felt the hidden social worries of "the people are free and shameless", so he advocated the use of morality and ethics to educate the people, thoroughly cleanse people's hearts, and stimulate people's goodness, which is the right way to help the people through the world.

Confucius's Educational Philosophy and Teaching FactsConfucius has four teaching items: literacy, action, loyalty, and faithfulness.

Wen refers to ancient documents such as poems, books, rituals, and music; Xing means virtue; loyalty means to do one's best; and faith means honesty and no deception.

Confucius attached great importance to ancient texts, especially poetry, rituals, and music. He believed that these three learnings were very important for the development of human character.

Zi said: "Flourish in poetry, stand in ceremony, and become music." Poetry can make people feel good and evil, etiquette can make people advance and retreat appropriately, and then they can stand in the world, and happiness can make people develop a perfect personality.

He never tired of learning and teaching, making Confucius the "Most Holy Teacher of Dacheng" in China. He advocated that "there is no class in teaching", and the number of students was as large as 3,000, and it seems from the Analects that he taught his students only the answers to the questions necessary in daily life and the elaboration of the necessary conditions for people to get along with each other.

Its way is reasonable and ordinary, easy to know and easy to do, but if it is used for the body, it will be cultivated, if it is used for the family, if it is used for the country, if it is used for the country, if it is used for the world, the world will be peaceful.

Confucius had 3,000 disciples, of whom 72 were proficient in the six arts. Called the "Seventy-two Sages". Confucius had ten outstanding disciples, known as the Ten Philosophers of Confucius:

In terms of virtue, those who stand out are: Yan Hui (Yan Yuan), Min Loss (閔子騫), Ran Geng (Bo Niu), Ran Yong (Zhong Gong).

In terms of political affairs, those who stand out are: Ran Qiu (Ran You), Zhongyou (Zilu).

In terms of speech, those who stand out are: Zai Yu (Zai I), Duanmu Ci (Zigong).

Outstanding in literature are: Yan Yan (Ziyou), Bu Shang (Zi Xia).

In addition to the ten philosophers, those who are outstanding in literature include Sun Shi (Zizhang), Zeng Shen (Ziyu), Zhan Tai Ming (Ziyu), Yuan Xian (Zisi), Gongye Chang (Zichang), Fan Xu (Fan Chi), Youruo (Ziyou), and Gongxi Chi (Zihua).

Confucius's disciples and their followers compiled their teachings into the Analects, which is the main document for the study of Confucius's thought. Confucius's thoughts were also described in the Han Dynasty's stereotyped Book of Rites (such as the "University" and "The Mean", and the book "Confucius's Family Sayings", which recorded Confucius's thoughts.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined the Analects and the Book of Rites with Mencius, which reflected the thoughts of Yasheng Mencius, to write the Commentary on the Four Books, which is called the Four Books.

The Four Books, together with the five classics of Poetry (Book of Songs), Shu (Shangshu), Li (Book of Rites), Yi (Book of Changes), and Spring and Autumn Period, are collectively known as the "Four Books and Five Classics", which are the core classics of Confucianism.

The Qin Dynasty ruled the world with the doctrine of Legalism. Before Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, he implemented the art of Huang Lao and ruled the country with "non-action". During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed, "Strike a hundred schools. The Six Classics established and consolidated the position of Confucius as the main axis in Chinese culture, restored the orthodox status of the Six Classics, and Confucius also became a representative figure of Chinese culture.

Shao Yong pointed out. "Confucius praised Yi from Xi and Xuan. The preface "Book" is from Yao and Shun. Delete "Poems" from the text and martial arts, and revise "Spring and Autumn" from Huan and the text. From Xi and Xuan down, the ancestors of the three emperors also, from Yao and Shun down. The five emperors of Zong, from Wen and Wu, the three kings of the son. Zihuan, Wen down, Sun Wubo also. 」

That is to say, Confucius compiled the "Six Classics" and synthesized the cultures of the Three Emperors, the Five Emperors, the Three Kings, and the Five Bos.

Liu Yimou, a master of Chinese culture, regarded Confucius as the "center of Chinese culture", "the culture of the previous thousands of years was passed on by Confucius, the culture of the next thousand years was opened by Confucius, and without Confucius, there would be no Chinese culture".

Qian Mu also believes that "Confucius is the first sage in Chinese history. Before Confucius, Chinese history and culture had accumulated for more than 2,500 years, and Confucius gathered the culmination. After Confucius, China's history and culture continued to evolve for more than 2,500 years, and Confucius opened a new system. In the past 5,000 years, the instructions of the course of Chinese history and the establishment of Chinese cultural ideals have had the deepest influence and greatest contributions, and no one can compare with Confucius. 」

Song Confucian Zhu Xi once sighed: "Heaven does not give birth to Zhongni, eternity is like a long night" "Zhu Zi Language, Volume 93". The second lecture of the Three People's Principles of the People's Republic of China written by Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of China: "This is the true people's livelihood, which is the great harmony of the world that Confucius hoped for. 」

The worship of Confucius by the emperors of the past dynasties began with the ancestors of the Han Dynasty. "Hanshu, Gao Di Ji": "Guo Lu, Confucius in the ether prison temple. And the school worships Confucius, starting from Emperor Ming.

Confucius and non-Confucius advocated the ideal of a state of propriety and righteousness in later generations of politics through the dialectic of scholars and doctors to obtain the status of legal system, but the exclusive respect for Confucianism also became a means for the intellectuals of the previous regimes, the most typical of which was the Yuan Dynasty, on the one hand, the Confucian scholars were demoted to the ninth class (beggars were the tenth class), and on the other hand, Confucius was posthumously crowned as the king, which shows the conservative motive behind the successive regimes to suppress the freedom of thought by respecting Confucius.

As a result, non-Confucian trends of thought emerged, from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to modern Western trends of thought, and in order to fight for academic freedom, intellectuals continued to generate great resistance and strength.

The new development of Confucius's remarks since modern times is Neo-Confucianism, also known as Neo-Confucianism, which is a new school of Confucianism born under the conditions of the collision and integration of Chinese and Western civilizations after the introduction of modern Western civilization into China

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the end of the Great Cultural Revolution in mainland China, Neo-Confucianism was a silent stage, and not only the study of Neo-Confucianism in Chinese mainland was silent, but also overseas Neo-Confucianism made few achievements.

After the end of the Great Revolution, Neo-Confucianism resumed and developed its stage. This phase is still ongoing. The main feature of the recovery stage is that some of the past works of Neo-Confucianism have re-entered people's field of vision, and the academic community has begun to reflect on and discuss the merits and disadvantages of Neo-Confucianism.

If members of society generally enjoy the right to subsistence and happiness, there is no need for rebellion and rebellion; if members of society generally recognize the moral order of society and abide by moral norms suited to their own specific conditions, there is no moral basis for rebellion (i.e., there is no ideological basis).

If there is no need for members of society to rebel and cause rebellion, and if they do not have the consciousness of rebellion, society will be able to maintain peace and stability for a long time. Therefore, Confucianism is a social ruling strategy and social management theory that transcends social forms and class forms.

Historically, Confucianism was the dominant ideology of certain vassal states in feudal China, and at the same time it was the mainstream ideology of China's entire imperial era.

The relationship between benevolence and propriety is the unity of benevolence and propriety. If we do not stress benevolence but only emphasize propriety, propriety will not be universally recognized by members of society, and will be opposed; if we do not stress propriety and only emphasize benevolence, and members of society are not bound by morality, we will lead to anarchy in reality from anarchy in thought.

Therefore, benevolence and propriety are inseparable. Social development will change people's moral concepts, and some specific contents of etiquette need to be changed and adjusted according to the changes of the times, and this change and adjustment is the embodiment of benevolence.

The Confucian system of "the unity of benevolence and propriety" contains the content of the law, and the combination of rites and the law should be very good. The role of etiquette is mainly to prevent crime, and the role of law is mainly to punish crime. The ritual system of "taking etiquette as the body and using the law as the use" is an important guarantee for the long-term peace and stability of the society.

Confucianism's idea of "the people are noble and the monarch is light" shows that Confucianism does not place "Jun" at the center of its own doctrine, but puts "the people" (i.e., the people) at the center of its doctrine.

The Confucian idea of "the use of ritual and harmony is precious" shows that the highest state and highest goal of ritual is to create harmony between people and harmony in the whole society.

Mutual harmony and mutual respect between people of different statuses. Therefore, Confucian culture is a harmonious culture.

"Filial piety is the foundation of benevolence", "self-denial and repentance are benevolence", "benevolence loves others", etc., philosopher Li Ming believed: "Contrary to Lao Tzu, Confucius put "morality" after "benevolence", that is, ignored the "public morality" of human beings"

"And I am convinced that those who are filial sons at home will also be loyal servants in the court." In fact, this is wishful thinking, not true reasoning. In this way, only the world of the family (royal family) has been achieved, and it has a profound impact on the overall consciousness.

The definition of "loyalty" is "to establish people if you want to establish people, and to achieve people when you want to achieve people", Bao Pengshan: "The problem is that everyone is different. People have the same desires and hobbies, and simply thinking that what they want must be wanted by others, and thus making others want it, is to impose it on others, which is a bad thing done with good intentions. 」

"I have not seen a virtuous man as a womanizer. Respectively found in the Analects of Zihan and the Analects of Wei Linggong, the original interpretation is: "A man should be as virtuous as lustful." The controversial explanation that "the world is as black as a crow": "Confucius, in the comparison of virtue and sex, revealed the universality or general law of men's lust. This interpretation is kitsch and immoral, but it is evidenced by history, and the Confucian scholars are embarrassed and avoid talking about it.

The Manchu invasion and the fall of the Ming Dynasty led to the bloody shaving of hair and the destruction of the Hanfu culture that had lasted for thousands of years since the time of the Yellow Emperor.

During the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao said, "I approve of Qin Shi Huang, not Confucius." By 1974, Chinese mainland launched the "Criticism of Lin and Kong" movement.

Unfortunately, this movement was outwardly formal, and did not really make an internal innovation, so Li Ming said: "Chairman Mao actually continued to inherit the Confucian values of "respecting the elders with relatives", and continued to adhere to the lying "culture" and forbidden "politics" advocated by Confucius and his Confucianism. 」

As a result, the cultural relics and monuments of Confucius temples in various parts of Chinese mainland have been greatly damaged, even the tomb of Confucius has been blown open, the monument of "Dacheng Most Holy Ancestor Wenxuan Wang" has been smashed, and the temple monument and the clay statue of Confucius Temple have been destroyed.

After the Ming Dynasty, all the graves of Yan Shenggong were picked up, and some people even hung the exhumed corpses on trees. And there are works that slander Confucius, such as "The Sinful Life of Confucius Er" has been handed down. Foreign media often believe that the official wants to rebuild China's social order, marking an important reflection of Chinese on Confucius. (To be continued......)